跨文化交際教案chapter 4 interculture communication.doc

Chapter IV Intercultural CommunicationTeaching Objectives1. To identify the definitions of intercultural communication, interpersonal communication, intracultural communication, cross-cultural communication, international communication, interethnic communication, interracial communication, interregional communication.2. To understand the four fundamental values of western ethics.3. To understand the different ethics that belongs to the different part of the world.4. To understand the definition and main components of intercultural communication. Leading in Teaching Procedures Step 1 Have students listen to the lead-in case What is Wrong?Ask students warming-up questions:l What is going wrong in this case?l Have you ever misunderstood someone who came from a different culture?l What is intercultural communication?l What intercultural communication skills do you know? Please list some of them.Step 2Culture and CommunicationThe metaphor of the journey and the map can help us understand the relationship between culture and communication. Cultures are both the maps of a place (the rules and conventions) and the journeys that take place there (actual practices).Intercultural communication defined Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.非洲部落的勇士馬賽部落的女人穆爾西部落的女人畫滿圖騰的孩子裹小腳的婦女Forms of Intercultural communicationa. Interpersonal Communicationb. Intracultural Communicationc. International Communicationd. Interethnic Communicatione. Interracial Communication f. interregional Communication4.3.1 Interpersonal communicationInterpersonal communication is a form of communication that involves a small number of individuals who are interacting exclusively with one another and who therefore have the ability both to adapt their messages specifically for those others and to obtain immediate interpretations from them.4.3.2 Intracultural communicationIntracultural communication is defined as communication between and among members of the same culture. Generally, people who are of the same race, political persuasion, and religion or who share the same interests communicate intraculturally.4.3.3 International communicationInternational communication takes place between nations and governments rather than individuals; it is quite formal and ritualized.4.3.4 Interethnic communicationInterethnic communication refers to communication between people of the same race but different ethnic backgrounds.4.3.5 Interracial communicationInterracial communication occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages are from different races that pertain to different physical characteristics.4.3.6 Interregional communicationInterregional Communication refers to the exchange of messages between members of the dominant culture within a country.Intercultural communication ethics4.4.1 Western ethicsl Autonomy Being free to act consistent with one own principles.l Justice Impartiality; giving each person his or her legitimate due or portion of the whole.l Responsibility Accountability for the consequences of ones actions, including a failure to act.l Care Partiality to those who cannot protect themselves and to whom we are in special relationships.4.4.2 African ethicsAfrican ethics stress the well-being of the community and economic considerations over political rights.4.4.3 Buddhist ethicsValue is placed on patience, compassion, self-sacrifice, kindness, and love, which are to be pursued for the betterment of the person if not in this life, then in the next.4.4.4 Hindu ethicsHinduism strives for the oneness of reality, for the obliteration of all distinctions including individualism, to merge with the absolute.4.4.5 Islamic ethicsTraditional Islamic perspectives on ethics are based on its religious concepts. There are different rules of ethical conduct for women and for men.Step3Raising Intercultural Awareness:采訪外國人：教師布置學(xué)生就某些特定問題采訪一些外國人，并引導(dǎo)學(xué)生比較不同的受訪者做出的回答，以及他們對(duì)采訪和采訪問題所表現(xiàn)出的態(tài)度和反應(yīng)。 活動(dòng)目的：該課堂活動(dòng)旨在幫助學(xué)生了解不同文化對(duì)待某些事物看法和態(tài)度的異同。 活動(dòng)過程描述：步驟一： 教師課前布置學(xué)生就某些共性的問題對(duì)外國人進(jìn)行采訪。最好每1至2位學(xué)生采訪1位外國人，這有助于學(xué)生擁有足夠的信息資源進(jìn)行比較。表7-6 樣卷Questionnaire1 In your country, what kind of places are people likely to live in? Why? 2 What kind of places do you prefer to live? Why? 3 What kind of manners would you like to choose to deal with embarrassing moments?4 What is your definition of the good life?5 What are the two greatest problems facing our world today?6 What is something positive that has happened in our world in the past year? 步驟二： 采訪結(jié)束后，教師在課堂上引導(dǎo)學(xué)生就采訪結(jié)果進(jìn)行比較和討論。步驟三： 教師引導(dǎo)學(xué)生對(duì)采訪過程進(jìn)行討論：（1） 你是否對(duì)采訪對(duì)象的某些言語或行為感到驚訝？為什么？（2） 假如你是受訪者，你會(huì)如何回答樣卷中的問題？（3） 你如何評(píng)價(jià)自己在這次采訪中的英語交際能力？步驟四：教師要求學(xué)生閱讀下列一首小詩，并抒發(fā)其感想。表7-7 例文 Oh, East is East, and West is West, and never the twain shall meet,Till Earth and Sky stand presently at Gods Great Judgment Seat;But there is neither East nor West, Border, nor Breed, nor Birth,When two strong men stand face to face,tho they come from the ends of the earth!步驟五：學(xué)生討論該課堂活動(dòng)的目的和從中獲得的啟發(fā)。Step4Homework and After-class activitiesl Write a paper on Ethical Perspectives from Different Religionsl Surf on the internet to collect the information about the traditional Chinese ethicsStep5Test Your Intercultural Competence_1.Generally, I am comfortable interacting with a group of people from different cultures._2.I am tense and nervous while interacting in group discussions with people from different cultures._3.While conversing with a person from a different culture, I feel very relaxed._4.Im afraid to speak up in conversations with a person from a different culture._5.I face the prospect of interacting with people from different cultures with confidence._6.My thoughts become confused and jumbled when interacting with people from different cultures._7.Communicating with people from different cultures makes me feel uncomfortable. Supplimentary Materials1. Key Terms:1. Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.（跨文化交際是指擁有不同文化認(rèn)知和符號(hào)體系的人們之間進(jìn)行的交際）2. The term cross-cultural communication is typically used to refer to the study of a particular idea or concept within many cultures. The goal of such investigations is to conduct a series of intercultural analysis in order to compare one culture to another on the attributes of interests.（跨文化交際通常是指在多種文化內(nèi)對(duì)某一觀點(diǎn)或概念進(jìn)行的研究。此種研究是以興趣為基礎(chǔ)，其目的是通過跨文化分析進(jìn)行文化間的比較。）3. Interpersonal communication is a form of communication that involves a small number of individuals who are interacting exclusively with one another and who therefore have the ability both to adapt their messages specifically for those others and to obtain immediate interpretations from them.（人際交際是指少數(shù)人之間的交往，他們既能根據(jù)對(duì)方調(diào)整自己的信息又能立即從對(duì)方那里獲得解釋。）4. Intracultural communication is defined as communication between and among members of the same culture. Generally, people who are of the same race, political persuasion, and religion or who share the same interests communicate intraculturally.（內(nèi)文化交際是指同一文化內(nèi)其成員之間的交際。總的來說，同一種族、政治傾向、宗教或者具有同樣興趣的人們之間的交際就是內(nèi)文化交際。）5. International communication takes place between nations and governments rather than individuals; it is quite formal and ritualized. （國家間的交際是指國家和政府而非個(gè)人之間的交際。此種交際非常正式和儀式化）6. Interethnic communication refers to communication between people of the same race but different ethnic backgrounds.（跨民族交際是指同一種族不同民族背景的人們之間的交際）7. Interracial communication occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages are from different races that pertain to different physical characteristics. （跨種族交際是指信息源和信息接收者來自不同的種族，這些種族具有不同的身體特征。）8. Interregional Communication refers to the exchange of messages between members of the dominant culture within a country. （跨地區(qū)交際是指一個(gè)國家內(nèi)主流文化成員之間的信息交換過程。） 2. Additional Information:1 Communication: the Process of Understanding and Sharing Meaning The word communication is used in a variety of ways. Before we use the term any further, we should establish a common understanding of its definition. Communication comes from the Latin communicare, which means to make common. This original definition of the word is consistent with the definition of communication used in this text. In this text, communication is defined as the process of understanding and sharing meaning. Communication is considered a process because it is an activity, exchange, of set of behaviorsnot an unchanging, static product, in which we participate. David Berlo, a well-known communication figure, probably provides the clearest statement about communication as a process. Berlo wrote: If we accept the concept of process, we view events and relationships as dynamic, ongoing, ever-changing, continuous. When we label something as a process, we also mean that it does not have a beginning, an end, a fixed sequence of events. It is not static, at rest. It is moving. The ingredients within a process interact, each affects all of the others.What is an example of how a process operates in everyday communication? Picture two students passing on the sidewalk between classes and exchanging a few sentences. Did this very tiny communication episode really begin and end with their first and last word: Do we have to consider that both of them spoke to each other in English, that they must have had some prior encounter, or that they would not have stopped to exchange messages, If they have a common understanding of what was said, then they must share some experiences that shape their perceptions similarly. Didnt their message go beyond the words to how they looked, if they smiled, and how much volume they use? Did the episode end with the last word and look or was it used to solidify their relationship: would their brief conversation be thought about later that day and the next, and did it lead to another meeting that night? Communication is a complicated process. It is variable, active, and dynamic. It starts long before the words begin to flow and can last long after the words stop.Communication is a process that requires understanding. Your professor asks, what is the ontogeny of your misogeny? You hear the words, but you may not be able to understand or interpret them, An Asian student who has to struggle with English as a second language may have the same trouble with words that most Americans regard as easy to understand. Understanding, or grasping, the meaning of another persons message does not occur unless the two communicators can elicit common meanings for words, phrases, and nonverbal codes. The importance of this kind of understanding was emphasized by humanistic psychologist Carl Rogers in his book On Becoming a Person., He wrote, I have found it of enormous value when I can permit myself to understand another person.In addition to understanding, communication involves sharing. Consider the popular use of the word sharing. We share a meal, we share an event, we share a sunset. Sharing is a gift that people exchange. We can also share with ourselves when we allow ourselves time to relax and daydream, time to consider who we are and what our goals are. We share with others when we talk to them alone or in larger groups. Regardless of the context, communication involves sharing.What exactly is understood and shared in the communication process? When you use language for expression, meaning is the shared understanding of your feelings. When you use language for pragmatic purposes, meaning is the appropriate response that indicates the message was understood. For example, you ask for a drink, and the other person gives you one. Meaning is the message you construct in your mind as you interpret the message sent.An example of how meaning operates is the Rodney King incident in which people around the world saw an African American being beaten by Los Angeles police. The meaning of the videotaped event was whatever interpretation people developed in their own minds. Most people perceived the incident as police power gone away. When the jury acquitted the police, many people interpreted the decision as a miscarriage of justice. Everyone who saw the videotapes of who read about the verdict constructed their own meaning, their own interpretation of the incident. The meaning attributed to the incident fashioned responses from agreement, to disbelief, to violence.(Source: Judy Cornelia Pearson, Paul Edward Nelson. Understanding and Sharing An Introduction to Speech communication .Wm .C. Brown Communications, Inc.1994.5-8)Questions:1How do you understand the statement that communication is a process of understanding and sharing?2What is understood and shared in a successful interaction?3What must speakers share if they want to understand each other in a conversation?4What implications does this passage have on the study of intercultural communication?2Students can be divided into several groups to discuss the topic-what intercultural communication competence should a person have to be an effective intercultural communicator? Good intercultural communicators have personality strength (strong sense of self and socially relaxed), communication skills (verbal and nonverbal), psychological adjustment (ability to adapt to new situations), and cultural awareness (understanding how people of different cultures think and act).These areas can be divided into eight different skills: self-awareness, self-respect, interaction, empathy, adaptability, certainty, initiative and acceptance.4.3 Cross-cultural tips4.3.1 Chinese CultureThe Ethical Principles of ConfucianismConfucianism had been regarded as an ethic-political system in ancient China. For more than two thousand years it has moulded and shaped the civilization of China and exerted a profound influence upon almost one fourth pf the human race.Confucianism has left us a rich literary heritage known as the Four Books and Five Classics; The Great Learning (大學(xué)), The Mean (中庸), Analects (論語), and Mencius (孟子); Book of Change（易經(jīng)）, Book of History (尚書), Book of Odes (詩經(jīng)), Book of Rites (禮記) and Spring and Autumn Annals(春秋) For six centuries (13131905) these four texts became the elementary requirements of Chinese education in the feudal society and served as the basis of the civil service examination (科舉考試) by which scholars were selected for official posts at various levels of the government.The ethical principle of Confucianism is its discovery of the ultimate in the moral character of human relationships in which Confucius offered the solution for the ills and evils of his day. That is the well-known Five Relationships: ruler-minister, father-son, husband-wife, elder-and-younger brother, and friend-friend. The responsibilities ensuing from these relationships are mutual and reciprocal. A minister owes loyalty to his ruler, and a child filial respect to his parent. But the ruler must care for his subjects, and the parent for the child. Just as Confucius said of the doctrine of reciprocity and neighborliness: Within the four seas all men are brothers. ( 四海之內(nèi)皆兄弟 ) Do not do to others what you would not want others to do to you. (己所不欲，勿施于人)Confucius central doctrine is that of the virtue of ren (仁). What is ren? Ren is translated variously as goodness, benevolence, humanity, and human-heartedness. In short, ren means affection and love. A man of ren loves others (任者愛人) .Fan Chi asked about ren. Confucius said, Love all men. (樊遲問任，子曰“愛人”)The ethical thought of Confucius can be summed up as the following five cardinal virtues;1. ren (仁), the will to show benevolence to others (the root)2. yi (義), righteousness by justice (the trunk)3. li ( 禮), moral ways of conduct (the branches)4. zhi (智), wisdom (the flower)5. xin (信), faithfulness (the fruit)In my opinion Confucianisms greatest contribution to the Chinese nation is its shaping and moulding of the Chinese character and national soul and its founding of the complete system of knowledge. Just as Dr. Sun Yat-sen said; Therefore the old morals of loyalty (忠) and piety (孝), affection and love (仁愛), faithfulness and righteousness（信義）, are superior to those of the foreign countries, let alone that of peace and harmony (和平). These high standards of morals are our national spirit. （所以中國從前的忠孝、仁愛、信義種種就倒地，固然是駕乎外國人，說到和平的道德，更是駕乎外國人。這種特別好的道德，便是我們的民族精神。孫中山選集684頁）The complete system of knowledge is laid down in the book of Great Learning： The way of the Great Learning lies in illustrating virtue, rejuvenating the people, and reaching perfection. . The ancients who wished to illustrate virtue throughout the world would first govern well their own state. To govern their state well, they would first regulate their families. To regulate their families, they would first cultivate their own personality. To cultivate their personality they would rectify their minds. To rectify their minds, they would first strive to be sincere in their thoughts. Wishing for sincerity in their thoughts, they would expand their knowledge. The expansion of knowledge lay in the investigation of things. (The Text of Confucius)【原文】大學(xué)之道，在明明德，在親民，在止于至善。古之君子欲明明德于天下者，先治其國。欲治其國者，先齊其家。欲齊其家者，先修其身。欲修其身者，先正其心。欲正其心者，先誠其意。欲誠其意者，先致其知。致知在格物。大學(xué)孔經(jīng)【今譯】最大的學(xué)問，在于弘揚(yáng)道德，是人們革故鼎新，從而達(dá)到至善至美的理想境界。古之君子要想發(fā)揚(yáng)光大美德于天下，想要治理好自己的國家；要想治理好自己的國家；想要治理好自己的家庭；要想治理好自己的家庭，想要修養(yǎng)好自己的本身；要想修養(yǎng)好自己的本身，先端正自己的思想；要想端正自己的思想，想要使自己的意念誠實(shí)，先要獲得知識(shí)。獲得知識(shí)的目的，在于懂得事物的道理。4.3.2 The Comparison of Western and Eastern Customs 中國和英語國家送禮習(xí)俗的差異中國和英美等西方國家在什么場合，給什么人，送什么樣的禮物上有差異，而且在送禮的方式上也有不同的習(xí)俗。首先，西方人在贈(zèng)送禮物時(shí)注重禮品的包裝。買來或自制的禮物一般要用彩色禮品紙包起來，然后