無機(jī)化學(xué)物質(zhì)的命名.ppt

無機(jī)化合物的命名,Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemicals,element,compound,一. 元素和單質(zhì)的命名,“元素”和“單質(zhì)”的英文意思都是“element”，有時(shí)為了區(qū)別，在強(qiáng)調(diào)“單質(zhì)”時(shí)可用“free element or elementary substance”。因此，單質(zhì)的英文名稱與元素的英文名稱是一樣的。下面給出的既是元素的名稱，同時(shí)又是單質(zhì)的名稱。,S-block Element (S區(qū)元素),IA Hydrogen (H) Lithium (Li) Sodium (Na) Potassium (K) Rubidium (Ru) Cesium (Ce) Francium (Fr),IIA Beryllium (Be) Magnesium (Mg) Calcium (Ca) Strontium (Sr) Barium (Ba) Radium (Ra),P26,III A boron (B) Aluminium (Al) Gallium (Ga) Indium (In) Thallium (Tl),IV A Carbon (C) Silicon (Si) Germanium (Ge) Tin (Sn) Lead (Pb) plumbi,V A Nitrogen (N) Phosphorus (P) Arsenic (As) antimony (Sb) Bismuth (Bi),VIA oxygen (O) sulfur (S) Selenium (Se) Tellurium (Te) Polonium (Po),VIIA fluorine (F) Chlorine (Cl) Bromine (Br) Iodine (I) Astatine (At),0 Helium (He) Neon (Ne) argon (Ar) Krypton (Kr) Xenon (Xe) Radon (Ra),P-block Element (P區(qū)元素),Common Transition Elememt,Fe : iron; determine Mn : manganese Cu: copper; cuprum Zn: zinc; spelter Hg: mercury; quicksilver Ag: silver; argentine Au: gold; aurum,二. 化合物的命名,化合物的命名順序都是根據(jù)化學(xué)式從左往右讀，這與中文讀法順序是相反的。表示原子個(gè)數(shù)時(shí)使用前綴： (1)mono-,(2)di -, (3)tri- , (4)tetra- ,(5)penta-， (6)hexa-, (7)hepta-, (8)octa-, (9)nona-, (10)deca- ， 但是在不會引起歧義時(shí)，這些前綴都盡 可能被省去。,monovalent: 單價(jià)的 carbon dioxane: CO2 tribromethane: CHBr3; tetrachloromethane: CCl4 CO (Carbon monoxide) NO (Nitrogen oxide) NO2 (Nitrogen dioxide) N2O3 (Nitrogen trioxide) N2O5 (Nitrogen pentoxide) N2O (nitrous oxide) FeO (Ferrous oxide) ,Fe2O3 (Ferric oxide); MnO (Manganous oxide) Mn2O3 (Manganic oxide), H2MnO4 (Manganic acid) MnO2 (Manganese dioxide),VB: valence bond theory MO: molecular orbital theory,1. 化合物正電荷部分的讀法,1.1 Single valence ions Cations name = Element for example: Na+ Sodium Al3+ Aluminum K+ Potassium Ca2+ Calcium 如: CO: carbon monoxide Al2O3: aluminium oxide N2O4 ：Dinitrogen tetroxide (tetra-,mono-后綴中的a, o在后-o之前省去),ion: 離子 anion： 陰離子 cation: 陽離子,1.2 Multivalence ions,Cations name = Element (N) For example: Fe2+ Iron(II) or Ferrous Fe3+ Iron(III) or Ferric Cr2+ Chromium(II) Cr3+ Chromium(III) Mn4+ Manganese(IV) Mn2+ Manganese(II),2. 化合物負(fù)電荷部分的讀法,2.1 Monatomic anions Anions name = Elements root -ide For example: Cl- Chloride O2- Oxide Br- Bromide OH- Hydroxide I- Iodide CN- Cyanide S2- Sulfide H- Hydride,2.2 Polyatomic oxyanions,2. 2. 1 Acid radicals for normal salt (正酸根 -ate ) Anions name = Central Elements root -ate For example: ClO3- Chlorate IO3- Iodate PO43- Phosphate NO3- Nitrate SO42- Sulfate CO32- Carbonate,2.2.2 Acid radicals for hypo-salts (次酸根 -ite ),Anions name = Hypo- Central elements root -ite For example: ClO- Hypochlorite IO- Hypoiodite PO23- Hypophosphite,2.2.3 Acid radicals for persalts (高酸根Per -ate ),Anions name = Per-Central Elements root -ate For example: ClO4- Perchlorate IO4- Periodate MnO4- Permanganate,2.2.4 含氧酸與含氧酸根陰離子,采用前后綴的不同組合顯示不同價(jià)態(tài)的含氧酸和含氧酸根陰離子，價(jià)態(tài)相同的含氧酸及含氧酸根陰離子具有相同的前綴，不同的后綴。 高某酸 per-ic 正酸 ic 亞酸 -ous 次酸 hypo-ous 高某酸根 per-ate 正酸根 ate 亞酸根 -ite 次酸根hypo-ite 其它的前綴還有 ortho-正 meta- 偏 thio-硫代 舉例： HClO4 perchloric acid ClO4- perchlorate ion HClO3 chloric acid ClO3- chlorate ion HClO2 chlorous acid ClO2- chlorite ion HClO hypochlorous acid ClO- hypochlorite ion H2SO4 sulfuric acid H2SO3 sulfurous acid HNO3 nitric acid HNO2 nitrous acid HPO3 metaphosphoric acid S2O32- thiosulfate ion,3. Naming compounds,3.1 Metal oxide Metal oxide = Cation + oxide For example: FeO Iron(II) oxide (Ferrous oxide) Fe2O3 Iron(III) oxide (Ferric oxide) Fe3O4 Ferroferric oxide Pb3O4 Trilead tetroxide Na2O2 Sodium peroxide,Nonmetal oxide = n-Nonmetal element + n-oxide For example: CO Carbon monoxide CO2 Carbon dioxide SO3 Sulfur trioxide N2O3 Dinitrogen trioxide P2O5 Diphosphorus pentoxide N2O4 Dinitrogen tetroxide (tetra-,mono-后綴中的a,o在后一o之前省去) 有些物質(zhì)常用俗稱,如NO: nitric oxide N2O: nitrous oxide,3.2 Nonmetal oxide,4. 非金屬氫化物,除了水和氨氣使用俗稱water，ammonia以外，其它的非金屬氫化物都用系統(tǒng)名稱，命名規(guī)則根據(jù)化學(xué)式的寫法不同而有所不同。 4.1 對于鹵族和氧族氫化物，H在化學(xué)式中寫在前面，因此將其看成與另一元素的二元化合物。 舉例：HF hydrogen fluoride HCl hydrogen chloride HBr hydrogen bromide HI hydrogen iodide H2S hydrogen sulfide H2Se hydrogen selenide H2Te hydrogen telluride,5. 無氧酸,命名規(guī)則：hydro-詞根-ic acid 舉例： HCl: hydrochloric acid H2S : hydrosulfuric acid HF: hydrofluoric acid HBr: hydrobromic aicd,總結(jié):,H2SO4 （+6） Sulfuric acid (正),H2SO3 （+4） sulfurous acid; (亞),H2SO5 Peroxy sulfuric,（過）,H2SO7 （+6） Pyro sulfuric, acid) (焦),H2S2O3 (Thiosulfuric acid） e.g. Na2S2O3（硫代）,-H2O,-O-O-,-O,S O,HPO3 （偏） (Meta phosphoric, ),H3PO4 (正) (Phosphoric, ),H3PO3 （亞）(Phosphorous, ),H3PO2 (次) (Hypo-phosphorous, ),H4P2O7 (焦) (Pyro phosphoric, ),分子間 -H2O,分子內(nèi) -H2O,-O,-O,+ 5,+ 3,+ 1,H3BO3 (Ortho boric, ) (原);,HClO (Hypochlorous acid ) (次),HClO3 (Chloric acid) (正),HClO4 (Perchloric acid) (高),HClO2 (Chlorous acid) (亞),-O,-O,-O,+ 5,+ 7,+ 3,+ 1,6. Bases,Base = Metal cation + hydroxide For example: Al(OH)3 Aluminum hydroxide NaOH Sodium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 Calcium hydroxide Ba(OH)2 Barium hydroxide Co(OH)2 Cobalt(II) hydroxide,7. 鹽(Salts),7.1正鹽(Normal salt) ：根據(jù)化學(xué)式從左往右分別讀出陽離子和陰離子的名稱。 Normal salt = Cation + anion For example: HgSO4 Mercury(II) sulfate Hg2SO4 Mercury(I) sulfate KNO3 Potassium nitrate Na2CO3 Sodium carbonate NaClO Sodium hypochlorite FeSO4 iron(II) sulfate KMnO4 potassium permanganate,7.2 酸式鹽：(Acidic salts)同正鹽的讀法，酸根中的讀做hydrogen，氫原子的個(gè)數(shù)用前綴表示。,Acidic salt = Cation + hydrogen + anion For example: NaHSO4 Sodium hydrogen sulfate Na2HPO4 Disodium hydrogen phosphate NaH2PO4 Sodium dihydrogen phosphate Ca(HSO4)2 Calcium bisulfate NaHCO3 Sodium hydrogencarbonate 或 Sodium bicarbonate,7.3 Basic salts,Basic salt = Cation + hydroxy-anion For example: Cu2(OH)2CO3 : Dicopper(II) dihydroxycarbonate Ca(OH)Cl: Calcium hydroxychloride Mg(OH)PO4: Magnesium hydroxyphosphate,7.4 復(fù)鹽(Mixed salts)：同正鹽的讀法。,Mixed salt = Cation + cation + anion For example: NaKSO3: Sodium potassium sulfite CaNH4PO4: Calcium ammonium phosphate AgLiCO3 Silver lithium carbonate NaNH4SO4 Sodium ammonium sulfate KNaCO3: potassuim sodium carbonate NaNH4HPO4: sodium ammonium hydrogenphosphate,7. 5 水合鹽：結(jié)晶水讀做water或hydrate,如 AlCl36H2O: aluminum chloride 6-water 或 aluminum chloride hexahydrate AlK(SO4)212H2O: aluminium potassium sulfate 12-water,8. Acids 8.1 Per-, hydro-,normal acid (its salt-ate,-ide),Acid = Central elements root -ic + acid For example: H2CO3 Carbonic acid H2SO4 Sulfuric acid H3PO4 Phosphoric acid HNO3 Nitric acid HClO4 Perchloric acid HCl Hydrochloric acid,8.2 Meta- and hypo-acid ( its salt-ite),Acid = Central elements root -ous + acid For example: H2SO3 Sulfurous acid H3PO3 Phosphorous acid HNO2 Nitrous acid HClO Hypochlorous acid HClO2 Chlorous acid,命名時(shí)先命名陽離子部分，最后命名陰離子部分，陰離子配體以字母順序列出，中心陽離子價(jià)態(tài)一般以羅馬數(shù)字在名稱后標(biāo)出。 KBF4 potassium tetrafluoroborate(III) K4Fe(CN)6 potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) Cu(NH3)4SO4 Tetraamminecopper(II) sulfate Co(H2O)2(NH3)2(CO2)NO3 Diammine diaquacarbonatocobalt(III) nitrate,9. 絡(luò)合物的命名 （Naming coordination complex）,9.1 Ligands (配體),9.1.1 Negative ions as ligands Ligand = Elements root -o For example: CN- Cyano NO2- Nitro F- Fluoro NO3- Nitrato Cl- Chloro CO32- Carbonato Br- Bromo CH3COO- Acetato O2- Oxo H- Hydrido OH- Hydroxo -O2CCO2- Oxalato,9.1.2 Neutral molecules as ligand,Ligand = Radical name For example: NH3 Ammine CO Carbonyl H2O Aqua CH3NH2 Methylamine H2NCCNH2 Ethylenediamine,9.2 Complex ions,9.1 Neutral complex or complex ions with positive charge Complex ion = n-Ligand-metal ion (N) For example: Ag(NH3)2+ Diamminesilver(I) Cu(NH3)42+ Tetraamminecopper(II) Co(NH3)3(NO2)3 Triamminetrinitrocobalt(III),9.2 Complex ions with negative charge,Complex ion =n-Ligand-metals root-ate (N) For example: Fe(CN)64- Hexafluoroferrate(II) BF4- Tetrafluoroborate(III) AlF63- Hexafluoroaluminate(III) AuCl4- Tetrachloroaurate(III,9.3 Naming complex,Complex = Cation + anion For example: LiAlH4 Lithium tetrahydroaluminate(III) Ag(NH3)2Cl Diamminesilver(I) chloride K4Fe(CN)6 Potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) Cu(NH3)4SO4 Tetraamminecopper(II) sulfate Ni(CO)4 Tetracarbonylnickel(0),常見配體的名稱,10. Halide (鹵化物): NH4Cl (Ammonium Chloride), CaF2 (Calcium fluoride), NaBr (Potassium bromide), KI (Potassium Iodide) PCl3 (Phosphorus trichloride),The Name of Cation + Halide,Inorganic Chemistry Introduce: Inorganic chemistry is the study of the synthesis and behavior of inorganic and organometallic compounds. It has applications in every aspect of the chemical industryincluding catalysis, materials science, pigments, surfactants, coatings, medicine, fuel, and agriculture.,Inorganic chemists are employed in fields as diverse as the mining and microchip industries, environmental science, and education. Their work is based on understanding the behavior and the analogues for inorganic elements, and how these materials can be modified, separated or usedoften in product applications. It includes developing methods to recover metals from waste streams; employment as analytical chemists specializing in analysis of mined ores; performing research on the use of inorganic chemicals for treating soil.,Many inorganic chemists go into industry, but they are also at universities and in government labs. Inorganic chemists who work in government say their time is increasingly spent writing grant proposals and competing for a small pool of research money. Inorganic chemists compare their jobs to those of materials scientists and physicists. All three fields explore the relationship between physical properties and functions, but inorganic chemistry is the most keenly focused on these properties at the molecular level.,Is a Creative Field The field of inorganic chemistry has traditionally been characterized by scientists with an artistic or creative flair. Many inorganic chemists say that they were drawn to the field in part by the pretty colors of the metals in the lab and by the interesting things that could be done in the lab. They often say the opportunities for creativity and inferential thinking are what they like best about their work. Describing themselves as tinkerers, inorganic chemists like putting things together and solving problems and stress the importance of being detail oriented, precise, and persistent. Inorganic chemists describe their work as a constant challenge. “The job changes all the time,“ says Steve Caldwell, an inorganic chemist working at Dow Chemical. “Everyday there are a new set of issues and I have to determine which are the most important ones to work on first. Its definitely not a nine to five job.“,Integrates Many Disciplines Inorganic chemistry, like many scientific fields, is becoming more interdisciplinary. Breakthroughs are anticipated in the interface between fields rather than in the more traditional area. “In the future, jobs will not be filled by super specialists,“ says Sauer, “but by scientists with a broad base of knowledge.“ Even though a course of study like materials science or polymer science may appear to better position an individual for this interdisciplinary future, chemists in the field still strongly recommend getting a degree in inorganic chemistry. A degree in the basic discipline, will give a better understanding of bonding, valence, and orbital theory.,In addition, students are advised to take courses outside inorganic chemistry both to prepare themselves to integrate knowledge towards problem solving as