自考論文、寫(xiě)作第課時(shí)：句型變換.ppt

1、,句型、轉(zhuǎn)換 、改錯(cuò) Sentence Patterns,第三講,考核重點(diǎn) 句型類別判定 句型相互轉(zhuǎn)變 改錯(cuò),The Sentences I. Complete Sentences and Sentence Fragments II. Types of Sentences,I. Complete Sentences and Sentence Fragments Eg: (1) It was raining hard，they could not work in the fields. Improved: It was raining hard; they could not work in t

2、he fields. It was raining hard. They could not work in the fields., It was raining so hard that they could not work in the fields. They could not work in the fields because it was raining hard. It was raining hard, so they could not work in the fields. As it was raining hard, they could not work in

3、the fields.,I was born in a small town, in the town there was only one school, I studied there for six years. Improved: I was born in a small town. In it there was only one school. I studied there for six years. In the small town where I was born, there was only one school, and I studied there for s

4、ix years., I was born in the small town, where there was only one school. I studied there for six years. I studied for six years at the only school in the small town where I was born.,(3) The essay is poorly organized, there is no central idea. Improved: The essay is poorly organized: there is no ce

5、ntral idea. The essay is poorly organized; there is no central idea.,(4) There were people who would be glad to see him leave the place, he knew it. Improved: There were people who would be glad to see him leave the place, and he knew it. There were people who would be glad to see him leave the plac

6、e - and he knew it.,(5) The principal of the school may do something to reduce the pupils homework load, he may, for example, stop assigning homework for Saturday and Sunday. Improved: The principal of the school may do something to reduce the pupils homework load - he may, for example, stop assigni

7、ng homework for Saturday and Sunday.,II. Types of Sentences 1. The Simple Sentence 簡(jiǎn)單句 只有 一個(gè) 主謂結(jié)構(gòu) 的句子。,Eg: Your uncle married my aunt. He is rich. She is poor.（simple sentence） Your rich uncle married my poor aunt. 解析 這題要求把3個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句合成一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句。我們可以把后面兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句的主謂去掉，只留下rich 和poor 這兩個(gè)形容詞，分別修飾your uncle 和my aunt.,

8、2. The Compound Sentence 并列句 有兩個(gè)和兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句組合而成， 通常由逗號(hào)加上并列連詞 （and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet, neithernor, not onlybut also, either.or）連接。,Eg: I like roller-skating. I like ice-skating better.（compound sentence） I like roller-skating, but I like ice-skating better. 解析 本題要求把此句改為并列句。并列句是由兩個(gè)或多個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句構(gòu)成，它往往由

9、逗號(hào)加一個(gè)連接詞（and, but, for, nor, or, so, yet）構(gòu)成。, Jerry is smart. He should be able to handle eighteen credits this semester.（compound sentence） Jerry is smart, so he should be able to handle eighteen credits this semester. 解析 本題要求把兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句改成一個(gè)并列句。從句子意思來(lái)看，Jerry很聰明，所以這學(xué)期他能得18學(xué)分。,3. The Complex Sentence 復(fù)合句

10、一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句加上由從屬連詞連接的另一個(gè)句子。從屬連詞就是指除并列連詞之外的連詞。,Eg: Mary put the steak on the grill. The charcoal was burning evenly.（complex sentence） The charcoal was burning evenly, because Mary put the steak on the grill. 解析 本題要求把兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句合成一個(gè)復(fù)合句。從句意來(lái)看，是因?yàn)楝旣惏雅Ｅ欧旁诳炯苌?。炭火才燃燒得很勻?？忌芸赡馨裻he charcoal was burning evenly改成 after(wh

11、en) the charcoal was burning evenly這樣的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，這里的問(wèn)題是時(shí)態(tài)不對(duì)，用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)不合適，因此也是不對(duì)的。,。, His valuable papers were destroyed in the fire. Tom called the insurance company.（complex sentence） Tom called the insurance company, because his valuable papers were destroyed in the fire. 解析 本題要求把兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句改為一個(gè)復(fù)合句。從句意上來(lái)看，這兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句

12、存在因果關(guān)系。我們可以把His valuable papers were destroyed in the fire, 改成 原因狀語(yǔ)從句Because (As) his valuable papers were destroyed in the fire, Tom,4. The Compound- Complex sentence 并列復(fù)合句 一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句加上一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的復(fù)合句。,Eg: I returned to school following a long illness. The math teacher gave me make-up work to do, but

13、the history teacher made me drop her course.（compound-complex sentence） When I returned to school following a long illness, the math teacher gave me make-up work to do, but the history teacher made me drop her course. 解析 這題要求改為并列復(fù)合句。并列復(fù)合句是由兩個(gè)或多個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句和一個(gè)或多個(gè)從句構(gòu)成的句子。從句意上來(lái)看，當(dāng)我長(zhǎng)病后返回學(xué)校，數(shù)學(xué)老師讓我把課補(bǔ)上，而歷史老師讓我中斷他

14、的課。,5. The Periodic Sentence 掉尾句 中心意思出現(xiàn)在句尾的句子稱為掉尾句。 這種句子結(jié)構(gòu)通常要比中心意思出現(xiàn)在句首、修飾語(yǔ)出現(xiàn)在句尾的結(jié)構(gòu)效果更好。修飾語(yǔ)可以是詞組（例如介詞詞組，分詞詞組等），狀語(yǔ)從句（如條件狀語(yǔ)從句，讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句等），也可以是其它結(jié)構(gòu)（如不定式結(jié)構(gòu)等）。,Eg: I asked my friend if we should tip the driver when the bus tour ended.（periodic sentence） When the bus tour ended, I asked my friend if w

15、e should tip the driver. 解析 這句要求改成掉尾句，只要把此句的狀語(yǔ)修飾語(yǔ)放在句首即可。 注意，句子中的if we should tip the driver,是asked 的賓語(yǔ)從句，不能放在句首。, Meet me in the courtyard for dessert when you finish doing the dishes.（periodic sentence） When you finish doing the dishes, meet me in the courtyard for dessert. 解析 本題要求改成掉尾句。只要把when you

16、 finish doing the dishes這一時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句放在句首，后面加逗號(hào)即可。,6. The Short and Long Sentences 長(zhǎng)短句 短句顯得簡(jiǎn)練，有力量。 但句子太短也會(huì)影響寫(xiě)作上的流暢性，解決這一問(wèn)題的方法是利用連詞，包括從屬連詞，將短句連接在一起。 長(zhǎng)句可以將比較復(fù)雜的邏輯思維表達(dá)清楚。短句長(zhǎng)句要根據(jù)所表達(dá)的思想和內(nèi)容結(jié)合使用，長(zhǎng)短句的不斷變化會(huì)給讀者新奇感。,常見(jiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)錯(cuò)誤 （Common Errors） 1、Run-on sentence 串句/不間斷句子 誤將兩個(gè)句子穿在一起的句子，有的用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)，有的標(biāo)點(diǎn)都沒(méi)有使用。 修改串句有三種方法： 1）將其分成

17、兩個(gè)句子； 2）用連詞連接兩個(gè)句子; 3）用分號(hào)連接兩個(gè)句子。,例 There are many ways we get to know the outside world. 剖析：這個(gè)句子包含了兩層完整的意思： “There are many ways.” 以及“We get to know the outside world.”。簡(jiǎn)單地把它們連在一起就不妥當(dāng)了。 There are many ways through which we get to know the outside world. 改為：There are many ways for us to learn about th

18、e outside world. 或：There are many ways through which we can become acquainted with the outside world.,2. Fragmentary Sentences 破句/ 句子不完整 破句是串句的另一個(gè)極端，即把句子的一部分當(dāng)成是一個(gè)句子。任何句子都必須要有一個(gè)主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)并且要表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的思想。如果缺少其中之一就會(huì)造成破句。每一種破句都可以用多種方法來(lái)更正。,常見(jiàn)的破句有： 1）從屬連詞引出的破句。 從屬連詞： after, unless, even (even though/even if), sin

19、ce, before, when, (whenever), because, if, who, while, as, which, although, though, so, where, until, that 等。 不能單獨(dú)引導(dǎo)獨(dú)立的句子，它們引導(dǎo)的句子必須要依靠另一個(gè)主句。 修改時(shí)，使其與前面或后面的句子相結(jié)合，使其從屬于某一個(gè)主句。,2）ing分詞和不定式引起的破句。 修改辦法： 是將ing分詞融合到相鄰的句子中。 是為其加上一個(gè)主語(yǔ)，將ing變?yōu)閯?dòng)詞的某種形式。,3）增加細(xì)節(jié)引起的破句。 這樣的破句缺乏主語(yǔ)或是動(dòng)詞。 經(jīng)常以下面這些詞引出： for example, also, ex

20、cept, such as, including, especially. 修改的辦法就是給破句增加主語(yǔ)和動(dòng)詞。 4）缺少主語(yǔ)引起的破句。 改正辦法是將破句和相鄰的前句結(jié)合或是增加一個(gè)主語(yǔ),Eg: People worked together on the assembly line, moving quickly and efficiently. They wanted to make s much money as possible. 解題關(guān)鍵： 了解破句(fragmentary sentence)的特點(diǎn)：把句子的一部分當(dāng)成了一個(gè)句子。英語(yǔ)中一個(gè)完整的句子必須包含主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)，否則就是破

21、句(fragmentary sentence)。 由于用分詞結(jié)構(gòu)而引起的破句的修改方法為：將分詞結(jié)構(gòu)還原為謂語(yǔ)形式使其獨(dú)立成句，或者將分詞結(jié)構(gòu)與其前面或后面的句子融合在一起。本句最簡(jiǎn)便的修正方法是將moving前的句號(hào)（.）變成逗號(hào)（，），使moving quickly and efficiently融入前面的句子，成為表示伴隨狀況的分詞短語(yǔ)。,3. Faulty parallelism 錯(cuò)誤平行結(jié)構(gòu) 平行結(jié)構(gòu)是把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的意思并列的成分用同等的語(yǔ)法形式表達(dá)出來(lái)。 如果意思上并列的成分用不同等的語(yǔ)法形式來(lái)表達(dá)，就破壞了平行結(jié)構(gòu)。 平行結(jié)構(gòu)可以是單詞、詞組、從句、也可以是句子。這里要注意幾

22、個(gè)十分容易犯的錯(cuò)誤。,1) 不要使用and who/and which 結(jié)構(gòu)， 如James Joyces Ulysses, a long and complicated novel and which is on our reading list, has been banned by the school board. 2)一些成對(duì)連詞如either or; neither or; not only but also; both and等要連接一致的語(yǔ)法成分。,3) than 和as 引導(dǎo)的比較句。 是比較的東西或是思想在邏輯上和語(yǔ)法上要一致。 Eg: The students in ou

23、r school are more intelligent than your school. 剖析：錯(cuò)在邏輯上把the students 和your school進(jìn)行了比較，應(yīng)該添上than the students in your school或是than those in your school. Eg: His learning is as extensive as Paul. 剖析：應(yīng)該為as extensive as Pauls.,4. Misplaced Modifiers 錯(cuò)置修飾語(yǔ)錯(cuò)置修飾語(yǔ)指的是應(yīng)為修飾語(yǔ)的位置不正確而導(dǎo)致的句子錯(cuò)誤。 Eg: I nearly earned

24、 a hundred dollars last week. 剖析：這里是說(shuō)你差點(diǎn)就賺了100美元還是你賺了差不多100美元呢？ 如果表達(dá)后者的意思就需要將nearly 放到a hundred dollars前面。 改正的最好辦法是讓修飾語(yǔ)和被修飾詞盡量靠近。 ,Eg: I believe I can do it well and I will better know the world outside the campus. 剖析：better位置不當(dāng)，應(yīng)置于句末 改為： I believe I can do it well and I will better know the world o

25、utside the campus. ,5. Dangling modifiers 垂懸修飾語(yǔ)：即修飾語(yǔ)在句子中找不到邏輯上修飾的對(duì)象，這是中國(guó)學(xué)生經(jīng)常犯的一種語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤。 常見(jiàn)的有一下五種： 垂懸分詞；垂懸動(dòng)名詞， 垂懸不定式，垂懸介詞，垂懸省略句。 常用改進(jìn)方法有兩種： 明確動(dòng)作的實(shí)施者，使主語(yǔ)成為懸垂部分修飾的對(duì)象； 將省略句或是分詞詞組擴(kuò)展為從句,Eg: To do well in college, good grades are essential. 剖析: 句中不定式短語(yǔ) “to do well in college” 的邏輯主語(yǔ)不清楚 改為：To do well in colleg

26、e, a student needs good grades.,Eg: At the age of ten, my grandfather died. 剖析：這句中at the age of ten只點(diǎn)出十歲時(shí)，但沒(méi)有說(shuō)明” 誰(shuí)”十歲時(shí)按一般推理不可能是my grandfather. 如果我們把這個(gè)懸垂修飾語(yǔ)改明確一點(diǎn)，全句就不那么費(fèi)解了 改為：When I was ten, my grandfather died.,各題型解題思路和技巧 下面我們將按題型順序，以考試題為例題，理出試題考試的考核知識(shí)點(diǎn)與解題思路。同時(shí)，也將對(duì)考生答題中的典型錯(cuò)誤做出剖析，希望大家能夠以此為例，舉一反三，熟練掌握

27、基本寫(xiě)作術(shù)語(yǔ)的概念，增加解題經(jīng)驗(yàn)，取得較好的成績(jī)。 I. 重寫(xiě)句子 II. 改寫(xiě)句子,I. 重寫(xiě)句子（本大題共10小題，每小題1.5分， 共15分） 1.考查loose sentence 與periodic sentence之間的轉(zhuǎn)換。,例題： I felt like taking a walk after watching the sunset. (Periodic sentence),答案： After watching the sunset, I felt like taking a walk., While they were waiting in line for the conce

28、rt tickets, the rain stopped. (Loose sentence) 答案：The rain stopped while they were waiting in line for the concert tickets.,解題思路： （）明確兩種句型的特點(diǎn)： 就語(yǔ)義結(jié)構(gòu)而論： periodic sentence（掉尾句）中主要信息在后，次要信息在前，使句子的重心置于句尾，旨在造成懸念，引人入勝； 而loose sentence（松散句）則正相反，將句義重心放在句首，使主要信息一目了然。, 就語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)而言： periodic sentence（掉尾句）將句子成分中的修飾

29、部分放在主要成分（一般為主謂結(jié)構(gòu)）之前； 而loose sentence（松散句）則反之。,第二題原句的主要信息為the rain stopped，次要信息為while they were waiting in line for the concert tickets，原句是periodic sentence（掉尾句）,變換成loose sentence（松散句）,需主次信息換位。,2.考查將兩個(gè)獨(dú)立短句合并成一個(gè)simple sentence的能力。 答案： 1. The letter from my foreign friend arrived today.,例題： 1. The lett

30、er is from my foreign friend. The letter arrived today. (Simple sentence),2. My roommate was waiting for me at the door. He had a book in his hand. (Simple sentence),2. My roommate with a book in his hand was waiting for me at the door.,解題思路： （1）明確simple sentence（簡(jiǎn)單句）的構(gòu)成：simple sentence（簡(jiǎn)單句）包含一個(gè)主語(yǔ)+謂

31、語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞（S+V）的結(jié)構(gòu)。 （2）將兩個(gè)短句的共同主語(yǔ)作為合并后的simple sentence（簡(jiǎn)單句）的主語(yǔ)，并將其中包含主要信息的短句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞確立為simple sentence（簡(jiǎn)單句）的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，另一短句轉(zhuǎn)化為修飾成分。,（3）第1題原句中第一個(gè)短句為次要信息，介詞短語(yǔ)from my foreign friend可作為修飾成分。 第2題原句中，第一個(gè)短句包含主要信息，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞was waiting可作為合并后的simple sentence（簡(jiǎn)單句）的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，第二個(gè)短句He had a book in his hand,可轉(zhuǎn)化為with引導(dǎo)的介詞短語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)，作修飾成分。,典型錯(cuò)誤分

32、析 Eg: The letter which arrived today is from my foreign friend. 剖析： 這個(gè)句子錯(cuò)誤有二： 1. 未將原句中包含主要信息的短句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞arrived作為合并后的simple sentence（簡(jiǎn)單句）的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,Eg: The letter which arrived today is from my foreign friend. 2. 含有定語(yǔ)從句的句子不是simple sentence（簡(jiǎn)單句），而是complex sentence（復(fù)合句）。還有The letter arrived today is from my fo

33、reign friend. 這是一個(gè)病句，句中出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)沒(méi)有合適方式連接的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，根本不符合語(yǔ)法規(guī)則。,再如My roommate, who had a book in his hand, was waiting for me at the door. 此句中who had a book in his hand是定語(yǔ)從句， 而simple sentence（簡(jiǎn)單句）中不能含有從句。,3. 考查獨(dú)立短句與compound sentence之間的轉(zhuǎn)換 例題： 1. Jerry is a good student. He studies hard and grasps concepts well.

34、(compound sentence) 解題思路： 兩分句間的關(guān)系為前因后果，所以選擇for引出解釋原因的分句。,答案： Jerry is a good student, for he studies hard and grasps concepts well.,2. We could take a taxi. We could walk to the restaurant. (compound sentence) 答案： We could take a taxi or we could walk to the restaurant. 解題思路： 兩分句為選擇關(guān)系，可用or連接,3. I ne

35、eded butter to make the cookie better. I couldnt find any. I used vegetable oil instead. (compound sentence) 解題思路 ： 第3題較為復(fù)雜，前兩個(gè)分句是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，可用but或yet連接；它們又與第三個(gè)分句形成前因后果的關(guān)系，所以選擇so引出結(jié)果。,答案： I needed butter to make the cookie better, but I couldnt find any, so I used vegetable oil instead.,解題關(guān)鍵： 明確compound s

36、entence（并列句）的特點(diǎn)：compound sentence（并列句）是由并列連詞或特定的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)將意義相關(guān)、結(jié)構(gòu)完整的兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的simple sentence（簡(jiǎn)單句）連接起來(lái)構(gòu)成的。 理順獨(dú)立短句間邏輯關(guān)系：是承遞、轉(zhuǎn)折、選擇、還是因果？確定好后在并列連接詞and, nor, but, yet, or, for, so之中選一個(gè)出來(lái)連接各分句。,典型錯(cuò)誤分析： （錯(cuò)誤）Jerry is a good student for he studies hard and grasps concepts well. （分析）用for引導(dǎo)表示原因的分句時(shí)，它前面一定要用comma（逗號(hào)）。

37、,（改為) Jerry is a good student , for he studies hard and grasps concepts well.,（錯(cuò)誤）For Jerry is a good student, he studies hard and grasps concepts well. （分析）除了因果關(guān)系不妥外，for的位置也不正確。用for連接兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句時(shí)，前句表示結(jié)果或結(jié)論，后句說(shuō)明產(chǎn)生前述結(jié)果的原因，所以for只能出現(xiàn)在后句中。 （改為) Jerry is a good student, for he studies hard and grasps concepts

38、well.,（錯(cuò)誤）We could take a taxi or walk to the restaurant. （分析）此句仍是一個(gè)simple sentence（簡(jiǎn)單句）而不是compound sentence（并列句），compound sentence（并列句）必須包含兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的simple sentence（簡(jiǎn)單句） （改為) We could take a taxi, or we could walk to the restaurant.,.,4.考查compound sentence與complex sentence之間的轉(zhuǎn)換 例題： The tape recorder

39、was not working right, so I returned it to the store. (complex sentence) 答案： Because the tape recorder was not working right, I returned it to the store.,解題思路： （1）了解complex sentence（復(fù)合句）的構(gòu)成：complex sentence（復(fù)合句）包含一個(gè)主句及一個(gè)或多個(gè)從句。從句分為名詞性從句、形容詞性從句和副詞性從句。 （2）例句是compound sentence（并列句），兩個(gè)分句為因果關(guān)系，要把compound

40、sentence（并列句）重寫(xiě)成complex sentence（復(fù)合句）時(shí)，只需將第一個(gè)分句改為由從屬連接詞because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句即可。,典型錯(cuò)誤分析： （錯(cuò)誤）I returned the tape recorder to the store, for it was not working right. （分析）for雖然也可引導(dǎo)表示原因的分句，但它是并列連接詞，用在compound sentence（并列句）中，這點(diǎn)與because、as、since等引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連接詞不同。,5.考查對(duì)compound-complex sentence的掌握和運(yùn)用。 例題： If y

41、ou want me to clean your windows, please give me a weeks notice. I am very busy this month. (compound-complex sentence) 答案： If you want me to clean your windows, please give me a weeks notice, for I am very busy this month.,解題思路： （1）了解compound-complex sentence（并列復(fù)合句）的構(gòu)成：compound-complex sentence（并列復(fù)

42、合句）是由復(fù)合句并列而形成的。具體地說(shuō)，compound-complex sentence（并列復(fù)合句）可以是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句與一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句用并列連接詞連接起來(lái)的，也可以是兩個(gè)主從復(fù)合句的并列。 （2）例句中的第一個(gè)句子是含有條件狀語(yǔ)從句的主從復(fù)合句，第一句與第二句是前因后果的關(guān)系，將兩句話用并列連接詞for連接起來(lái)，即可合并為一個(gè)compound - complex sentence（并列復(fù)合句）。,典型錯(cuò)誤分析： （錯(cuò)誤）Please give me a weeks notice if you want me to clean your windows, because I am very b

43、usy this month. （分析）此句仍是complex sentence（復(fù)合句），因?yàn)閎ecause為從屬連接詞。在表示原因的連接詞中，只有for是并列連接詞，用于連接兩個(gè)具有并列關(guān)系的分句。閱卷中發(fā)現(xiàn)，相當(dāng)多的考生沒(méi)有掌握好連接詞for的用法。,6. 考核知識(shí)點(diǎn)：考查對(duì)parallel structure概念的掌握和運(yùn)用 例題： Minnie bought a ticket to the play. She went out for dinner. She arrived at the theater by 8:00. (Parallel structure) 答案： Minnie

44、 bought a ticket to the play, went out for dinner, and arrived at the theater by 8:00.,解題思路： （1）明確parallel structure（平行結(jié)構(gòu)）的特點(diǎn)：parallel structure（平行結(jié)構(gòu)）是把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上意思并列的成分用同等的語(yǔ)法形式表示出來(lái)。平行的結(jié)構(gòu)可以是單詞、詞組、從句，也可以是句子。 （2）例句原有的三個(gè)短句中，主語(yǔ)均為Minnie，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞bought、went out、及arrived是意思并列的成分，可以成為平行結(jié)構(gòu)。,典型錯(cuò)誤分析： （錯(cuò)誤）Minnie bough

45、t a ticket to the play, arrived at the theater by 8:00, and went out for dinner. （分析）Minnie買(mǎi)票、外出吃飯、到達(dá)劇院是按照時(shí)間順序先后發(fā)生的，次序不能隨意更改。,（錯(cuò)誤）Minnie bought a ticket to the play, went out for dinner, then arrived at the theater by 8:00. （分析）then不是并列連接詞，不能取代and。,II. 改寫(xiě)病句（本大題共5小題，每小題3分，共15分） 1. 考查對(duì)連接詞（joining word

46、）使用錯(cuò)誤的識(shí)別與修正。 例題： Your sales are up, therefore, your bonus is forthcoming. 答案： Your sales are up; therefore, your bonus is forthcomin,解題思路： （1） 連接詞（joining word）可分為: 連詞（如：and, but, for, so, because, although, since等） 連接性副詞（如：therefore, consequently, accordingly, moreover, furthermore, otherwise, like

47、wise, however, nevertheless等）。 連詞和連接性副詞在用法上有很多相似之處，但也有不同點(diǎn)。,（2） 連詞和連接性副詞在連接兩個(gè)分句時(shí)，前后使用的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)不同：連詞之前常用逗號(hào)（，），之后通常不用標(biāo)點(diǎn)；而連接性副詞之前要求用分號(hào)（；）或句號(hào)（.），之后常用逗號(hào)（，）。 （3）該例句最簡(jiǎn)便的修正方法是將連接性副詞therefore前的逗號(hào)（，）改為分號(hào)（；）。另外也可改為：Your sales are up. Therefore, your bonus is forthcoming. 評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中規(guī)定：與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案不一致，但句子結(jié)構(gòu)正確，表意準(zhǔn)確，也得滿分。否則，酌情給分或不

48、得分。,典型錯(cuò)誤分析： （錯(cuò)誤）If your sales are up, your bonus will be forthcoming （分析）原句中的兩個(gè)分句之間是因果關(guān)系，而不是假設(shè)關(guān)系。,（錯(cuò)誤）Your bonus is forthcoming, therefore, your sales are up. （分析）有些考生識(shí)別不出病句結(jié)構(gòu)上的錯(cuò)誤，就以為句義有誤，對(duì)兩個(gè)分句的因果關(guān)系作了調(diào)整。值得注意的是，寫(xiě)作基礎(chǔ)試卷改寫(xiě)病句一題中的病句通常錯(cuò)在結(jié)構(gòu)上，而不是語(yǔ)義上。,2.考查對(duì)破句(fragmentary sentence)的識(shí)別和修正。 例題：People worked toge

49、ther on the assembly line. Moving quickly and efficiently. They wanted to make as much money as possible. 答案： People worked together on the assembly line, moving quickly and efficiently. They wanted to make s much money as possible.,解題思路： （1）了解破句(fragmentary sentence)的特點(diǎn)：把句子的一部分當(dāng)成了一個(gè)句子。英語(yǔ)中一個(gè)完整的句子必須包

50、含主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)，否則就是破句(fragmentary sentence)。 （2）找出此病句中結(jié)構(gòu)不完整的句子（即不包含主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子）：Moving quickly and efficiently.,（3）由于用分詞結(jié)構(gòu)而引起的破句的修改方法為： 將分詞結(jié)構(gòu)還原為謂語(yǔ)形式使其獨(dú)立成句，或者將分詞結(jié)構(gòu)與其前面或后面的句子融合在一起。 本句最簡(jiǎn)便的修正方法是將moving前的句號(hào)（.）變成逗號(hào)（，），使moving quickly and efficiently融入前面的句子，成為表示伴隨狀況的分詞短語(yǔ)。,典型錯(cuò)誤分析： （錯(cuò)誤）People worked together on the as

51、sembly line, moving quickly and efficiently, they wanted to make as much money as possible. （分析）這是一個(gè)串句 (run-on sentence)，誤將兩個(gè)獨(dú)立分句合寫(xiě)在一個(gè)句子里面而沒(méi)有適當(dāng)?shù)胤蛛x標(biāo)識(shí)。,（錯(cuò)誤）People worked together on the assembly line moving quickly and efficiently. They wanted to make as much money as possible. （分析）moving的邏輯主語(yǔ)是people，

52、不是assembly line，因此moving前必須有逗號(hào)（，），否則分詞短語(yǔ)moving quickly and efficiently就變成了修飾名詞assembly line的定語(yǔ)，而不再是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞worked的伴隨狀況。,3.考查對(duì)垂懸修飾語(yǔ)（dangling modifier）的識(shí)別和修正。 例題： Watching the parade, my wallet was stolen. 答案： While watching the parade, I had my wallet stolen. / While I was watching the parade, my wallet

53、was stolen.,解題思路： 1）了解垂懸修飾語(yǔ)（dangling modifier）的特點(diǎn)： 修飾語(yǔ)在句中找不到邏輯上被修飾的對(duì)象。分詞結(jié)構(gòu)、不定式結(jié)構(gòu)和介詞短語(yǔ)做修飾語(yǔ)修飾句子時(shí)，易發(fā)生垂懸修飾現(xiàn)象。 2）修正時(shí)， 可調(diào)整句子的主語(yǔ)，使之與上述結(jié)構(gòu)或短語(yǔ)的邏輯主語(yǔ)一致； 也可將分詞結(jié)構(gòu)、不定式結(jié)構(gòu)或介詞短語(yǔ)帶上自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)，將其擴(kuò)展成從句。,3）原句中做修飾語(yǔ)的分詞結(jié)構(gòu)watching the parade的邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子主語(yǔ)my wallet不一致，所以可將句子主語(yǔ)調(diào)整為I，或?qū)⒕渥又髡Z(yǔ)保持不變，使watching the parade帶上自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)I。,典型錯(cuò)誤分析： （錯(cuò)

54、誤）While watching the parade, my wallet was stolen. （分析）分詞結(jié)構(gòu)watching the parade前加上連詞while或when，不能改變其垂懸修飾語(yǔ)（dangling modifier）的性質(zhì)，因?yàn)槠溥壿嬛髡Z(yǔ)I未變，而與從句的主語(yǔ)my wallet仍然不一致。,（錯(cuò)誤）Watching the parade, I lost my wallet。 （分析）修正病句不應(yīng)該改變?cè)涞囊馑?。錢(qián)包丟失的原因可能是被盜，但也可能是別的原因，例如由于粗心遺忘在某地等。另外，從這一修改中，可看出相當(dāng)一部分考生對(duì)have sth. done結(jié)構(gòu)不太熟悉

55、。,4. 考查對(duì)錯(cuò)誤平行結(jié)構(gòu)（faulty parallelism）的識(shí)別和修正。 例題1： If a publisher rejects a novel, it is either because the story is unsaleable or the author is unknown. 分析：原句中連詞either后是because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句，or后也應(yīng)補(bǔ)上because。,答案： If a publisher rejects a novel, it is either because the story is unsaleable or because the autho

56、r is unknown.,例題2： Our new car not only is more user-friendly, but also it is more comfortable than our old one. 答案： Our new car is not only more user-friendly but also more comfortable than our old one. 分析：例題 2題病句最簡(jiǎn)便的修正方法，是將兩個(gè)形容詞比較級(jí)作為平行成分，用not onlybut also連接。,解題思路： (1) 了解錯(cuò)誤平行結(jié)構(gòu)（faulty parallelism）產(chǎn)

57、生的原因：平行結(jié)構(gòu)（parallelism）是把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上意思并列的成分用同等語(yǔ)法形式表達(dá)，如果意思上并列的成分用不同等的語(yǔ)法形式來(lái)表達(dá)，就破壞了其平行結(jié)構(gòu)。 (2) eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also, bothand等關(guān)聯(lián)并列連接詞（correlative conjunction）用于連接意思并列的成分，所以每個(gè)連詞后所跟的成分必須有相同的語(yǔ)法形式。,典型錯(cuò)誤分析：（錯(cuò)誤）Not only our new car is more user-friendly but also it is more comfortable than our old

58、 one. （分析）not onlybut also可以連接兩個(gè)平行結(jié)構(gòu)的句子，但not only后的句子必須倒裝，如：Not only is our new car more user-friendly, but also it is more comfortable than our old one. 另外，not onlybut also連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)相同的句子時(shí)顯得啰嗦和沒(méi)有必要，故常用來(lái)連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)不同的句子，如：Not only is he himself interested in the subject, but also all his students have begun to show an interest in it.,Exercise: I. Read the following, point out the mistakes and make necessary corrections: 1. Our host entertained us with many interesting stories of adventure, he had been a member of an exploration team working in the Arctic. 改為：Our host entertained us w