高考英語 易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)點(diǎn)睛與高考突破 專題13 完形填空.doc

2013年高考英語 易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)點(diǎn)睛與高考突破 專題13 完形填空【2013高考預(yù)測(cè)】完形填空題作為近年來考高中一直保留的題型，主要是考查學(xué)生對(duì)英語知識(shí)技能的一種全面把握能力。作為一種傳統(tǒng)題型，它能比較全面準(zhǔn)確地反映出考生的真實(shí)英語水平。就題目本身而言，文章取材廣泛，難度適中，長(zhǎng)短適度，一般三四百單詞左右，題目設(shè)置二十個(gè)，涉及基本語法項(xiàng)目，綜合性強(qiáng)。在做完形填空題時(shí)，一般來說先要了解試題的命題導(dǎo)向，具備一定的語言綜合能力，做題時(shí)應(yīng)整體把握全文信息，抓住文章大意，然后緊扣中心，運(yùn)用所學(xué)知識(shí)，細(xì)心推測(cè)，辨析詞義，仔細(xì)答題。一、高考試題命題導(dǎo)向分析1.試題命題總體原則高考完形填空題一般取材于英文雜志報(bào)刊等，文章一般也是由以英語為母語的人士撰寫，因此，文章通俗、地道。就題目設(shè)置而言，為了使考生在理解文章時(shí)得到一定啟示，命題時(shí)一般不在文章開頭就設(shè)空，這樣有利于考生更好地抓住全文大意。文章主體部分邏輯性強(qiáng)，結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，主題明確，中心突出，一般以記敘文為主，說明文、議論文為輔，其測(cè)試目標(biāo)并不是以語言知識(shí)為主要目標(biāo)，而是以對(duì)文意的理解為主要目標(biāo)。二、完形填空題的解題技巧在高考做完形填空試題時(shí)，一定切忌匆忙下手，要首先從整體上把握全文含義，重視完整句的啟示作用，弄清各分句，各段落之間的內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系，仔細(xì)分析，弄清出題人的意圖，注意文中所表達(dá)的心理活動(dòng)，言語的表達(dá)形式，作者的態(tài)度及文章的主旨。一般來說，可以從以下幾個(gè)方面人手:1.通篇考查，抓住大意做完形填空切忌拿來就做，必須先通覽全文，對(duì)文章的大意進(jìn)行整體把握，然后再化整為零，逐題選擇。這才是正確的戰(zhàn)略戰(zhàn)術(shù)。 通覽全文還須有科學(xué)的方法，應(yīng)從提示句、完整句、關(guān)鍵句著手，充分利用已有信息來捕捉、擴(kuò)展有效信息，注意細(xì)小情節(jié)和主要情節(jié)的發(fā)展，注意人物的心理活動(dòng)等。在這一步中將難詞、難結(jié)構(gòu)、難句做上記號(hào)，留到下一步去解決。 2.“網(wǎng)”上鄰居，注意邏輯在通讀全文并對(duì)全文形成大致初步印象的基礎(chǔ)上，圍繞文章主題積極開展思維，尋找突破口。一般說來，完形填空題中有一些題比較容易選出正確答案，但有些題必須從左鄰右舍，上下文中的邏輯聯(lián)系中去尋求正確答案，這就要求做題者必須聯(lián)系上下文來仔細(xì)考慮。一旦容易的題目得以解決，便可借助它們提供的信息進(jìn)一步乘勢(shì)擴(kuò)大戰(zhàn)果，殲滅較難的題目。3.緊扣中心，小心推理每篇完形填空都有部分空格難以選擇答案。除了語言知識(shí)等因素的障礙外，主要原因還是考生對(duì)文意不大清楚之故。高考完形填空一般來說是有情節(jié)的。有些題目就是依托情節(jié)的發(fā)展而設(shè)置的。因此，只有弄清了情節(jié)，掌握了大意才能扣住中心。這樣對(duì)于有意設(shè)計(jì)的幾個(gè)題的連環(huán)答案選擇才會(huì)準(zhǔn)確無誤，不然錯(cuò)一個(gè)就會(huì)導(dǎo)致幾個(gè)錯(cuò)選。對(duì)于這類題只要倍加小心，抓住中心，注意情節(jié)發(fā)展的邏輯，小心推理就會(huì)避免出現(xiàn)連續(xù)性錯(cuò)誤。4.辨析詞義，果斷答題現(xiàn)在的完形填空題基本上其選項(xiàng)在所在空格為獨(dú)句時(shí)都是正確的。只是在整篇文章中只有一個(gè)是對(duì)的，因此，對(duì)于所給的幾個(gè)選項(xiàng)中的詞匯的辨析就格外重要。要最終確立正確答案，其落腳點(diǎn)還是歸結(jié)到對(duì)詞匯意義的掌握上了。假如知道該空格應(yīng)用表示某種意義的詞匯而考生對(duì)所給的選詞的意義不能進(jìn)行辨析，則不能選出正確答案。要做好完形填空題，考生必須具備扎實(shí)的詞匯基礎(chǔ)。5.復(fù)讀全文，確認(rèn)答案復(fù)讀全文是解答完形填空必不可少的最后一道程序。這一步要根據(jù)文章主題，依據(jù)情節(jié)發(fā)展邏輯，根據(jù)語法知識(shí)對(duì)整個(gè)題目進(jìn)行一次全方位的檢索，重點(diǎn)檢查與文章中心不符的問題，對(duì)答案進(jìn)行確認(rèn)。簡(jiǎn)言之，做好完形填空題并非一朝一夕之事，平時(shí)必須練好扎實(shí)的語言基本功，下力氣培養(yǎng)語感，增加、擴(kuò)充文化背景知識(shí)，要多操練。只有在了解上述解題的思路的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行技巧性操練才能達(dá)到熟能生巧，才能在考試中穩(wěn)操勝券。下面是典型例題部分省市完形填空試題及試題分析:i. 1. a. operator b. assistant c. waiter d. secretary2. a. good b. poor c. big d. usual3. a. so b. when c. therefore d. but4. a. sold b. knew c. gave d. sent5. a. making b. letting c. getting d. keeping6. a. wish b. insist c. declare d. suppose7. a. when b. if c. because d. though8. a. food b. fruit c. vegetables d. drink9. a. admit b. expect c. announce d. promise10. a. get b. only c. just d. even11. a. told b. said c. spoke d. talked12. a. serious b. strange c. polite d. familiar13. a. as well b. as usual c. either d. also14. a. sayings b. questions c. words d. speeches15. a. and then b. and so c. even if d. but if16. a. preparations b. jokes c. repairs d. friends17. a. according to b. due to c. instead of d. up to18. a. never b. ever c. seldom d. always19. a. took b. moved c. threw d. turned20. a. something b. anythingc. somebody d. anybody試題分析 i just heard you tell an old story of gift giving and un- selfish love in your program. you doubted that such unselfish love would happen in todays world. well, im here to give you 1 .i wanted to do something very 2 for my fifteen year - old son,who has always been the perfect child. he 3 all summer to earn enough money to but a used motorcycle. then,he spent hours and hours on it 4 it looked almost new. i was so 5 of him that i bought him the shiniest helmet and a riding outfit.i could 6 wait for him to open up his gift. in fact, i barely slept the night before. upon a wakening, i went to the kitchen to 7 the coffee, tea, and morning goodies. in the living room was a beautiful keyboard with a 8 : “to my wonderful mother, all my love, your son.”i was so 9 . it had been a log - standing joke in our family that i wanted a piano so that i could 10 lessons. “l(fā)earn to play the piano,and ill get you one”was my hus - bands 11.i stood there shocked, crying a river, asking myself how my son could 12 this expensive gift.of course, the 13 awoke, and my son was thrilled(激動(dòng)的)with my reaction. many kisses were 14 ,and i immediately wanted him to 15 my gift.as he saw the helmet and outfit, the look on his face was not 16 what i was expecting. then i 17 that he has sold the motorcycle to get me the keyboard.of course i was the proudest moter 18 on that day, and my feet never hit the ground for a month. so i wanted you to know,that kind of love still 19 and lives even in the ever-changing world of me, me, me !i thought youd love to 20 this story. yours,hilary p.s. the next day, my husband and i bought him a new “used” already shiny motorcycle. 1. a. hope b. advice c. support d. courage2. a. polite b. similar c. special d. private3. a. played b. studied c. traveled d. worked 4. a. after b. before c. unless d. until 5. a. sure b. fond c. proud d. confident 6. a. perhaps b. really c. almost d. hardly 7. a. start b. cook c. set d. serve8. a. note b. notice c. word d. sign 9. a. disturbed b. confused c. astonished d. inspired 10. a. give b. take c. draw d. teach 11. a. reason b. request c. comment d. response 12. a. present b. afford c. find d. order13. a. neighbor b. building c. home d. house 14. a. exchanged b. experiencedc. expected d. exhibited 15. a. tear b. open c. check d. receive 16. a. purely b. basically c. obviously d. exactly 17. a. realized b. remembered c. imagined d. supposed 18. a. only b. still c. ever d. even 19. a. works b. exists c. matters d. counts20. a. send b. publish c. share d. write “分享”，符合上下 文，本句意思是“我想你肯定和我一樣會(huì)對(duì)這個(gè)故事 深有感觸”。. you are near the front line of a battle. around you shells are exploding;people are shooting from a house behind you. what are you doing there? you arent a soldier. you arent 1 carrying a gun. youre standing in front of a 2 and youre telling the tv 3 what is happening.its all in a days work for a war reporter, and it can be very 4 . in the first two years of the 5 in former yugoslavia(前南斯拉夫), 28reporters and photographers were killed. hundreds more were 6 . what kind of peopleput themselves in danger to 7 pictures to our tv screens and 8 to our newspapers? why do they do it?“i think its every young journalists 9 to be a foreign reporter, says michael nicholson, thats 10 you find the excitement. so when the first opportunity comes, you take it 11 it is awar.”but there are moments of 12 . jeremy bowen says, “yes,when youre lying on the ground and bullets(子彈) are flying 13 your ears, you think: what am i doing here? im not going to do thius again. but that feeling 14 after a while and when the next war starts, youll be 15 .”“none of us believes that were going to 16 ,” adds michael. but he always 17 a lucky charm(護(hù)身符) with him. it was given to him by his wife for his first war. its a card which says “take care of yourself.” does he ever think about dying? “oh, 18 , and every time it happens you look to the sky and say to god, if you get me out of this, i 19 ill never do it again. you can almost hear god 20 ,because you know he doesnt believe you.?”1. a. simply b. really c. merely d. even 2. a. crowd b. house c. battlefield d. camera3. a. producers b. viewers c. directors d. actors 4. a. dangerous b. exciting c. normal d. disappointing 5. a. stay b. fight c. war d. life6. a. injured b. buried c. defeated d. saved7. a. bring b. show c. take d. make 8. a. scenes b. passages c. stories d. contents9. a. belief b. dream c. duty d. faith10. a. why b. what c. how d. where 11. a. even so b. ever sincec. as if d. even if 12. a. fear b. surprise c. shame d. sadness 13. a. into b. around c. past d. through 14. a. returns b. goes c. continues d. occurs 15. a. there b. away c. out d. home 16. a. leave b. escape c. die d. remain 17. a. hangs b. wears c. holds d. carries 18. a. never b. many times c. some time d. seldom 19. a. consider b. accept c. promise d. guess 20. a. whispering b. laughing c. screaming d. cryingv.it was the night before the composition was due. as i looked at the list of topics (題目),“the art of eating spaghetti (意大利面條)” caught my eye. the word “spaghetti” bought back the 1 of an evening at uncle aliens in belleville 2 all of us were seated around the table and aunt pat 3 spaghetti for supper. spaghetti was an exotic (外來的) treat in 4 days. never had i eaten spaghetti, and 5 of the grown-ups had enough experience to be 6 it. what laughing 7 we had about the 8 respectable method for moving spaghetti from plate to mouth. 9 , i wanted to write about that, but i wanted to 10 it down simply for my own 11 , not for mr. fleagle, my composition teacher. 12 ,i would write something else.when i finished it the night was half gone and there was no 13 left to write a proper composition for mr. fleagle.there was no choice next morning but to 14 my work.two days passed before my. fleagle returned the 15 papers. he said, “now, class, i want to read you a composition the art of eating spaghetti.”my words! he was reading my words out 16 to the whole class. 17 laughed, then the whole class was laughing with open-hearted enjoyment. i did my best not to show 18 ,but what i was feeling was pure happiness, 19 my words had the power to make people 20 .1. a. memory b. thought c. knowledge d. experience2. a. when b. where c. since d. after3. a. cooked b. served c. got d. made4. a. their b. past c. last d. those5. a. none b. one c. earns d. neither6. a. careful about b. good at c. fond of d. interested in7. a. speeches b. lessons c. sayings d. arguments8. a. nearly b. naturally c. officially d. socially9. a. especially b. probably c. suddenly d. fortunately10. a. settle b. put c. bite d. let11. a. work b. story c. luck d. joy12. a. however b. therefore c. as for him d. except for that13. a. time b. excuse c. way d. idea14. a. give up b. continue c. hand in d. delay15. a. written b. graded c. collected d. calmly16. a. laid b. fast c. publicly d. calmly17. a. people b. nobody c. somebody d. i18. a. shock b. wonder c. worry d. pleasure19. a. if b. for c. while d. although20. a. excited b. satisfied c. think d. laugh. we may look at the world around us, but somehow we manage not to see it until what ever weve become used to suddenly disappears. 1 , for example, the neatly-dressed woman i 2 to seeor look aton my way to work each morning.for three years, no matter 3 the weather was like, she was always waiting at the bus stop around 8:00 a. m. on 4 days, she were heavy clothes and a pair of woolen gloves. summertime 5 out neat, belted cotton dresses and a had pulled low over her sunglasses. 6 , she was an ordinary working woman. of course,i 7 all this only after she was seen no more. it was then that i realized how 8 i expected to see her each morning. you might say i 9 her. “did she have an accident? something 10 ?”i thought to myself about her 11 . now that she was gone, i felt i had 12 her. i began to realize that part of our 13 life probably includes such chance meetings with familiar 14 :the milkman you see at dawn, the woman who 15 walks her dog along the street every morning,the twin brothes you see at the library. such people are 16 markers in our lives. they add weight to our 17 of place and belonging.think about it. 18 ,while walking to work, we mark where we are by 19 a certain building,why should we not mark where we are when we pass a familiar,though 20 , person?1. a. make b. take c. give d. have 2. a. happened b. wanted c. used d. tried 3. a. what b. how c. which d. when4. a. sunny b. rainy c. cloudy d. snowy5. a. took b. brought c. carried d. turned6. a. clearly b. particularly c. luckily d. especially 7. a. belived b. expressed c. remembered d. wondered8. a. long b. often c. soon d. much9. a. respected b. missed c. praised d. admired10. a. better b. worse c. more d. less 11. a. disappearance b. appearancec. misfortune d. fortune 12. a. forgotten b. lost c. known d. hurt 13. a. happy b. enjoyable c. frequent d. daily 14. a. friends b. strangers c. tourists d. guests 15. a. regularly b. actually c. hardly d. probably16. a. common b. pleasant c. important d. faithful 17. a. choice b. knowledge c. decision d. sense 18. a. because b. if c. although d. however19. a. keeping b. changing c. passing d. mentioning 20. a. unnamed b. unforgettable c. unbelievable d. unreal【難點(diǎn)突破】1.利用邏輯關(guān)系解題嘗試從邏輯關(guān)系的高度整體上把握，就會(huì)不無驚喜地發(fā)現(xiàn)邏輯關(guān)系才是征服完形填空的最佳途徑。所謂邏輯關(guān)系并不縹緲，它就隱藏在句子中、句與句之間以及段落的銜接中。通過邏輯關(guān)系的方法，我們可以通過確切、具體的線索，把答案的邏輯意義推測(cè)出來，從而在答案中尋找表現(xiàn)了相同邏輯意義的選項(xiàng)。這樣做，使得題目的難度大大降低。如：(1) 句中邏輯關(guān)系vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elementsusually carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and_1_nitrogen. they are different in that their elements are arranged differently, and each vitamin performs one or more specific functions in the body. 1. a. mostly b. partly c. sometimes d. rarely短文中的usually和and是本題邏輯推理的線索。and前后構(gòu)成了并列關(guān)系，即and前的 usually carbon, hydrogen, oxygen 這些維生素成分和and 后面的 nitrogen 成分形成并列關(guān)系，相應(yīng)修飾 carbon, hydrogen, oxygen 的usually必然和修飾 nitrogen 的詞構(gòu)成一一對(duì)應(yīng)的邏輯關(guān)系。鑒于此，在考慮填入的應(yīng)是和usually相對(duì)應(yīng)的頻度副詞，而語義與usually略有不同。mostly 和partly都表示了部分、量的含義，與頻度無關(guān)。rarely (很少地，罕有地)雖表示了頻度關(guān)系，但其意義與usually相反，不符合一一對(duì)應(yīng)的一致性，因此排除。只有c項(xiàng)sometimes (不時(shí)，有時(shí)) 你恰到好處地表示了and前后兩部分的邏輯對(duì)應(yīng)。故選c。 (2) 句間邏輯關(guān)系 在此，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)所謂邏輯關(guān)系并不抽象，它往往通過轉(zhuǎn)折、讓步、遞進(jìn)、因果等明確的邏輯關(guān)系詞來體現(xiàn)。當(dāng)然，句子的邏輯關(guān)系也不一定體現(xiàn)在一句話的內(nèi)部，它還可以滲透到篇章的層面上，在句與句之間表現(xiàn)出來。如： ms cleveland does not keep her workers on a short leash. _13_, she encourages them to get _14_ ways to do business. 13. a. still b. yet c. instead d. while(3) 段間邏輯關(guān)系這種邏輯關(guān)系主要體現(xiàn)在段落之間的銜接上。如：not everyone sees that process in perspective. it is important to do so. it is generally recognized, _29_, that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century, followed by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process, although its impact in the media was not immediately apparent.29. a. indeedb. hence c.howeverd.therefore2.利用語法分析解題完形填空雖然以語境填空為主，但也有部分考查語法項(xiàng)目的題目。對(duì)于這類題，考生可以利用平時(shí)所學(xué)的詞匯知識(shí)，分析單詞(組)的使用范圍、動(dòng)詞的及物和不及物，并利用句子結(jié)構(gòu)、句式特點(diǎn)等知識(shí)全面衡量所有選項(xiàng)排除干擾。如： 51_do you suppose he asked for them? 51. a. what b. how c. who d. which _ i had been born in the 16th century, i would have had no job. 8. a. because b. while c. if d. since3.利用固定搭配解題完形填空題中對(duì)詞匯知識(shí)的考查，主要體現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣用法和同義詞、近義詞的辨析兩方面。習(xí)慣用法是英語中某種固定的結(jié)構(gòu)形態(tài)，即所謂的“習(xí)語”，不能隨意改動(dòng)。所以，考生平時(shí)應(yīng)掌握好習(xí)慣用法。對(duì)詞義辨析題的考查有加大力度的趨勢(shì)。要做好這類題，需要有較大的詞匯量和詞語搭配能力、詞語辨析能力，特別是在特定的語境中能靈活運(yùn)用的能力。如：they couldnt read or write. they didnt like to work and they never _12_ baths. 12. a. took b. washed c. ran d. coveredi did very badly at school. my headmaster thought i was useless and when i was 14 he said, “youre never going to be _2_ but a failure.”2. a. anything b. something c. everything d. nothing4.利用固定句型解題完形填空雖然注重考查語境理解，但同時(shí)也會(huì)考到一些固定句型，考生掌握好這些句型，對(duì)確定題目的答案很有幫助。如：i havent had a phone in the house for three weeks now, and its several days _19_ i used a phone box. 19. a. as b. when c. if d. since it wasnt long _18_the police caught the thief. 18. a. after b. when c. before d. until“why _14_ you take a big man with you? you have to fight the sailor who is drunk.”14. a. dont b. couldnt c. cant d. do答案a. why dont you do sth?是表示建議的固定句型，意為“為何不？”。5.利用復(fù)現(xiàn)信息解題語篇復(fù)現(xiàn)的信息包括原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)、同義詞和反義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)、上義詞和下義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)、概括詞復(fù)現(xiàn)和代詞復(fù)現(xiàn)等。語篇中有詞匯和結(jié)構(gòu)同現(xiàn)的現(xiàn)象，如與語篇話題相關(guān)、意義相關(guān)的詞匯同時(shí)出現(xiàn)，結(jié)構(gòu)同現(xiàn)，同義同現(xiàn)，修飾同現(xiàn)，因果同現(xiàn)等。因此，利用上下文尋找解題信息，確定正確答案。如：first of all, i respected his _3_ to teaching. because his lectures were always well-prepared and clearly delivered, students crowded into his classroom. 3. a. attention b. introduction c. relation d. devotion6.利用跳讀法解題一般而言，完形填空要填的20空中總有一些空是相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單的。 對(duì)于這類空格考生可以先將其確定下來，之后再逐個(gè)去突破其他空。跳過那些不太容易得出答案的題。切忌做題時(shí)循規(guī)蹈矩地一個(gè)順著一個(gè)地去完成。如：“visitors!” repeated josh, wide-awake at once. he_1_ up and looked around. a short distance away, a group of_2_ stood quietly watching us. one of them _3_ walking toward us. we both jumped to our _4_ not knowing what to expect. 1. a. satb. stayedc. thought d. put 2. a. pilotsb. nativesc. editorsd. assistants 3. a. avoidedb. delayed c. began d. desired 4. a. boatb. car c. horsesd. feet7.巧用排除法解題在有些情況下，考生如果不能