（綜合類）2011年職稱英語完型填空新增文章譯文與閱讀理解新增文章篇目

更多內(nèi)容盡在 /susuh15 2011 年職稱英語完型填空新增文章譯文 -綜合類 上世紀(jì)人類平均壽命的變化 綜 A 一百年以前，發(fā)達國家的人均壽命大約是 47歲；到 21世紀(jì)初，美英兩國的男性平均壽命約為 74歲，女性則約為 80歲，人們的平均壽命一直在延長。是什么造 成了這樣的變化呢？在研究一百年前的人們壽命的時候，我們有必要注意當(dāng)時一些不治之癥。早在 20世紀(jì)初，這些不治之癥經(jīng)常是像天花之類的急性的高傳染病。 許多兒童因此夭折（也有其他原因），年邁題弱的人也總是面臨著它們的威脅。 如今，這些疾病在發(fā)達國家已遠不能致命，有一些都能被治愈 。這一變化歸于許多因素，比如：環(huán)境及個人衛(wèi)生的改善，抗生素的發(fā)現(xiàn)及使用，（抗生素大大降低了 細菌病的危險）以及常見疾病預(yù)防疫苗的接種。除此之外，更潔凈的空氣、更好的食物保鮮方法、更舒適溫暖的屋子還有對營養(yǎng)的進一步認(rèn)識，這些總的環(huán)境的改善 也促進了人們的整體健康。 從基因角度看，人都都能活到 85歲，但盡管現(xiàn)在人們壽命確實比以前長了，仍然有一些疾病使得我們不能都活到那個歲數(shù)?，F(xiàn)在困擾人們的是像心臟病和中風(fēng)那種更為慢性的疾病，還有像流行性感冒和 AIDS 那些通過病毒傳染的疾病。當(dāng)然，癌癥也是一大殺手。上述疾病大多影 響著老年人，但是令人擔(dān)憂的問題在發(fā)達國家日趨明顯，如：肥胖，產(chǎn)生更多心臟病和糖尿病等其他疾病患者群漸呈年輕化。 人們?nèi)缃癜堰@些疾病歸為 “生活方式疾病 ”，這意味著人們生活方式的改善有可能更多內(nèi)容盡在 /susuh15 阻止它們的進一步發(fā)展。 競技還是表演？ 綜 B Muhammad Ali 極有可能是世界上最負盛名的體壇人物：全世界不分老少都熟知拳王 Ali。退役后， Ali 被診斷患有帕金森綜合癥，這激起了社會上對拳擊運動危險性的爭論和詬病。另外，由于 Ali 曾坦白反對女性拳擊運動，所以當(dāng)他的一個女兒 Laila 決定跨入拳壇時，人們十分 好奇 Ali 對此會作何回應(yīng)。然而，在 Laila首場職業(yè)爭霸賽上， Ali 的露面似乎高調(diào)宣布了他對女兒的支持。父親當(dāng)然會想看自己女兒的比賽。介紹時，入場播報員稱 Ali 為 “最偉大的拳擊手 ”，當(dāng)他在臺邊坐下時全場歡呼。 21歲的 Laila 在她的首場比賽中取得了巨大成功，如她父親當(dāng)年一樣，被受媒體關(guān)注?？上κ謱嵲谔?，僅 31秒比賽就結(jié)束了。此后，在大多數(shù)比賽中， Laila都是一拳取勝。一個裁判在談及 Laila 時說： “她完全知道她在做什么，她深諳步法，從她身上你能看到她父親的影子。 ” 比之總被拿來與自己父親作 比較， Laila 更希望闖出自己。她的父親支持她踏入拳壇的決定，可是沒有細致告訴她可能發(fā)生的一切。 Laila 明白她父親想讓 她自己品味最苦的后果，自己決定要不要在這條路上走下去。她也明白她將時不時受到重擊，甚至可能斷了鼻子腫了臉，但是至少，她做好了準(zhǔn)備。 盡管父親深受帕金森綜合癥的困擾， Laila 仍決定走上拳壇道路，這一舉動引起的爭論和詬病不斷。但 Laila 生性好強、意志堅決，這樣的性格連同她那響 當(dāng)當(dāng)?shù)男帐?，使她頗受世界媒體的關(guān)注。當(dāng)然，在她承載著 Ali 家族的歷史出現(xiàn)在女性拳擊賽臺上的時候，更多的人對此 表示疑問：這究竟是一場競技比賽，還是 一場做秀表演？ 更多內(nèi)容盡在 /susuh15 為什么人們用假名 綜 C 我們沒法選擇出生時的名字，但是在很多國家人們可以在成年后改名。當(dāng)然，絕大多數(shù)人即使不喜歡自己的名字也不會改。然而，有的人卻付諸行動 尤其是藝術(shù)家！為什么藝術(shù)家想改名呢？有時僅源于單純的私人原因。比如諾貝爾獎得主，智利詩人 Neftali Reyes，因為不想讓父親知道自己寫詩，就在年輕時改名為Pablo Neruda。有時改名的理由也很奇怪，就拿葡萄牙詩人 Fernando Pessoa 來說吧，他的筆名多達 75個。為什么？他解 釋說： “每用一個不同的名字，我就寫不同的詩。 ”然而，改名大多數(shù)是由于社會、歷史、政治或文化因素。以下是一些最常見的情況： 也許是因為真名太長太難記。老實說， Madonna Louise Ciccone 的確不如Madonna 來得好記。簡短的名字記起來容易得多，比如 William Bradley 改名為 Brad Pitt, Edson Arantes doNasaimento 改名為 Nascimento Pele。 有時改名是出于市場要求。比如，假使名字聽起來太 “外國 ”，就可能被換成在市場更容易認(rèn)的名字。 所以電影圈里的 Ramon Estevez 重起一個名字 Martin Sheen?；蛘咭驗樗嚾说恼婷犐先]什么吸引力 Chad Everett 確實比 Raymond Cramton 好聽多了。 有時藝術(shù)家改名時會選擇他們崇拜的人的名字。出于對威爾士詩人 Dylan Thomas 的崇敬， Robert Zimmerman 把他的名字改成了 Boo Dylan。 另一個原因可歸結(jié)為現(xiàn)實考慮。過去，女人出書很難。為了避免這一局面，他們有時起男人的名字，英國作家 Mary Anna Evans 把她的名字改為 George Eliot，最后果真出版了自己的書！ 更多內(nèi)容盡在 /susuh15 2011 年職稱英語綜合類類閱讀理解 新增文章篇目 第八篇 The State of Marriage Today *第三十八篇 Excessive Demands on Young People +第四十七篇 Spoilt for Choice 注： 1、 +表示 A 級文章； *表示 B 即文章；其他為 C 級文章； 2、 2011 年詞匯部分與 2010 年教材相比未作任何變化。 更多內(nèi)容盡在 /susuh15 更多內(nèi)容盡在 /susuh15 第八篇 The State of Marriage Today Is there something seriously wrong with marriage today? During the past 50 years， the rate of divorce in the United States has exploded： almost 50 of marriages end in divorce now, and the evidence suggests it is going to get worse If this trend continues it will lead to the breakup of the family ， according to a spokesperson for the National Family Association Some futurists predict that in l 00 years the average American will marry at least four times and extramarital affairs will be even more common than they are now But what are the reasons for this， and is the picture really so gloomy? The answer to the first question is really quite simple： marriage is no longer the necessity it once was The institution of marriage has been based for years partly on economic need Women used to be economically dependent on their husbands as they usually didnt have jobs outside the home But with the rising number of women in well paying jobs， this is no longer the case， so they dont feel that they need to stay in a failing marriage In answer to the second question， the outlook may not be as pessimistic as it seems While the rate of divorce has risen， the rate of couples marrying has never actually fallen very much， so marriage is still quite popular In addition to this many couples now cohabit and dont bother to marry These couples are effectively married， but they do not appear in either the 更多內(nèi)容盡在 /susuh15 marriage or divorce statistics In fact more than 50 Of first marriages survive The statistics are deceptive because there is a higher number of divorces in second and third marriages than in first marriages So is marriage really an outdated institution? The fact that most people still get married indicates that it isnt And it is also true that married couples have a healthier life than single people： they suffer less from stress and its consequences， such as heart problems， and married men generally consider themselves more contented than their single counterparts Perhaps the key is to find out what makes a successful marriage and apply it to all of our relationships! 詞匯： Divorce n離婚 Evidence n證據(jù)，跡象 Futurist n未來主義者 Explode v激增，迅速擴大 Predict v預(yù)言，預(yù)料，預(yù)報 Extramarital adj婚外的 Gloomy adj陰暗的；令人沮喪的 Institution n制度，習(xí)俗 Outlook n展 望，前景 Pessimistic adj悲觀的 更多內(nèi)容盡在 /susuh15 Cohabit v 同居 Effectively ad實際上 Statistics n統(tǒng)計，統(tǒng)計資料 Deceptive adj迷惑的，騙人的 Outdated adj舊式的，過時的 Indicate v表明，暗示 Consequence n結(jié)果，后果 Contented adj滿足的，滿意的 Counterpart n對應(yīng)的人 (或物 ) 注釋： National Family Association：美國國家家庭聯(lián)合會 練習(xí)： 1 Which is true about the problem of marriage in the United States today? A) Divorce leads to the breakup of the family B) Half of the married couples get divorced： C) American people marry more than four times D) More and more people are getting divorced 2 What does “ this is no longer the case” in paragraph two mean? A) It is not necessary to get married any more B) Women do not need a husband any longer 更多內(nèi)容盡在 /susuh15 C) Women are not economically dependant any more D) Many wives do well-paying jobs outside home now 3 Why may the outlook of marriage not be as gloomy as it appears? A) Many people still like to get married B) The rate of divorce has actually decreased C) Over 50 of the marriages continue to exist D) The statistics of divorce is not quite true。 4 How do people usually feel in their marriage life? A) They are much healthier B) They feel no longer single C) They are more satisfied D） They suffer a lot less 5 Which of the following about marriage is NOT mentioned in the passage? A) There will be more relationships outside marriage B) Many people try to get married again after divorce C) Marriage has long been partly an economical need D) It is a fact that most people choose to get married 答案與題解： 1 D 從第一段里可以了解到選項 A 與 C 都是預(yù)計將來會發(fā)生的，而不是如今的情況。 B 選項與第一段第二句 “almost 50 of the marriages end in divorce”不符。第 一 段第 二 句里的 “the rate of divorce in the United States has 更多內(nèi)容盡在 /susuh15 exploded”、“ the evidence suggests it is going to get worse” 話語正好說明了 D 選項的情況。 2 C 第二段第四句、 第五句說得很清楚，婦女們?nèi)缃裨谕夤ぷ髟诮?jīng)濟上不再依賴她們 的丈夫，因此覺得無需維持行將失敗的婚姻。 3 A 從第三段里可以了解到離婚率并沒有下降而是上升了，因此 B 選項不對。而C 選項與第三段里 “In fa ct， more than 50 of first marriages survive” 所說不符，該選項沒有提到是第一次婚姻。同樣， D 選項在文中也沒有說到，文中第三段的最后一句只是說統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)具有欺騙性，而沒有說數(shù)據(jù)失實。 4 C 文中第四段第三句的后半句說得很清楚，結(jié)了婚的人比單 身的人更滿足。 A，D 選項提到的是實際情況而不是婚后人們的感覺，因此不對。文中并沒有提到選項B 所說的情況。 5 B A 選項在第一段最后一句里提到了， C 選項和 D 選項分別在第二段、第四段里提到了，而 B 選項卻沒有哪一段具體提到。 更多內(nèi)容盡在 /susuh15 *第三十八篇 Excessive Demands on Young People Being able to multitask is hailed by most people as a welcome skill， but not according to a recent study which claims that young people between the ages of eight and eighteen of the so-called Generation M1 are spending a considerable amount of their time in fruitless efforts as they multitask. It argues that, in fact, these young people are frittering away as much as half of their time again as they would if they performed the very same tasks one after the other. Some young people are juggling an ever larger number of electronic devices as they study. At the same time that they are working, young adults are also surfing on the Internet, or sending out emails to their friends, and or answering the telephone and listening to music on their iPods2 or On another computer. As some new device comes along it too is added to the list rather than replacing one of the existing devices. Other research has indicated that this multitasking is even affecting the way families themselves function as young people are too wrapped up3 in their own isolated worlds to interact with the other people around them. They can no longer greet family members when they enter the house nor can they eat at the family table. All this electronic wizardry is supposedly also seriously affecting young peoples performance at university and in the workplace. When asked about their perception of the impact of modern gadgets on their performance of tasks, the overwhelming majority 更多內(nèi)容盡在 /susuh15 of young people gave a favourable response. The response from the academic and business worlds was not quite as positive. The former feel that multitasking with electronic gadgets by children affects later development of study skills, resulting in a decline in the quality of writing, for example, because of the lack of concentration on task completion. They feel that many undergraduates now urgently need remedial help with study skills. Similarly, employers feel that young people entering the workforce need to be taught all over again, as they have become deskilled. While all this may be true, it must be borne in mind4 that more and more is expected of young people nowadays； in fact, too much. Praise rather than criticism is due in respect of5 the way todays youth are able to cope despite what the older generation throw at them 詞匯： excessive adj過多的，額外 interact vi交流，溝通，互動 multitask vi同時進行多個任務(wù) wizardry n魔力，法術(shù) supposedly adv據(jù)認(rèn)為，據(jù)推測 hail vt贊揚 performance n表現(xiàn)，行為 claim vt聲稱，主張 更多內(nèi)容盡在 /susuh15 perception n認(rèn)識，看法，見解 considerable adj. 相當(dāng)大的， 相當(dāng)多的 impact n. 影響，作用 gadget n. 小巧的機械裝置 fritter vt. 消費，浪費 overwhelming adj. 壓倒性的 juggle vt. 耍弄，玩耍 majority n. 大多數(shù) electronic device n. 電子裝置，電子儀器 academic adj. 學(xué)術(shù)的，學(xué)校的 decline n. 下降，衰退 surf vi. （網(wǎng)上）沖浪，漫游，瀏覽 concentration n. 專心，專注 indicate vt. 表明，指出 remedial adj. 補習(xí)的，補救的 affect vt. 影響 deskilled adj. 逐漸失去技能的 isolated adj. 鼓勵的，與世隔絕的 due adj. 應(yīng)有的，適當(dāng)?shù)?注釋： 1. Generation M： M 代表 multimedia。 Generation M 即“多媒體時代”，是指伴更多內(nèi)容盡在 /susuh15 隨著計算機和因特網(wǎng)的普及而成長起來的一代年輕人。他們多出生于 1980年之后，熱衷于計算機、因特網(wǎng)、視頻游戲、智能手機。這些新媒體和傳統(tǒng)媒體如電視、印刷品、音響制品結(jié)合起來，使得他們的世界異常豐富多彩?！岸嗝?體時代”的另一特征就是可以 multitask，即多項任務(wù)同時進行，如他們可以 _邊上網(wǎng)沖浪、一邊聽著音樂、一邊看著電視里的 MTV、一邊和朋友短信聊天、同時還做著自己的家庭作業(yè)。 2 iPod：美國蘋果公司的一款音樂播放器，除了可以播放 MP3 音樂外， iPod 還可以作為高速移動硬盤使用，可以顯示聯(lián)系人、日歷和任務(wù)，以及閱讀電子書和聆聽有聲電子書以及播客 (Podcasts)。 3 be wrapped up in注意力完全集中于 4 bear in mind 記住 5 in respect of 關(guān)于，就 而言 練習(xí)： 1 According to a recent study, what is probably true about the multitasking Generation M? A)They are highly commended for being so effective and efficient B)They waste more time than they should save, contrary to common assumptions C)They should prioritize and focus on the most important tasks on hand D)They need to improve their organizational skills SO as to complete all their tasks 2 With the advent of new gadgets, what will happen to Generation Ms present 更多內(nèi)容盡在 /susuh15 e-devices? A)They make way for the latest and greatest and are retired by the young people B)They are put away temporarily but stay in rotation for their owners to choose from C)They become part of the ever increasing collection of novelties D)They are either sold or traded so that their owners can update their toys and hobbies 3 How will multitasking affect Generation M adversely? A) It makes them feel lonely and pitiful. B) It makes them aloof and elusive to family and friends. C) It makes them selfish and possessive D) It makes them impolite and ungrateful 4 What is the biggest problem for multitasking undergraduates in universities? A) They should adjust their academic attitudes seriously. B) They should seek psychological professionals for assistance. C) They should take some crash courses to catch up with their classmates. D) They should try harder to focus on one task before moving on to the next. 5 In dealing with todays youth, what approach should parents take? A) Be supportive and understanding. B) Be realistic and lower their expectations. C) Be encouraging and let their children stick to their old habits. D) Be patient and hope everything will work out just fine eventually. 更多內(nèi)容盡在 /susuh15 答案與題解： 1 B 從第一段第一句話中的 a considerable amount of their timefruitless efforts以及該段最后一句話中的 frittering away as much as 可以進行同義替換，waste 就是 fruitless 和 fritter 的同義詞。 2 C 從第二段的最后一句話中的 added to the list rather than replacing可以判斷出，這些年輕人的電子設(shè)備是越來越多，而不是 A 被取而代之、 8 被輪流使用、 D 被出售或交換以便買更新的產(chǎn)品。 3 B 答案 A 是文字游戲，原文 中 isolated worlds應(yīng)該理解為孤立的世界，即獨自“ alone”，而不是孤獨“ lonely”。答案 C 說他們變得自私和占有欲強，想買更多電子產(chǎn)品，顯然不對。答案 D 說他們變得不懂禮貌和不知感恩，均是對第三段最后一句話中的“ no longer greet”和“ nor can they eat at the family table”的字面理解。答案 B 是兩個近義詞，重點在性格變化上，變得“若即若離，難以捉摸”。 4 D 答案 A 認(rèn)為是態(tài)度問題，把客觀問題主觀化。答案 B 是遇到選項，試圖用“ remedial help”誤導(dǎo)大家聯(lián)想到 remedy 一詞，故引出 psychological professional 的曲解。答案 C 把第五段第一句中的“ later development”和“ decline in the quality of ”表象化，認(rèn)為應(yīng)該抓緊趕上同學(xué)（ catch up）。答案 D 才是正確答案，問題癥結(jié)在于 multitasking 難以讓人集中注意力，造成浪費時間、影響表現(xiàn)等后果，這些前文均已提過。 5 A 答案 A 把 praise 替換成了相對隱性的近義詞。答案 B 只針對最后一段的第一句話，斷章取義。答 案 C 前半部分 encouraging 還算接近正確答案，后半部更多內(nèi)容盡在 /susuh15 分則成了鼓勵“將錯就錯”。答案 D 認(rèn)為應(yīng)采取 聽之任之，“順其自然”的態(tài)度。 更多內(nèi)容盡在 /susuh15 +第四十七篇 Spoilt for Choice Choice, we are given to1 believe, is a right. In daily life, people have come to expect endless situations about which they are required to make decisions one way or another. In the main2, these are just irksome moments at work which demand some extra energy or brainpower, or during lunch breaks like choosing which type of coffee to order or indeed which coffee shop to go to. But sometimes selecting one option as opposed to another can have serious or lifelong repercussions. More complex decision-making is then either avoided, postponed, or put into the hands of the army of professionals, lifestyle coaches, lawyers, advisors, and the like, waiting to lighten the emotional burden for a fee2 But for a good many4 people in the world, in rich and poor countries， choice is a luxury, not a right. And for those who think they are exercising their right to make choices, the whole system is merely an illusion, created by companies and advertisers wanting to sell their wares5 The main impact of endless choice in peoples lives is anxiety. Buying something as basic as a coffee pot is not exactly simple. Easy access to a wide range of consumer goods induces a sense of powerlessness, even paralysis, in many people, ending in the shopper giving up and walking away6 or just buying an unsuitable item that is not really wanted in order to 更多內(nèi)容盡在 /susuh15 solve the problem and reduce the unease Recent surveys in the United Kingdom have shown that a sizeable proportion of electrical goods bought per household are not really needed The advertisers and the shareholders of the manufacturers are, nonetheless, satisfied. It is not just their availability that is the problem, but the speed with which new versions of products come on the market. Advances in design and production mean that new items are almost ready by the time that goods hit the shelves7 Products also need to have a short lifespan so that the public can be persuaded to replace them within a short time. The classic example is computers, which are almost obsolete once they are bought. At first, there were only one or two available from a limited number of manufacturers, but now there are many companies all with not only their own products but different versions of the same machine This makes selection a problem Gone are the days when one could just walk with ease into a shop and buy one thing8: no choice, no anxiety. The plethora of choice is. not limited to consumer items. With the greater mobilitv of people around the world, people have more choice about where they want to live and work-a fairly recent phenomenon. In the past, nations migrated across huge swathes of the earth in search of food, adventure, and more hospitable environments. Whole nations crossed continents and changed the face of history. So the mobility of people is nothing new. The creation of nation states and borders9 effectively slowed 更多內(nèi)容盡在 /susuh15 this process down. but what is different now is the speed at which migration is happening. 詞匯： spoil vt使某人掃興 irksome aaj令人心煩的 brainpower n智能 option n選擇 repercussions n (常指意料之外的 )影響，后果 complex adj復(fù)雜的 postpone vt &vi延遲，延緩 professional n專業(yè)人士 adj內(nèi)行的 coach n教練員，指導(dǎo) luxury n難得的享受 illusion n幻覺，想象 ware n商品，貨物 impact n影響 anxiety n焦慮，不安 consumer n消費者 induce vt引起，導(dǎo)致 paralysis n麻痹 unsuitable adj不恰當(dāng)?shù)?，不適宜的 更多內(nèi)容盡在 /susuh15 unease n焦慮，不安 sizeable adj相當(dāng)大的，頗大的 proportion n部分，比例 shareholder n股東 manufacturer n制造商，廠家 nonetheless adv然而，不過 availability n可獲得性，可 使用性 version n版本 obsolete adj過時的，被淘汰的 plethora n過多，過剩 phenomenon n現(xiàn)象 migrate vi遷徙 swathe n大片土地 hospitable 有利的，適宜的 skip v跳過 obese adj肥胖的 metabolic adj新陳代謝的 psychiatric adj精神病的 abnormal adj異常的 注釋： 1 be given t0：傾向于 更多內(nèi)容盡在 /susuh15 2 in the main-大體上，基本上 3 More complex decision-making is then either avoided， postponed，or put into the hands of the army of professionals， lifestyle coaches，lawyers， advisors， and the like， waiting to lighten the emotional burden for a fee對于情況更復(fù)雜的決策，人們或者回避、拖延，或者求助于各式各樣的專業(yè)人士 -生活 方式指導(dǎo)人員、律師、咨詢師等等，而他們也正等著你付費來緩解心理重負呢。 put A in the hands of B 由 B 為 A 做決策。 the like 等等，諸如此類的 (人或物 )。 4 a good many：也可說 a great many， (用來強調(diào)所指數(shù)量 )非常多的。 5 And for those who think they are exercising their right to make choices，the whole system is merely an illusion， created by companies and advertisers wanting to sell their wares對那些自認(rèn)為行使選擇權(quán)的人來說，這整個體制不過是銷售商和廣告商為了賣貨而制造出的人來說，這整個體制不過是銷售商和廣告商為了賣貨而造出的一種幻覺而已。 exercise one s right 行使權(quán)力。 6. Easy access to a wide rang