外文翻譯--淺談起重機(jī)的安全技術(shù)檢查

On crane safety inspection technology Author : Liangkun Shing article Source : Business and Technology coastal Update : 2006-3-16 Abstract : The article presents a crane safety technical inspection points, and based on that examination, timely maintenance, equipment maintenance to extend the life, integrity and improve equipment utilization, eliminating the danger of accidents. guarantee safe production is of great significance. Key words: orbit； Running； Metal structure； Major components； Hydraulic； Appliances 1 cranes surrounding environment inspection Operational environment and to track the safe operation of cranes have a direct relationship it is also right to carry out safety inspection crane indispensable content. Inspections are as follows : (1). View Crane interval whether power lines (especially the high-voltage lines). Crane with the operation should be sufficient to maintain a safe distance. Otherwise, they should take corresponding measures to restrict the scope of the operation of a crane. (2). Inspection of the surrounding buildings, such as the availability of temporary facilities hinder the normal operation of a crane, boom, balance etc. parts will collide with them. Special cranes in the orbit or stationary crane increased displacement, particular attention should be given to inspection. For automobile tires and hanging suspended should check their foot position is adequate, whether empty underground and ground bearing capacity sizes. 2 Crane orbit inspection (1). Rail Clamp or any loss of iron shoes : special inspections of its orbit in a strong degree from the track and whether to retain the end of a 686kg safe distance. (2). Inspection track ends of the protection device availability loss, loose, installation location is correct, also check whether the trip switch and a suburban location is correct. (3). Orbit platen, interconnects, Dao, spike and whether the integrity, availability track obstacles impeding the operation. (4). To watch skew, will seriously skew the flowers into orbit within the lateral band Scars bright, and the difficulties associated with starting, running resistance increases, the long run will drive motor overload burned, and with the wheel wear track very soon. It should also have its own cranes and other gauges for further inspection, in order to eliminate skew phenomenon. (5). Track joints should maintain mm gap between two rail joints staggered arrangement suitable location, not stagger their distance before and after the crane wheels to the basic distance. If not, truck operations to the joints, leading to greater vibration. 3 walk part of the crane inspection (1). Inspection of the open-wheel, whether coupling equipped with protective masks. (2). Inspection of the open-wheel, whether coupling washer of excessive wear. (3). Inspection running round tread. As the tread to bear orbit great contact stress, if not the quality of surface hardness, During the inspection, you can see the massive stripping. (4). Wheelaxle check whether the hole open. Such as asphalt or not plugged into butter, Bush will be dry mill, and then ran Bearing Rolling debris. 4 so that cranes would have no bearing high, the car above structure will deform, Weld on the structure and location will be connected to the main cause stress concentration. Bush lost the wheel will be in operation around traverse the entire track will be raw and shiny. (5). Inspection gearbox fixed basis whether bolts loosening. As cranes running frequent and great inertial energy shock is easy to screw loosening basis. If not promptly tightened, tearing gearbox bottom screw, and then coupling, resulting in deterioration of truck operations； 4 the metal structure of the crane inspection (1). Metal structure plastic deformation. Due to overload, thermal radiation, the frequent use of such factors, the main beam on the camber or even disappear under the deflection and, therefore, Main beam camber structural inspection crane is the key locations. In addition, the boom of the main limbs bend any collision, twist； Jib root, root arm balance the lug bolt whether Weld dehiscence； The bridge girder webs under cover and whether the split between Weld, should conduct inspection. (2). Connected to the main structure bolt inspection. Jib crane, tower crane tower, crawler cranes dock, Gantry cranes rotating center housings and other important parts of the screw connection, During the campaign for a period of time might be up. We also found that the use of these parts of the bolts in frequent tensile stress, and the shear force of the Comprehensive reverse role, even occur from the root fracture. Should be examined carefully. 5 cranes and the main body parts inspection (1). Reducer check to see whether major oil spills. Runtime pill is abnormal sound, it is necessary to open the Cover inspection. General Bearing is damaged or gear meshing backlash is too large, tooth wear serious reasons. (2). Brake check the performance of the situation. Brake crane is important components directly affects the movement of accuracy and reliability. Therefore, we must carefully check up or luffing two institutions with the brake situation, Observation of the braking and opening friction brake pads components of the wear. Bring to the attention of the brake-check with the steel brake lining back uncracked, the drive brake whether flexible, Brake longer intact and the main spring and auxiliary springs flexibility whether it meets the requirements. (3). Rope inspection. Rope inspection should focus on the observation of broken wires, wear, kink, corrosion, etc., some wear, broken wires in a more serious but not yet the standard position, stabbing to be done to focus on tracking the review. To the attention of the rope reel check the safety Stopper effective, Reel on whether the rope platen clamping plate number and suitability. (4). Right pulley inspection. Focus on the bottom wear and whether sub-standard cast iron pulley existence of cracks. Yang agencies for pandering to the pulley block balance round because of it is not unusual movements can easily be overlooked. Therefore, the installation must check before turning its flexibility, otherwise, Installation stoop Yang rope around the length and balance of force can not automatically adjusted round, resulting in high-altitude adjustment stoop Yang justice and the difficulty of operating risk. (5). Check the availability of loose coupling or Rolling key. Focus on flexibility inspection dowel pin coupling flexible rubber ring any abnormal wear, right profile coupling must pay special attention to gear gear wear. By the installation of the accuracy of the axis between the two larger offset circumstances, the performance for the entire time soon gear grinding bald. Lifting the institutions if such cases, prone to serious accidents. 6 cranes, hydraulic transmission part of the inspection Right tire and vehicle crane, hydraulic drive normally used for lifting, rotating, luffing and outrigger stretching movements. Hydraulic drive to check are as follows : (1). Check for signs telescopic tank can endure the Jib elongation length, whether the leakage phenomenon. (2). Luffing tank inspection and availability of outrigger cylinder leakage at rated load, sink back to its Necking and whether it meets the requirements. Outrigger whether soft legs phenomenon. (3). Check availability of hydraulic oil metamorphism, pollution, highly liquid fuel tank is not whether the lower limit markers, the high-pressure piping, joints have leakage. (4). Check the pumps, valves, hydraulic lock the normal operation； Action whether sensitive and reliable； any abnormal vibration and noise； Seals whether good performance, availability within the leaks, leaking hydraulic oil. 7 cranes, electrical inspection Electrical equipment crane is more complex, its impact, vibration and the swing Operating Conditions, prone to failure, particularly in the heat, dusty, humid, and other adverse circumstances, more prone to failure, which may cause the accident. So, for the electrical portion of cranes to carry out safety inspection of the main projects are as follows : (1). Motor check whether the insulation resistance in the normal range, running any abnormal sound, temperature normal； checked their stands slip ring, brush, wire connectors clear whether the cracks, wear, and loosening the toner adhesion； (2). Set check electrical, power sliding wear line availability of deformation, tensioning device normal, Smooth lines of contact with the slider sound. By cables for the transmission of power, should also check whether cable insulation layer aging Cable-oriented devices and flexible cable release whether flexible. (3). Check the electrical components and control systems. Coat check whether the switch is damaged, switch on the pressure when contacts were appropriate, whether the fuse the capacity to meet the requirements； Contactor main contact and auxiliary contact any singe, contact between the contact pressure is adequate, whether the contact was torn off completely； contactor core hybrid pull-face any fixtures, using timely availability of abnormal sound, whether good interrupter enclosures； and the distribution shop Relay normal work, Connection, Wiring whether fastening screws, etc. Cab Lane should check the master controller of the action whether or not to accept the right direction, to check for the presence of zero protection, Special manipulation platform should check whether there are emergency power outages switch, and confirmed cases of emergency has been effective in cutting off the supply. Likewise, attention should be paid to check overloading limiter, the torque limiter, and the itinerary to protect sensitive installations and reliability. 8 CONCLUDING REMARKS This paper described the lifting of the professional inspection some of the major aspects, and also cover some day-to-day operation of the driver should be done before checking the contents. Cranes do before classes electromechanical safety inspections driver duties within the scope of the work, This is the regular professional inspection crane irreplaceable. Therefore, to do a crane and security management as an important is the need to strengthen the operator of safety education consciously do urge drivers to the machine and check the day-to-day maintenance. Only routine inspections and professional inspections combine to guarantee the safe operation of cranes. References 1GB6067-1985. Hoisting Machinery safety regulations S. 2Wangfumian. Hoisting Machinery technical inspection S. School Press, 2000. 3Liang Kun-sheng Zhongshan City Boiler and Pressure Vessel and special testing equipment, Zhongshan, Guangdong 528400 淺談起重機(jī)的安全技術(shù)檢查 作者：梁琨盛 文章來(lái)源：沿海企業(yè)與科技 時(shí)間： 2006-3-1 【摘 要】 文章介紹了起重機(jī)的安全技術(shù)檢查要點(diǎn)，并指出依據(jù)檢查情況，及時(shí)進(jìn)行維護(hù) 、保養(yǎng)對(duì)延長(zhǎng)設(shè)備壽命，提高設(shè)備完好與利用率，消除事故隱患，保證安全生產(chǎn)具有重要意義。 【關(guān)鍵詞】 軌道；行走部分；金屬結(jié)構(gòu)；主要機(jī)構(gòu)零部件；液壓；電器 1 起重機(jī)周邊環(huán)境的檢查 運(yùn)行環(huán)境和軌道對(duì)起重機(jī)的安全運(yùn)行有直接關(guān)系，故也是對(duì)起重機(jī)進(jìn)行安全檢查時(shí)必不可少的內(nèi)容。其檢查要點(diǎn)如下： (1)查看起重機(jī)運(yùn)行區(qū)間有無(wú)電力線(xiàn)路（特別是高壓線(xiàn)路）。起重機(jī)在運(yùn)行時(shí)應(yīng)與之保持足夠的安全距離。否則，就應(yīng)采取相應(yīng)措施，限制該起重機(jī)的運(yùn)行范圍。 (2)檢查周邊的建筑物、臨時(shí)設(shè)施等有無(wú)妨礙起重機(jī)的正常運(yùn)行，起重臂 、平衡物等部位是否會(huì)與之發(fā)生碰撞。特別在起重機(jī)在軌道運(yùn)行時(shí)或固定式起重機(jī)升高位移時(shí)，尤應(yīng)注意檢查。對(duì)于輪胎吊和汽車(chē)吊還應(yīng)檢查其支腳的位置是否足夠，地下有無(wú)空洞及地面承載能力的大小。 2 起重機(jī)軌道的檢查 (1)夾軌器或鐵鞋有無(wú)丟失：應(yīng)特別檢查其在軌道上的牢固程度及離軌道末端是否保留有 1 3m的安全距離。 (2)檢查軌道兩端的防撞裝置有無(wú)丟失，松動(dòng) ,安裝位置是否正確，同時(shí)檢查行程開(kāi)關(guān)是否有郊及位置是否正確。 (3)軌道的壓板、連接板、道木、道釘?shù)仁欠裢暾?，軌道上有無(wú)妨礙運(yùn)行的障礙物。 (4)要注 意有無(wú)啃軌情況，嚴(yán)重啃軌會(huì)將軌道內(nèi)外側(cè)磨成光亮帶狀斑痕，并伴有起動(dòng)困難，運(yùn)行阻力增大，長(zhǎng)期下去會(huì)使驅(qū)動(dòng)電機(jī)過(guò)載燒毀，且車(chē)輪與軌道均很快磨損。此外還應(yīng)對(duì)起重機(jī)本身及軌距等作進(jìn)一步檢查，以便及時(shí)消除啃軌現(xiàn)象。 (5)軌道接頭間隙應(yīng)保持 2 6mm 之間，兩軌道接頭位置適宜錯(cuò)開(kāi)布置，其錯(cuò)開(kāi)距離不應(yīng)等于起重機(jī)前后車(chē)輪的基距。如不符合，大車(chē)運(yùn)行至接頭處時(shí)，會(huì)引起較大震動(dòng)。 3 起重機(jī)行走部分的檢查 (1)檢查各開(kāi)式齒輪、聯(lián)軸節(jié)是否配有防護(hù)罩。 (2)檢查各開(kāi)式齒輪、聯(lián)軸節(jié)的接合面是否有過(guò)度磨損情況。 (3) 檢查行走輪踏面。由于踏面要承受軌道很大的接觸應(yīng)力，如其表層硬度質(zhì)量不好，可在檢查中看到塊狀剝離現(xiàn)象。 (4)檢查行走輪軸的油孔是否通暢。如油路堵塞加不進(jìn)黃油，會(huì)造成軸瓦干磨，繼而軸瓦碾成碎片跑出，使起重機(jī)四個(gè)支承點(diǎn)將不等高，臺(tái)車(chē)以上結(jié)構(gòu)會(huì)發(fā)生形變，對(duì)主要結(jié)構(gòu)焊縫和主要聯(lián)接部位將引起應(yīng)力集中。失去軸瓦的車(chē)輪在運(yùn)行中會(huì)左右竄動(dòng)，整個(gè)軌道將磨得發(fā)亮。 (5)檢查變速箱的固定基礎(chǔ)螺栓是否松動(dòng)。由于起重機(jī)行走的頻繁及巨大的慣性動(dòng)能震動(dòng)均易引起基礎(chǔ)螺絲松動(dòng)。如不及時(shí)擰緊，可撕裂變速箱底腳螺孔，進(jìn)而影響聯(lián)軸節(jié)，造成大 車(chē)運(yùn)行惡化； 4 起重機(jī)金屬結(jié)構(gòu)的檢查 (1)金屬結(jié)構(gòu)的塑性變形問(wèn)題。由于超載、熱幅射、過(guò)頻使用等因素，主梁的 上拱度會(huì)消失甚至產(chǎn)生下?lián)献冃?，因此，主梁上拱度是起重機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)檢查的重點(diǎn)部位。另外，起重臂的主肢有無(wú)碰彎、扭曲；臂桿根部、平衡臂根部插銷(xiāo)的耳板有無(wú)焊縫裂開(kāi)；橋機(jī)的主梁腹板與下蓋板之間焊縫是否裂開(kāi)等，都應(yīng)作重點(diǎn)檢查。 (2)對(duì)主要結(jié)構(gòu)聯(lián)接螺栓的檢查。起重機(jī)臂桿、塔機(jī)的塔身、履帶式起重機(jī)的底座、門(mén)座起重機(jī)的回轉(zhuǎn)中心軸承座等重要部位的聯(lián)接螺絲，在運(yùn)動(dòng)一段時(shí)間后可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)松動(dòng)。我們?cè)谑褂弥羞€發(fā)現(xiàn)，上述 部位的螺栓在頻繁承受拉應(yīng)力、剪切力及扭轉(zhuǎn)力的綜合作用下，甚至?xí)l(fā)生從根部斷裂的情況。應(yīng)認(rèn)真檢查。 5 起重機(jī)主要機(jī)構(gòu)和零部件的檢查 (1)檢查減速器主要看其是否漏油。運(yùn)行時(shí)箱體內(nèi)有異響，就要打開(kāi)箱蓋檢查。一般是因軸承損壞或齒輪嚙合側(cè)隙過(guò)大、齒面磨損嚴(yán)重等原因所致。 (2)檢查制動(dòng)器的性能、狀況。制動(dòng)器是起重機(jī)上重要的部件，直接影響各機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)動(dòng)的準(zhǔn)確性和可靠性。因此，要認(rèn)真檢查起升與變幅兩機(jī)構(gòu)制動(dòng)器的狀況，觀察制動(dòng)閘瓦的開(kāi)度及摩擦元件剎車(chē)皮的磨損情況。帶式制動(dòng)器要注意檢查其制動(dòng)帶的鋼背襯有無(wú)裂紋，制 動(dòng)器的傳動(dòng)是否靈活，剎車(chē)架是否完好和主彈簧和輔助彈簧的彈性是否符合要求。 (3)鋼絲繩的檢查。檢查鋼絲繩應(yīng)著重觀察斷絲、磨損、扭結(jié)、銹蝕等情況，對(duì)某些磨損、斷絲較為嚴(yán)重但尚未超標(biāo)的位置，要做上記號(hào)，以便重點(diǎn)跟蹤復(fù)檢。要注意檢查鋼絲繩在卷筒中的安全限位器是否有效，卷筒上的鋼絲繩壓板是否壓緊及壓板