環(huán)境工程專業(yè)英語(yǔ).ppt

1、環(huán)境工程專業(yè)英語(yǔ) Professional English for Environmental Engineering,Han Xiaogang College of Resources and Environment Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Tel:QQ:103475685,2,English Proverb,Imperfection is beauty, madness(瘋狂) is genius (天才，天賦) ，and its better to be absolutely ridiculous (

2、荒唐的) than absolutely boring.,不完美也是一種美麗，瘋狂也是一種天賦，不靠譜總好過(guò)超無(wú)聊。,3,Review of the Last Lesson,4,Appreciation of movies,The 11th Hour,Chinese name （中文名稱）,第十一個(gè)小時(shí),Director,Castleberry，Leonardo DiCaprio,Information about the move （相關(guān)信息）,萊昂納多.迪卡普里奧,本片是以一種訪談的形式，向觀眾說(shuō)明了我們所面臨環(huán)境問題。訪談對(duì)象包括前蘇聯(lián)總統(tǒng)戈?duì)柊蛦谭?、著名科學(xué)家史蒂芬霍金、前中情局局長(zhǎng)詹

3、姆斯伍爾西、超過(guò)50位的頂尖科學(xué)家、思想家和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者 。,5,Part Introduction to Environmental Engineering,6,1. Background to Environment Science,Part Introduction to Environmental Engineering,Science and technology constitute a primary productive force.,Science,Social Science,Nature Science,The social science deals with the stu

4、dy of people and how they live together as families, tribes(群落，部落), communities (社區(qū)), races (種族), and nations.,The nature sience deals with the study of nature and the physical world. It includes such diverse disciplines as biology, chemistry, geology, physics, and environmental science.,7,2. What i

5、s the book about?,Part Introduction to Environmental Engineering,The objective,Description of environmental,The objective of this book is to introduce engineering and science students to the interdisciplinary（跨學(xué)科，各學(xué)科） study of environmental problems: their causes, why they are of concern, and how we

6、 can control them.,The primary coverage,Information on the basis causes of environmental disturbances (困擾),Basis scientific knowledge necessary to understand the nature of environmental problems and to be able to quantify them,8,Part Introduction to Environmental Engineering,The primary coverage,Cur

7、rent state of the technology environmental control in its application to water, air and pollution problems,Considerable gaps in our current scientific knowledge of understanding and controlling many of the complex interactions between human activities and nature,Many environmental problems which cou

8、ld be eliminated or reduced by the application of current technology, but which are not dealt with because of societys lack of will to do so, or in many instances because of a lack of resources to do so.,9,3. Some Definitions,Part Introduction to Environmental Engineering,Environmental,Environmental

9、 is the physical and biotic habitat (棲息地) which surrounds us; that which we can see, hear, touch, smell, and taste. When the goal of improving environmental quality is taken to be improving human wellbeing (健康，幸福), the word environment broadens to include all kinds of social, economic, and cultural

10、aspects.,System is a set or arrangement of things so related or connected as to form a unit or organic whole; as, a solar system, irrigation system, water supply system, the world or universe.,System,10,3. Some Definitions,Part Introduction to Environmental Engineering,Engineering,Engineering is a p

11、rofession (職業(yè)、專業(yè)) that applies science and mathematics to make the properties (特性) of matter and sources of energy useful in structures, machines, products, systems, and processes.,Pollution can be defined as an undesirable change in the physical, chemical, or biological characteristics of the air,

12、water, or land that can harmfully affect the health, survival, or activities of humans or other living organisms.,Pollution,11,Part Introduction to Environmental Engineering,Environmental engineering is manifest (顯示，表明) by sound Engineering thought and practice in the solution of problems of Environ

13、mental sanitation (衛(wèi)生系統(tǒng)或設(shè)備), notably (尤其) in the provision of safe, palatable (可口的), and ample (足夠) public water supply; the proper disposal of or recycle of wasterwater and solid wastes; the adequate drainage of urban and rural (田園，鄉(xiāng)村),areas for proper sanitation; and the control of water, soil, an

14、d atmospheric pollution, and the social and environmental impact of these solutions.,Environmental engineering,Furthermore it is concerned with engineering problems on the field of public health.,12,3. Interaction of systems,Part Introduction to Environmental Engineering,Many of environmental proble

15、ms will apply only within one of water, air, or land systems , justifying (證明，為作出解釋) the breakdown (分解) into these categories. Such a classification is also useful for easier comprehension (理解) of related problems within one system.,Moreover, it is sensible because, for manager and administrative re

16、asons, such subfields (子域) as air pollution, water supply, wastewater disposal, and solid waste disposal are often dealt with separately by governmental agencies.,13,3. Interaction of systems,Part Introduction to Environmental Engineering,Unfortunately, many important environmental problems are not

17、confined (局限于) to an air, water, or land system, but involve interactions between systems.,A current example is the acid rain problem stemming from (根源) the emission (排放) of sulfur dioxide (二氧化硫) and nitrogen oxide gases into the atmosphere from the stacks (煙囪) of generating stations (發(fā)電廠), smelters

18、 (熔爐), and automobile exhausts (汽車尾氣) 。,These gases are then transported by air currents (氣流) over wide regions. Rainfall “washes them out”, creating acid rain which is harmful to aquatic life (水生生物), forests, and agricultural crops.,14,4. Environmental Problems,Part Introduction to Environmental En

19、gineering,Many major improvements to our standard of living can be attributed to the application of science and technology.,With these improvements, however, have come disturbing side effects, such as lost arable land (耕地), disappearing forests, environmental pollution, and new organisms resistant t

20、o controls (微生物滋長(zhǎng) ).,Environmental problems are always interrelated. Sometimes a solution to one problem actually creates another problem.,15,4. Environmental Problems,Part Introduction to Environmental Engineering,For example, when people are sick and dying from disease, it is natural to want to im

21、prove human health.,When health is improved and infant mortality (嬰兒死亡率) is reduced, a population explosion may result.,To feed this growing pollution, natural habitats (自然棲息地) are often destroyed by turning them into farmland.,As natural habitats are destroyed, the wild plants, predatory animals (食

22、肉動(dòng)物), and parasites (寄生生物) that once lived there are killed as well.,16,4. Environmental Problems,Part Introduction to Environmental Engineering,Because of the lack of predators and parasites, outbreaks of insect pests (害蟲) become more common.,Farmers use pesticides (農(nóng)藥) to control the pests and pro

23、tect the crops, but in the process the environment becomes polluted.,The development of this entire (整個(gè)的) cycle in itself consumes fossil fuel (化石燃料) supplies that are becoming scarce.,In addition, when fuels are burned, air pollutants are generated.,17,4. Environmental Problems,Part Introduction to

24、 Environmental Engineering,How does a person begin to study such a network of interlocking (相關(guān)聯(lián)的) problems? To make the task (工作、任務(wù)) a bit more manageable, we should recognize what environmental problems people are up against.,What environmental problems are people up against？,Overpopulation,Polluti

25、on,Depletion of Resources,Changes in the Global Condition,The War,18,Part Introduction to Environmental Engineering,Overpopulation,Overpopulation may be defined as the presence in a given area of more people than can be supported adequately by the resources available in that area.,Many people argue

26、that the population explosion that has taken place in the twentieth century is now the most important problem we face.,It is important first because overpopulation is a major cause of all environmental problems: Fewer people would use less oil, chop down fewer trees, and pour less sewage into rivers

27、.,19,Part Introduction to Environmental Engineering,Overpopulation,Second, overpopulation and the starvation（饑餓） that accompanies it are generally higher on our list of priorities than other environmental concerns.,It is hard to argue that an area should be set aside as parkland to preserve（保護(hù)） a va

28、nishing（消失） forest or savanna（平原，熱帶大草原） when that might be used to raise crops that would prevent fellow human beings from starving to death.,20,專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論,專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論,21,專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論,范文： Aerobic Treatment Aerobic means requiring the presence of free oxygen. Aerobic treatment of waste is the natural degradat

29、ion and purification process in which bacteria that thrive in oxygen-rich environment break down and digest the the waste. Aerobic bacteria are like humans in that they require oxygen to survive and thrive. This is the primary difference between aerobic systems and septic systems, you see. Septic sy

30、stems depend on much less efficient anaerobic bacteria.,22,專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論,During this oxidation process, pollutants are broken down into carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), nitrates, sulphates and biomass (micro-organisms). By optimizing the oxygen supply with so-called aerators, the process can be signifi

31、cantly accelerated. Of all biological waste treatment method, aerobic digestion is the most widespead process used throughout the world (more than 95%). Aerobic bacteria demand oxygen to decompose dissolved pollutants. Large amounts of pollutants require large quantities of bacteria; hence the deman

32、d for oxygen will be high. The Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a measure of the quantity of dissolved organic pollutants that can be removed in biological oxidation by the bacteria. It is expressed in mg/L.,23,專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論,The Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) measures the quantity of dissolved organic pol

33、lutants that can be removed in chemical oxidation, by adding strong acids. It is expressed in mg/L. The ratio BOD/COD gives an indication of the fraction of pollutants in the wastewater that is biodegradable. Aerobic bacteria are very efficient in breaking down waste products. As a result, aerobic t

34、reatment usually yields better effluent quality than that obtained in anaerobic processes.,24,專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論,1. 專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯概論 1.1 專業(yè)英語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn) 1.1.1 專業(yè)英語(yǔ)的詞匯特點(diǎn) 專業(yè)詞匯出現(xiàn)的頻率低。 詞義專一。 廣泛是使用縮寫詞。如： COD chemical oxygen demand 化學(xué)需氧量 BOD biochemical oxygen demand 生化需氧量 TOC total organic carbon 總有機(jī)碳 DO dissolved oxygen 溶解氧,25,專

35、業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論,POPs persistent organic pollutants 持久性有機(jī)污染物 TSP total suspended particle 總懸浮顆粒 TKN total Kjeldahl nitrogen 總凱氏氮 UASB up flow anaerobic sludge blanket 上流式厭氧污泥床 MBR membrane bioreactor 膜生物反應(yīng)器 SBR sequencing batch reactor 間歇式活性污泥法 1.1.2 專業(yè)英語(yǔ)的句法特點(diǎn) 廣泛使用陳述句。 Aerobic means requiring the presence of

36、 free oxygen. Aerobic treatment of waste is the natural degradation and purification process in which bacteria that thrive in oxygen-rich environment break down and digest the the waste.,26,專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論,廣泛使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 During this oxidation process, pollutants are broken down into carbon dioxide (CO2), water

37、(H2O), nitrates, sulphates and biomass (micro-organisms). By optimizing the oxygen supply with so-called aerators, the process can be significantly accelerated. 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)在專業(yè)英語(yǔ)中的使用比在其他場(chǎng)合更為廣泛，主要因?yàn)楸粍?dòng)句比主動(dòng)句更能說(shuō)明需要論證的對(duì)象，更能使其位置鮮明、突出。,27,專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論,簡(jiǎn)略表達(dá)多。 The ratio BOD/COD gives an indication of the fraction of pol

38、lutants in the wastewater that is biodegradable. 長(zhǎng)句使用多。 Aerobic treatment of waste is the natural degradation and purification process in which bacteria that thrive in oxygen-rich environment break down and digest the the waste. 主句帶若干從句，從句帶短語(yǔ)，短語(yǔ)帶從句，相互依附，相互制約。,28,專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論,Floating on the oceans are 7

39、,659 trillion metric tons of ice encased in 10,000 icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps, more than ninety percent of them from Antarctica. 句子倒置。 Floating on the oceans are 7,659 trillion metric tons of ice 多重修飾。 ice encased in 10,000 icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps, more

40、 than ninety percent of them from Antarctica.,29,專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論,Floating on the oceans are 7,659 trillion metric tons of ice encased in 10,000 icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps, more than ninety percent of them from Antarctica. 庖丁解牛。 ice encased in 10,000 icebergs that break away from the p

41、olar ice caps, more than ninety percent of them from Antarctica. 就近修飾原則。 Layer 1: Ice encased in 10,000 icebergs Layer 2: icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps, icebergsmore than ninety percent of them from Antarctica. 粗譯： 世界大洋里漂浮著7659萬(wàn)億噸的冰。這些冰包含在10000多個(gè)冰山里。這些冰山從極地冰蓋脫落而產(chǎn)生；多于90%的這些冰山來(lái)源于南極。

42、,30,專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論,1.1.3 專業(yè)英語(yǔ)的修辭特點(diǎn) 時(shí)態(tài)運(yùn)用有限。 過(guò)去研究過(guò)去時(shí)（與現(xiàn)在不發(fā)生聯(lián)系）；討論理論用現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 Biofiltration technique for disposing ammonium-contaminated gas streams was investigated. 修辭手法較為單調(diào)。,31,專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論,邏輯性語(yǔ)法詞使用普遍。如： 表示原因的詞：because, because of, due to, owing to, as, as a result, caused by, for 表示語(yǔ)氣轉(zhuǎn)折的詞：but, however, neverthe

43、less, yet, otherwise 表示邏輯、順利連接的詞：so, thus, therefore, furthermore, moreover, in addition to 表示限制的詞：only, if only, except, besides, unless 表示假設(shè)的詞：suppose, supposing, assuming, provided, providing Aerobic bacteria are very efficient in breaking down waste products. As a result, aerobic treatment usual

44、ly yields better effluent quality than that obtained in anaerobic processes.,32,專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論,1.2 翻譯的基本知識(shí) 1.2.1 翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 嚴(yán)復(fù)天演論：信、達(dá)、雅 忠實(shí)：譯文必須忠實(shí)、正確地傳達(dá)原文的內(nèi)容。 通順：譯文的語(yǔ)言必須規(guī)范、流暢、通俗易懂。,33,專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論,1.2.2 翻譯的過(guò)程 理解-表達(dá) 翻譯的理解過(guò)程 通讀全文，領(lǐng)會(huì)大意。 明辨語(yǔ)法，弄清關(guān)系。 結(jié)合上下文，推敲詞義。,Aerobic means requiring the presence of free oxygen. Aerobic

45、 treatment of waste is the natural degradation and purification process in which bacteria that thrive in oxygen-rich environment break down and digest the the waste.,34,專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論, 翻譯的表達(dá)過(guò)程 a. 一稿初譯，忠實(shí)為主。 b. 二稿核對(duì)，注意邏輯。 c. 三稿定局，潤(rùn)色詞句。 翻譯的方法 直譯 意譯,Aerobic means requiring the presence of free oxygen. Aerobi

46、c treatment of waste is the natural degradation and purification process in which bacteria that thrive in oxygen-rich environment break down and digest the the waste.,35,專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論,2. 詞義的選擇和引申 2.1 詞義的選擇 2.1.1 根據(jù)詞類選擇詞義 E.g.: like：像、同樣的、喜歡、希望、如同 He would like to join our discussion. Things like air, wat

47、er or metal are matter. Like charges repel, unlike charges attract. I hope that I can drive the tractor like you do.,36,專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論,2.1.2 根據(jù)詞的搭配關(guān)系選擇詞義 E.g.: operate: 操作、運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)、完成、實(shí)施 Thermal convection will not operated in zero gravity. Rockets operate in the vacuum of outer space as well as in the earth at

48、mosphere. Transistors(晶體管) operate as control devices and amplifier. The electric computers can operate only according to instructions, which must be prepared by man in advance.,37,專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論,represent: 代表，表示、相當(dāng)于，是、提供、闡述 Inorganic flocculants represent nearly 20% of the total flocculants. The material

49、 referred to as “acid rain” represents the raindrops dissolved CO2 which have a pH of 5.6.,38,專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論,2.1.3 根據(jù)單、復(fù)數(shù)及習(xí)慣表達(dá)選擇詞義 E.g.: The ability to do work is called energy. （功） This iron and steel works was set up last year. （工廠） The time for the water supply is cut by half. A is three times as large

50、 as B. 2.1.4 語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣的轉(zhuǎn)換 E.g.: Magnetism is used to measure the coldest temperature. (很低的） Light-colored things reflect more light than dark-colored things. （深、淺）,39,專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論,2.2 詞義的引申 2.2.1 單詞的引申 E.g.: Today is the link between yesterday and tomorrow. （橋梁） This kind of wood works easily. （加工） Within th

51、ese broad categories, process differ according to the type of the drier(干燥機(jī)). The thicker the wire the more freely it will carry current. （容易）,40,專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論,2.2.2 詞組的引申 E.g.: Alloys belong to a half-way house between mixture and compounds. （中間結(jié)構(gòu)） At present coal is the most common food of a steam plan

52、t. （能源） High concentrations of critical elements, such as lead, arsenic, mercury, may affect the human health. （微量）,41,專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論,3. 詞類轉(zhuǎn)換 3.1 非動(dòng)詞譯成動(dòng)詞 E.g.: The control unit of a computer causes the machine to operate according to mans wish. 計(jì)算機(jī)的控制單元使機(jī)器人按照人的意志運(yùn)作。,42,專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論,3.1.1 名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯為動(dòng)詞 1.單獨(dú)的名詞用作動(dòng)詞 （

53、1）動(dòng)名詞、動(dòng)詞派生的名詞，具有動(dòng)作意義的名詞可直接譯為動(dòng)詞 E.g.: In the absence of friction, vehicles could not even start. Control of dissolved oxygen, solids retention time and hydrolytic retention time is necessary for efficient treatment of wastewater. c. The main object of sedimentation is the separation of clear water fr

54、om mixture.,43,專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論,(2) 一些加er或or的名詞，有時(shí)在句中并不表示一個(gè)人的身份或職業(yè)，而具有較強(qiáng)的動(dòng)作意義，這種詞漢譯時(shí)可譯為動(dòng)詞。 E.g.: Talking with his son, the old man was the forgiver of the young mans past wrong doings. Professor Wang was the instructor of our experiment. 2. 適用于動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)或介詞短語(yǔ)中的名詞可譯為動(dòng)詞。E.g.: A body is negatively charged when it ha

55、s electrons in excess of its normal number.,44,專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論,3.1.2. 形容詞譯為動(dòng)詞 1. 英語(yǔ)中表示感覺、知覺、信念的詞，如familiar、 confident、sensible of等在句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，譯成動(dòng)詞。 E.g.: Scientists are confident that all matter is indestructible. They are quite content with the data obtained from the experiment. We are not sure about the effe

56、ct of this parameter on the quality of the effluent.,45,專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論,2. 有些要求有固定介詞的形容詞在句中作表語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)時(shí)，譯成動(dòng)詞。 E.g.: The final product moisture is dependent on feed size and residence time at temperature. For larger size feed, dried product moisture levels are higher.,46,專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論,3. 起形容詞作用的現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞和一些作定語(yǔ)或補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的形容詞，譯為動(dòng)詞。 E.g.: The desi