2015年6月英語四級閱讀模擬題04及答案.doc

2015年6月英語四級閱讀模擬題04及答案Section CDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices markedA,B, C andD. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.An industrial society, especially one as centralized and concentrated as that of Britain, is heavily dependent on certain essential services: for instance, electricity supply, water, rail and road transport, the harbors. The area of dependency has widened to include removing rubbish, hospital and ambulance services, and, as the economy develops, central computer and information services as well. If any of these services ceases to operate, the whole economic system is in danger.It is this economic interdependency of the economic system which makes the power of trade unions (工會)such an important issue. Single trade unions have the ability to cut off many countries economic blood supply.This can happen more easily in Britain than in some other countries, in part because the labor force is highly organized. About 55 percent of British workers belong to unions, compared to under a quarter in the United States.For historical reasons, Britains unions have tended to develop along trade (行業(yè)) and occupational lines, rather than on an industry-by-industry basis, which makes a wages policy, democracy in industry and the improvement of procedures for fixing wage levels difficult to achieve.There are considerable strains and tensions in the trade union movement, some of them arising from their outdated and inefficient structure. Some unions have lost many members because of their industrial changes.Others are involved in arguments about who should represent workers in new trades. Unions for skilled trades are separate from general unions, which means that different levels of wages for certain jobs are often a source of bad feelings between unions. In traditional trades which are being pushed out of existence by advancing technologies,unions can fight for their members disappointing jobs to the point where the jobs of other union members are threatened or destroyed. The printing of newspapers both in the United States and in Britain has frequently been halted by the efforts of printers to hold on to their traditional highly-paid jobs.Trade unions have problems of internal communication just as managers in companies do, problems which multiply in very large unions or in those which bring workers in very different industries together into a single general union. Some trade union officials have to be re-elected regularly; others are elected, or even appointed, for life. Trade union officials have to work with a system of shop stewards (工廠工人代表) in many unions, shop stewards being workers elected by other workers as their representatives at factory or work level.56. Why is the trade union power crucial in Britain?A Because the economy is very interdependent.B Because the unions have been established a long time.C Because there are more unions in Britain than elsewhere.D Because there are many essential services offered by the unions.57. Because of their out-of-date organization, some unions find it difficult to _.A bargain for high enough wagesB get new members to joinC learn new technologiesD change as industries change58. Disagreements arise between unions because some of them_.A try to win over members of other unionsB ignore agreementsC protect their own members at the expense of othersD take over other unions jobs59. Why does the author compare the trade unions with managers in companies?A They are both influential in company affairs.B They both face problems of internal communication.C They both work with a system of shop stewards.D They both work efficiently.60. The title which best expresses the idea of the text would be _.A British Trade Unions and Their DrawbacksB A Centralized and Concentrated SocietyC The Power of Trade Unions in BritainD The Structure of British Trade UnionsPassage TwoQuestions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.One of the most interesting paradoxes in America today is that Harvard University, the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States, is now engaged in a serious debate about what a university should be, and whether it is measuring up (符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)).Like the Roman Catholic Church and other ancient institutions, it is asking-still in private rather than in public-whether its past assumptions about faculty, authority, admissions, courses of study, are really relevant to the problems of our society.Should Harvard-or any other university-be an intellectual sanctuary, apart from the political and social revolution of the age, or should it be a laboratory for experimentation with these political and social revolutions; or even an engine of the revolution? This is what is being discussed privately in the big clapboard ( 楔形板) houses of faculty members around the Harvard Yard.The issue was defined by Walter Lippmann, a distinguished Harvard graduate, many years ago.If the universities are to do their work, he said, they must be independent and they must be disinterested. They are places to which men can turn for unbiased judgments. Obviously, the moment the universities fall under political control, or under the control of private interests, or the moment they themselves take a hand in politics and the leadership of government, their value as independent and disinterested sources of judgment is impaired.This is part of the argument that is going on at Harvard today. Another part is the argument of the militant and even many moderated students: that a university is the keeper of our ideals and morals, and should not be disinterested but activist in bringing the Nations ideals and actions together.Harvards men of today seem more troubled and less sure about personal, political and academic purpose than they did at the beginning. They are not even clear about how they should debate and resolve their problems, but they are struggling with them privately, and how they come out is bound to influence American university and political life in the 21st century.61. A paradox(Line 1, Paragraph 1 ) is_.A an unusual situationB a parenthetical expressionC a difficult puzzleD a self-contradiction62. The word sanctuary, in paragraph 3 refers to _.A a holy place dedicated to a certain godB a temple or nnnnery of the middle ageC a certain place you can hide in and avoid mishapsD an academy for intelligent people63. The issues in the debate on Harvards goals are whether the universities should remain independent of our society and its problems, and whether they should _.A fight off militarismB exert greater influence upon the young generationC take an active part in solving the societys illsD reconsider the structure of institutes and departments64. In regard to their goals and purposes in life, the author believes that Harward men are becoming _.A more sure about themB less sure about themC more hopeful of reaching a satisfactory answerD less interested in them65. In the authors judgment, the ferment going on at Harvard_.A will influence the future of AmericaB will soon be over, because times are bound to changeC is of interest mostly to Harvard men and their friendsD is a sad symbol of our general bewilderment【參考譯文】一個工業(yè)社會對某些基本服務(wù)(比如電力供應(yīng)、水、鐵路和公路運(yùn)輸以及港口)有著很強(qiáng)的依賴性，特別是在英國這樣集權(quán)而集中的國家更是如此。而今，依賴的領(lǐng)域已擴(kuò)大到垃圾清運(yùn)、醫(yī)院和救護(hù)車服務(wù)，而且，隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，中央計算機(jī)和信息服務(wù)也包含其中。一旦這些服務(wù)中的任何一項停止運(yùn)作，整個經(jīng)濟(jì)體系就會處于危險之中、56正是由于經(jīng)濟(jì)體系內(nèi)各種經(jīng)濟(jì)因素相互依賴，才使得工會權(quán)力成為如此重要的問題。單是工會就能切斷許多國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)命脈。相比其他國家，這種情況在英國更有可能發(fā)生，一部分原因是，英國的工人力量具有高度組織化的特征。在英國，約有55的工人是工會的成員，而在美國，這一比例還不到25。由于一些歷史原因，英國的工會趨向于沿著行業(yè)和職業(yè)的方向發(fā)展，而不是各行業(yè)獨(dú)立發(fā)展。這種情況導(dǎo)致薪金政策、行業(yè)民主以及薪金水平規(guī)定流程的改進(jìn)很難實(shí)現(xiàn)。57工會運(yùn)動面臨許多限制和壓力，其中一些源于工會本身落后而低效的結(jié)構(gòu)。由于產(chǎn)業(yè)調(diào)整，一些工會已經(jīng)失去了很多成員。另外一些工會則面臨一系列爭論：新的行業(yè)中究竟由誰來代表工人?技術(shù)性行業(yè)的工會跟一般意義上的工會是分離的，這意味著，某些工作薪金水平的不同通常會在各工會之間引發(fā)摩擦，58傳統(tǒng)的行業(yè)正逐漸被先進(jìn)的技術(shù)所替代，在這些行業(yè)里，工會會為其成員渺無前景的工作努力抗?fàn)?，使其他工會成員的工作也受到威脅或者破壞。美國和英國的報紙印刷經(jīng)常會中斷，因為印刷工要努力維護(hù)本行業(yè)的傳統(tǒng)地位和高額薪酬。59和公司中的經(jīng)理們一樣，工會內(nèi)部也同樣面臨著交流問題。在那些大型工會或者聚集了不同行業(yè)工人的工會里，這些問題成倍增加。有些工會需要定期選舉并更換主席；另一些工會則采取選舉或指定一名終身主席一在很多工會里，干部必須在“工廠工人代表”的體制下工作。工廠工人代表由其他工人在整個工廠或者車間內(nèi)選舉產(chǎn)生，來代表其他工人的利益?！敬鸢附馕觥?6A定位：根據(jù)題干信息thetrade union power和crucial可將答案定位到第二段第一句。解析：該句提到：“正是由于經(jīng)濟(jì)體系內(nèi)各種經(jīng)濟(jì)因素相互依賴(this economic interdependency of the economic system)，才使得工會權(quán)力成為如此重要的問題?！边x項A符合題意。57D定位：根據(jù)題干信息out-of-date organization可將答案定位到第三段第一句。解析：第三段開頭處提到：“工會運(yùn)動面臨許多限制和壓力，其中一些源于工會本身落后而低效的結(jié)構(gòu)。由于產(chǎn)業(yè)調(diào)整，一些工會已經(jīng)失去了很多成員。另外一些工會則面臨一系列爭論：新的行業(yè)中究竟由誰來代表工人?”可見由于其落后的結(jié)構(gòu)，工會適應(yīng)不了產(chǎn)業(yè)的變化和調(diào)整。故D為正確答案。58C定位：根據(jù)題干信息disagreements arise between unions可將答案定位到第三段第四句。解析：該句提到：“技術(shù)性行業(yè)的工會跟一般意義上的工會是分離的，這意味著，某些工作薪金水平的不同通常會在各工會之間引發(fā)摩擦?！笨梢奷ifferentlevels ofwagesfor certainjobs是引發(fā)矛盾的一大原因，但在四個選項中找不到意思相近的表述。我們繼續(xù)向下尋讀即可發(fā)現(xiàn)下一句中提到：“傳統(tǒng)的行業(yè)正逐漸被先進(jìn)的技術(shù)所替代，在這些行業(yè)里，工會會為其成員渺無前景的工作努力抗?fàn)帲蛊渌蓡T的工作也受到威脅或者破壞?！币簿褪钦f，一些工會會為了保護(hù)自己成員的利益而犧牲其他工會成員的利益。故選項C為正確答案。59B定位：根據(jù)題干信息managersin companies可將答案定位到最后一段第一句。解析：該句提到：“和公司中的經(jīng)理們一樣，工會內(nèi)部也同樣面，臨著交流問題二在那些大型工會或者聚集了不同行業(yè)工人的工會里，這些問題成倍增加?！笨梢姡徒?jīng)理們的共同點(diǎn)就是在其內(nèi)部存在著溝通不暢的問題，故選B。60A定位：根據(jù)題干信息詞tire可知解答本題需通現(xiàn)全文。解析：本題問選項中最適合做文章題目的是哪一項，考查的是全文的主旨。從全文的內(nèi)容看，文章主要闡述了英國工會的狀況及其存在的問題。故應(yīng)選A。最具迷惑性的是D項The Structure ofBritishTrade Unions，但其只提到英國工會的結(jié)構(gòu)，而沒有概括其存在的問題，故不夠全面?！緟⒖甲g文】61美國現(xiàn)今最有趣的一個矛盾是，作為美國高等教育歷史最悠久的大學(xué)，哈佛大學(xué)正在進(jìn)行一場嚴(yán)峻的爭論，爭論圍繞的中心問題是大學(xué)究竟應(yīng)該是什么樣的，而哈佛大學(xué)又是否符合條件。哈佛大學(xué)和羅馬天主教堂以及其他一些古老的機(jī)構(gòu)一樣正在提出疑問這種提問尚在私下里進(jìn)行，并沒有公開所提出的問題是：哈佛過去對于院系、權(quán)威、招生、課程設(shè)置的設(shè)想，是否真的跟現(xiàn)代社會所面臨的問題相關(guān)。6263除了作為某一時代中政治和社會變革的避難所，哈佛大學(xué)(或者其他大學(xué))是否應(yīng)該也是知識分子的避難所；或者，它是否應(yīng)該成為一個進(jìn)行政治和社會變革實(shí)驗的實(shí)驗室；或者，它是否甚至應(yīng)該成為改革的動力?這正是現(xiàn)在哈佛大學(xué)全體教職工在校園內(nèi)部私下探討的話題。多年前，沃爾特李普曼闡釋了這個問題，他是一名杰出的哈佛大學(xué)畢業(yè)生?！叭绻髮W(xué)想要名副其實(shí)，”他說，“那就必須獨(dú)立于社會，必須堅持公平大學(xué)應(yīng)該是能為人們提供公正評判的地方。顯然，一旦大學(xué)為政治權(quán)力或私人利益所控制，或者說，一旦大學(xué)參與政治和政府的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，那么，它們作為獨(dú)立和公正評判之源的價值就大大減弱了?！边@只是現(xiàn)今哈佛大學(xué)正在討論的部分問題。另一部分討論來自崇尚武力的人，甚至還包括很多溫和的學(xué)生。他們認(rèn)為，大學(xué)應(yīng)該成為我們理想和道德的捍衛(wèi)者，因此不應(yīng)該是“無為”的，而應(yīng)該成為將國家的理想和行動結(jié)合起來的行動者。64如今，哈佛人似乎今非昔比，他們面臨更多困惑，對自身的定位、政治的和學(xué)術(shù)的目標(biāo)也沒有當(dāng)