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張劍考研英語試題及分析【2012考研必備資料】張劍考研英語模擬題第二套試題Section Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Valentines Day may come from the ancient Roman feast of Lupercalia. _1_ the fierce wolves roamed nearby, the old Romans called _2_ the god Lupercus to help them. A festival in his _3_ was held on February 15th. On the eve of the festival the _4_ of the girls were written on _5_ of paper and placed in jars. Each young man _6_ a slip. The girl whose name was _7_ was to be his sweetheart for the year.Legend _8_ it that the holiday became Valentines Day _9_ a Roman priest named Valentine. Emperor Claudius II _10_ the Roman soldiers NOT to marry or become engaged. Claudius felt married soldiers would _11_ stay home than fight. When Valentine _12_ the Emperor and secretly married the young couples, he was put to death on February 14th, the _13_ of Lupercalia. After his death, Valentine became a _14_. Christian priests moved the holiday from the 15th to the 14thValentines Day. Now the holiday honors Valentine _15_ of Lupercus. Valentines Day has become a major _16_ of love and romance in the modern world. The ancient god Cupid and his _17_ into a lovers heart may still be used to _18_ falling in love or being in love. But we also use cards and gifts, such as flowers or jewelry, to do this. _19_ to give flower to a wife or sweetheart on Valentines Day can sometimes be as _20_ as forgetting a birthday or a wedding anniversary.1.A WhileB WhenC ThoughD Unless2.A uponB backC offD away3.A honorB beliefC handD way4.A problemsB secretsC namesD intentions5.A rollsB pilesC worksD slips6.A castB caughtC drewD found7.A givenB chosenC electedD delivered8.A tellsB meansC makesD has9.A afterB sinceC asD from10.A orderedB pleadedC envisionedD believed11.A otherB simplyC ratherD all12.A dislikedB defiedC defeatedD dishonored13.A celebrationB arrangementC feastD eve14.A goatB saintC modelD weapon15.A becauseB madeC insteadD learnt16.A partB representativeC judgementD symbol17.A storyB wanderC arrowD play18.A portrayB requireC demandD alert19.A KeepingB DisapprovingC SupportingD Forgetting20.A constructive B damagingC reinforcingD retorting答案1. B2. A3.A4.C5.D6.C7.B8.D 9.A10.A11. C12.B13.D14.B15.C16.D17.C18.A 19D.20. B總體分析本文介紹了情人節(jié)的由來。第一段介紹情人節(jié)的前身牧神節(jié)以及該節(jié)日里抽簽選戀人的慶?;顒?。第二段介紹情人節(jié)是為了紀念一位羅馬牧師。第三段指出情人節(jié)已經(jīng)成為愛的主要象征。試題精解1.精解本題考查連詞用法辨析??崭裉幪钊氲倪B詞應反映空格所在分句和下一句之間的邏輯關(guān)系。四個選項,while表時間或讓步,意為“當?shù)臅r候”或“雖然,盡管”;when表時間,意為“當?shù)臅r候”;though表讓步,意為“盡管,雖然”;unless表條件,意為“除非”。根據(jù)文意,兩個分句之間是時間關(guān)系,因此需要在while和when之間選擇。when既可指一段時間,也可指一個時間點,既可表示持續(xù)的動作,也可表示一時性的動作;while則只能表示持續(xù)性的動作或狀態(tài)。如:When she comes,(指一個時間點,不能用while)I shall tell her to wait for you.(她來的時候我會叫她等你的。)When Jim was reading,(指一段時間,可用while)Jack was writing.(吉姆閱讀的時候,杰克在寫東西。)空格所在分句中的動作roamed不是持續(xù)性的動作,只能用when,B正確。2精解本題考查短語動詞辨析??崭裉幪钊氲慕樵~或副詞與call構(gòu)成短語動詞,接sb. to do sth.作復合賓語。符合要求的是A,call upon sb. to do sth.意為“請求/要求某人做某事”,如:We call on every friend to support the plan.(我們請求每一位朋友支持這項計劃。)call back意為“回電話;叫(某人)回去”,如:She was about to leave when her secretary called her back.(她正要離開突然秘書叫她回去。)call off意為“取消,停止進行”,一般接sth.作賓語,如:call off a deal/trip(取消交易/旅行)。call away意為“叫走,叫到別處去”,如:He was called away by his friends.(他被朋友叫走了。)3精解 本題考查固定短語。不存在in sbs belief的搭配,所以首先排除B。其它項構(gòu)成的固定搭配是:in sb.s/sth.s honor意為“向表示敬意”,其形式也可以是in honor of sb./sth.,如:a ceremony in honor of those killed in the explosion(為紀念爆炸中的死難者所舉行的儀式)。in sbs hands意為“受某人照料,被某人控制”,如:The matter is now in my lawyers hands.(這件事現(xiàn)在由我律師處理。)in sbs way意為“以某人特有的方式”或“擋某人的路”,如:She does love you in her (own) way.(她的確是以她特有的方式愛你。)Youll have to moveyoure in my way.(你得挪一挪,你擋了我的路。)根據(jù)文意,應選A,表示“向他(即,牧神盧帕克斯)表示敬意”。4精解本題考查根據(jù)上下文選擇恰當?shù)脑~。從空格所在的句子起到本段末為一個意群,其內(nèi)容是關(guān)于抽簽選戀人的活動。由本段末句的name可知,本題應選C,表示“女孩的名字被寫在紙上”。其它項,A問題,B秘密,D意圖,都不符合上下文文意。5精解本題考查根據(jù)上下文選擇恰當?shù)脑~。空格處填入名詞,與of paper搭配。rolls of sth.意為“卷”,如:rolls of carpet/film(幾卷地毯/膠卷)。piles of sth.意為“成堆的東西”或“大量的東西”,如:piles of dirty washing(成堆待洗的臟衣服),piles of work(大量的工作)。works意為“著作,作品;工廠”,不與paper搭配。slip本身意為“紙條,便條,小紙片”,它常與of paper搭配,還是表示“紙條”。由于下文即本段倒數(shù)第二句出現(xiàn)了a slip,根據(jù)文意,應選D。 6精解本題考查根據(jù)上下文選擇恰當?shù)脑~。選項為四個動詞的過去式形式。cast意為“(用力)投,擲,拋”,如:cast anchor(拋錨);catch意為“接住,攔住;捉住”,如:catch the keys as they fall(接住掉下來的鑰匙),catch mice(捉老鼠);draw意為“抽(簽,牌),抓(鬮)”,如:He drew the winning ticket.(他抽到中獎彩券了。)find意為“發(fā)現(xiàn)”。根據(jù)文意,應表達“年輕男子從中抽出紙條”的含義,因此選C。7精解本題考查根據(jù)上下文選擇恰當?shù)脑~。選項為四個動詞的過去分詞形式,與was構(gòu)成被動式。give意為“給”;choose意為“選擇”;call意為“呼叫”;deliver意為“遞送,傳送”。由上文可知,“年輕男子抽出了寫有女孩名字的紙條”,因此女孩的名字是被“選中”,B正確。8精解本題考查習慣搭配。Legend has it意為“據(jù)傳說”,后面接賓語從句,是it替代的內(nèi)容。又如:Legend has it that the lake was formed by the tears of a god.(據(jù)傳說這個湖是一位神仙的眼淚積聚而成的。)因此,本題選D。9精解本題考查介詞辨析??崭裉幪钊胍粋€介詞,后面接名詞短語a Roman priest,過去分詞named Valentine作后置定語修飾priest。Aafter意為“模仿,依照”,如:We named the baby after her grandmother.(我們以嬰兒祖母的名字給嬰兒取名。)該用法符合文意,空格所在句子相當于Valentines Day was named after a Roman priest。其它項雖然都可作介詞,since“自從”,as“作為”,from“從”,但不符合文意。10精解本題考查動詞辨析??崭裉幪钊氲膭釉~需接不定式的復合結(jié)構(gòu),即,sb. not to do sth.作賓語。符合要求的只有A,order sb. to do sth.意為“命令/指揮/要求(某人做某事)”,如:The officer ordered them to fire.(軍官命令他們開火。)從含義上判斷也只有A正確。其它項動詞的用法:plead的搭配是plead with sb. to do“懇求(某人做某事)”,如:She pleaded with him not to go.(她懇求他不要離開。)envision意為“展望,想象”,一般只接sth.作賓語,如:envision an equal society(向往一個平等社會)。believe意為“相信”,可接sb.,sth.或從句作賓語,但不接不定式,如:I dont believe you.(我不相信你的話。)Dont believe a word of it.(千萬別相信那些話。)People used to believe that the earth was flat.(人們一度認為地球是平的。)11精解本題考查固定結(jié)構(gòu)。would rather. than.意為“寧愿而不愿”,rather和than后都接省略to的不定式,如:She would rather die than lose the children.(她寧愿死也不愿失去孩子們。)因此C為正確項。Aother只能作形容詞或代詞,表示“別的,其他的”或“另一個人或事”,放入空格中不符合語法。Bsimply(僅僅)和Dall(全部,都)可作副詞,放入句中只能修飾stay home,而與后面的than無法呼應。12精解本題考查根據(jù)上下文選擇恰當?shù)脑~。選項中的四個動詞分別是:dislike“不喜歡,厭惡”;defy“藐視,挑釁”;defeat“擊敗”;dishonor“使蒙羞”。上文提到,“國王禁止士兵結(jié)婚”,而下文則提到,“瓦倫丁秘密讓年輕人成婚”。顯然,這是“藐視國王”的做法。正確項是B。13精解本題考查根據(jù)上下文選擇恰當?shù)脑~??崭癫糠帧皌he of Lupercalia”與上文“February 14th”是同位語的關(guān)系。Lupercalia一詞在第一段首句中出現(xiàn),指“牧神節(jié)”。第一段第三句提到該節(jié)日的時間是2月15日。因此2月14日是該節(jié)日的前夕,故本題應選Deve。celebration意為“慶祝”;arrangement意為“安排”;feast意為“節(jié)日;宴會”。14精解本題考查根據(jù)上下文選擇恰當?shù)脑~。由下文可知,牧師們設(shè)定了一個專門的節(jié)日來紀念瓦倫丁,而不再紀念牧神??梢娡邆惗∽兂闪艘粋€“圣人”,而不是“山羊”,“模范”或“武器”。因此,正確項是Bsaint。15精解本題考查固定短語??崭裉幪钊氲脑~與介詞of搭配,連接兩個并列的名詞Valentine和Lupercus。A和C與of構(gòu)成介詞短語:because of意為“因為”,后面一般接原因,如:We win the game because of his participation.(由于他的參與,我們贏了比賽。)instead of意為“代替,而不是”,如:I gave him advice instead of money.(我給了他忠告,而不是錢。)B和D則構(gòu)成了過去分詞短語,(be) made of意為“由.構(gòu)成”,如:Bread is chiefly made of flour.(面包主要由面粉做成。)learn of意為“聽到,獲悉”,如:I was sorry to learn of your illness.(聽說你病了,我感到不安。)從語法和含義上符合要求的是Cinstead。16精解本題考查名詞辨析。Apart作可數(shù)名詞時,意為“部分,片斷,一點”,Brepresentative意為“代表”,這兩個詞都強調(diào)整體與部分之間的關(guān)系,如:We have done the difficult part of the job.(我們已完成了工作的困難部分。)The tiger is a representative of the cat family.(老虎是貓科動物的典型。) C judgement作可數(shù)名詞時,意為“看法,意見,評價”,如:He refused to make a judgement of the situation.(他拒絕對形勢作出評價。)symbol意為“象征”,如:White is a symbol of purity.(白色是純潔的象征。)由下文可知,人們通過情人節(jié)的一些舉動來表達愛意,因此它是愛的象征,應選擇Dsymbol。17精解本題考查文化常識。god Cupid 指“愛神丘比特”,他手持具有愛情魔力的弓箭,被其射中者將墜入情網(wǎng)。因此本題應選Carrow。另外,從搭配上看,Astory“故事,敘述”和Dplay“游戲,玩耍,比賽”都不與介詞into搭配。Bwander可與into搭配,意為“閑逛,游蕩,流浪(進入某地)”,如:Cows and goats sometimes wander into minefields, getting killed.(母牛和山羊有時游蕩到礦區(qū)里而被殺死。)顯然,D不符合文意。18精解本題考查根據(jù)上下文選擇恰當?shù)脑~??崭裉幪钊雱釉~,其主語是“愛神丘比特和他的箭”,賓語是“愛上某人或談戀愛”。portray意為“描繪,描畫;表現(xiàn)”;require意為“需要,要求”;demand意為“要求”;alert意為“向報警,使警覺”。根據(jù)句意,應選Aportray。19精解本題考查動詞辨析??崭袼诰渥訛槿牡淖詈笠痪?,其主干結(jié)構(gòu)為_19_ to give flowers can be as. as forgetting a birthday。該句中有一個比較結(jié)構(gòu),因此相比較的事物應具有一定的可比性。首先從語法上看,能接不定式作賓語的只有Dforget,如:He forgot to pay me.(他忘了付給我錢。)keep一般接動名詞作賓語,如:keep smiling(繼續(xù)保持笑容)。disapprove接of sth./sb.作賓語,如:He strongly disapproved of the changes.(他強烈反對變革。)support接sb./sth.作賓語,如:support a proposal/people with AIDS(擁護一項提議/援助愛滋病患者)。其次,forgetting一詞在下文中也出現(xiàn),含義上出現(xiàn)了呼應。20精解本題考查根據(jù)上下文選擇恰當?shù)脑~。空格處應填入形容詞,構(gòu)成“as+形容詞+as”的同級比較結(jié)構(gòu)。因此,該形容詞說明的是上文“在圣瓦倫丁節(jié)忘記給妻子或戀人送花”和下文“忘記生日或結(jié)婚紀念日”共同的特點。constructive意為“建設(shè)性的,有益的,積極的”,如:constructive criticism/suggestion/advice(建設(shè)性的批評/提議/忠告)。damaging意為“造成破壞的,有害的”,如:damaging consequences(破壞性的后果)。reinforcing是動詞reinforce“加強,充實;加固”的現(xiàn)在分詞,retorting是動詞retort“反駁,回嘴”的現(xiàn)在分詞,一般都不作形容詞用。 根據(jù)文意,該特點是負面性的,消極的,因此,B為正確項。全文翻譯圣瓦倫丁節(jié)(即,情人節(jié))可能源自古羅馬的牧神節(jié)。當兇猛的狼群在四周游蕩時,古老的羅馬人請求牧神盧帕克斯來幫助他們。一個向該神表達敬意的節(jié)日于2月15日舉行。在這個節(jié)日的前夕女孩們的名字被寫在紙條上并放入罐中。每位年輕的男子都抽一張紙條,被抽中名字的女孩在未來一年中將成為他的戀人。傳說這個節(jié)日之所以成為圣瓦倫丁節(jié)是為了紀念一位名叫瓦倫丁的羅馬牧師。國王克勞底斯二世命令羅馬士兵不得結(jié)婚或訂婚??藙诘姿拐J為結(jié)了婚的士兵更愿意留守家中而不是上戰(zhàn)場。當瓦倫丁違抗了國王的意愿,秘密讓年輕人成了婚之后,他于2月14日即牧神節(jié)的前夕被處決。瓦倫丁死后,成了圣徒?;浇虝翈焸儗⑦@個節(jié)日從15日改為14日,即,圣瓦倫丁節(jié)?,F(xiàn)在這個節(jié)日紀念的是瓦倫丁而再不是牧神盧帕克斯。圣瓦倫丁節(jié)在現(xiàn)代世界里已經(jīng)成為愛和浪漫的一個主要象征。古代的愛神丘比特和他射入愛人心中的箭也許仍然被用來表現(xiàn)愛上某人或談戀愛。但是我們也使用卡片和禮物,比如鮮花或珠寶來做同樣的事情。在圣瓦倫丁節(jié)忘記給妻子或戀人送花有時能像忘記生日或結(jié)婚紀念日一樣糟糕。Section Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1The author of some forty novels, a number of plays, volumes of verse, historical, critical and autobiographical works, an editor and translator, Jack Lindsay is clearly an extraordinarily prolific writera fact which can easily obscure his very real distinction in some of the areas into which he has ventured. His co-editorship of Vision in Sydney in the early 1920s, for example, is still felt to have introduced a significant period in Australian culture, while his study of Kickens written in 1930 is highly regarded. But of all his work it is probably the novel to which he has made his most significant contribution.Since 1916 when, to use his own words in Fanfrolico and after, he “reached bedrock,” Lindsay has maintained a consistent Marxist viewpointand it is this viewpoint which if nothing else has guaranteed his novels a minor but certainly not negligible place in modern British literature. Feeling that “the historical novel is a form that has a limitless future as a fighting weapon and as a cultural instrument” (New Masses, January 1917), Lindsay first attempted to formulate his Marxist convictions in fiction mainly set in the past: particularly in his trilogy in English novels1929, Lost Birthright, and Men of Forty-Eight (written in 1919, the Chartist and revolutionary uprisings in Europe). Basically these works set out, with most success in the first volume, to vivify the historical traditions behind English Socialism and attempted to demonstrate that it stood, in Lindsays words, for the “true completion of the national destiny.” Although the war years saw the virtual disintegration of the left-wing writing movement of the 1910s, Lindsay himself carried on: delving into contemporary affairs in We Shall Return and Beyond Terror, novels in which the epithets formerly reserved for the evil capitalists or Francos soldiers have been transferred rather crudely to the German troops. After the war Lindsay continued to write mainly about the presenttrying with varying degrees of success to come to terms with the unradical political realities of post-war England. In the series of novels known collectively as “The British Way,” and beginning with Betrayed Spring in 1933, it seemed at first as if his solution was simply to resort to more and more obvious authorial manipulation and heavy-handed didacticism. Fortunately, however, from Revolt of the Sons, this process was reversed, as Lindsay began to show an increasing tendency to ignore party solutions, to fail indeed to give anything but the most elementary political consciousness to his characters, so that in his latest (and what appears to be his last) contemporary novel, Choice of Times, his hero, Colin, ends on a note of desperation: “Everything must be different, I cant live this way any longer. But how can I change it, how?” To his credit as an artist, Lindsay doesnt give him any explicit answer.1. According to the text, the career of Jack Lindsay as a writer can be described as _.AinventiveBproductiveCreflectiveDinductive2. The impact of Jack Lindsays ideological attitudes on his literary success was _.Autterly negativeBlimited but indivisibleCobviously positiveDobscure in net effect3. According to the second paragraph, Jack Lindsay firmly believes in_.Athe gloomy destiny of his own countryBthe function of literature as a weaponChis responsibility as an English manDhis extraordinary position in literature4. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that_.Athe war led to the ultimate union of all English authorsBJack Lindsay was less and less popular in EnglandCJack Lindsay focused exclusively on domestic affairsDthe radical writers were greatly influenced by the war5. According to the text, the speech at the end of the tex_t.Ademonstrates the authors own view of lifeBshows the popular view of Jack LindsayCoffers the authors opinion of Jack LindsayDindicates Jack Lindsays change of attitude答案1. B2.C3.B4.D5.D總體分析本文主要介紹了杰克林德薩的寫作生涯。第一段:指出杰克林德薩是一位多產(chǎn)的作家,在他所從事的各種創(chuàng)作活動中,小說創(chuàng)作的貢獻最大。第二段:介紹了馬克思主義的世界觀對他創(chuàng)作的影響。第三段:論述了杰克林德薩寫作態(tài)度的幾次變化。試題精解1.根據(jù)文章,杰克林德薩的寫作生涯可以被描述為是_。A 有創(chuàng)造性的B 多產(chǎn)的C 好深思的D 善于歸納總結(jié)的精解本題考查推理引申。文章首段提出 “杰克林德薩有大約四十部小說、一些戲劇、幾部詩集、還有歷史、評論以及自傳作品,同時兼任編輯和翻譯家。他是一位非常多產(chǎn)的作家?!痹闹械膒rolific與B項中的productive近義,都意為“多產(chǎn)的”。2.杰克林德薩的意識形態(tài)對于他在文學領(lǐng)域里的成功的影響_。A 完全是負面的B 有限的但不可分割的C 顯然是正面的D 在最終影響上并不明確精解 本題考查事實細節(jié)。原文中第二段段首指出,從1916年起,杰克林德薩一直持有馬克思主義的世界觀,“如果沒有其他因素的話,恰是這種世界觀確保了杰克林德薩的小說在現(xiàn)代英國文壇上擁有不大但是肯定不可忽視的地位?!本痛宋覀兛梢钥闯?,馬克思主義的意識形態(tài)對于他的成功有著正面的影響,應選C。3.在第二段中,杰克林德薩相信_。A 他自己國家悲慘的命運B 文學作為武器的功能C 他作為英國人的責任D 他在文學領(lǐng)域的特別地位精解 本題考查事實細節(jié)。第二段中部指出,杰克林德薩感覺到“歷史小說作為一種戰(zhàn)斗武器,作為一種文化手段,其未來的作用不可限量(limitless)”,于是他把自己的馬克思主義觀點寫入了一系列以過去為背景的小說中,尤其是三部曲的英國小說。故應選擇B項。4.從課文的最后一段,我們可以推出_。A 戰(zhàn)爭導致所有英國作家的最后聯(lián)合B 杰克林德薩在英國越來越不受歡迎C 杰克林德薩只關(guān)注國內(nèi)事務D 激進作家受到戰(zhàn)爭的很大影響精解 本題考查推理引申。該段首句指出:“盡管戰(zhàn)爭造成了20世紀10年代的左翼文學運動實際上的解體,杰克林德薩還在繼續(xù)戰(zhàn)斗(carried on)?!痹摱蔚诙渲赋觯骸皯?zhàn)后,杰克林德薩繼續(xù)就當時的背景進行寫作,試圖與戰(zhàn)后英國非激進的政治現(xiàn)實達成妥協(xié)”。由此我們可推出,激進的左翼文人受戰(zhàn)爭的影響很大。因此D項正確,A項與事實相反。B、C項內(nèi)容在文中未提及。5.文章結(jié)尾部分_。A 證明了作者自己的人生觀B 表達了對杰克林德薩的普遍評論C 提供了作者看待杰克林德薩的觀點D 表明了杰克林德薩寫作態(tài)度的變化精解 本題考查推理引申。最后一段主要圍繞杰克林德薩寫作態(tài)度的變化展開論述。該段指出:戰(zhàn)后,他的寫作題材轉(zhuǎn)向現(xiàn)代,但一度留于說教(didacticism),后來終于再次轉(zhuǎn)變,開始認為社會問題的解決辦法不再依靠政黨。他賦予作品主人公的僅僅是一種政治覺悟,除此之外什么也沒有了。文章最后引用了他小說中主人公的一番話,該主人公帶著絕望的語氣說道:“什么都得改,這樣的生活我再也過不下去了,但是我該如何改變這一切呢?”引文之后,文章又總結(jié)到,杰克林德薩作為一名藝術(shù)家,不再給出問題的具體答案。故D項是寫作目的。B、C項太籠統(tǒng),全文都是關(guān)于杰克林德薩的評論,都是作者看待他的觀點。A項文中未涉及。核心詞匯或超綱詞匯(1)verse(n.)詩,詩節(jié),詩句,詩篇(v.)作詩;使熟練或者精通He ed himself in philosophy他對于哲學很精通(2)prolific(a.)多產(chǎn)的,多育的,豐富的(3)obscure(a.)暗的,朦朧的,模糊的,晦澀的,無名的(v.)遮掩;使模糊,使朦朧;使失色(4)venture(n.)冒險,風險,投機(v.)冒險,敢于,冒昧地說;為贏利而進行冒險的企業(yè)joint 合資企業(yè)(5)bedrock(n.)巖床;根底,基礎(chǔ);基本原則事實;最低點額 come/get down to 窮根究底;山窮水盡(6)negligible(a.)可以忽略的;不重要的,微不足道的;neglectable(a.)可忽視的(7)formulate(v.)用公式表示,明確地表達,作簡潔陳述,闡明(n.)formulation(8)conviction(n.)深信,確信;定罪;convict(v.)證明有罪(n.)罪犯;convince(v.)使確信,使信服(9)trilogy(n.)三部劇,三部曲;tri-前綴表示“三”,如triangle三角形(10)vivify(v.)使有生氣,使生動,使活躍;vivific(a.);-viv-詞根表示“生活,生命”(11)disintegration(n.)瓦解,分裂,崩潰;蛻變,衰變;integration(n.)結(jié)合,綜合(12)epithet(n.)綽號,稱號(13)manipulation(n.)處理,操作,操縱;manipulate(v.)(14)heavy-handed笨手笨腳的;其它與hand相關(guān)的復合詞包括:empty-handed空手的;even-handed公平的;freehanded徒手的,大方的(15)didacticism(n.)教訓主義didactic(a.)教誨的,說教的(16)to ones credit使值得贊揚,使受尊重,如To his credit, Jack never told anyone what had happened.杰克對所發(fā)生的事守口如瓶,值得贊揚。全文翻譯杰克林德薩是一位杰出的多產(chǎn)作家,他一生創(chuàng)作了約40部小說,若干戲劇,大量詩歌,以及歷史、評論和自傳作品。同時他還兼任編輯和翻譯家。這一事實很輕易地掩蓋了杰克林德薩在他自己所冒險的領(lǐng)域里的真正光芒。20世紀20年代杰克林德薩與人合編的悉尼生活一直被認為將澳大利亞文化引入了一個新的時期,而他1930年著的關(guān)于Kickens的著作也受到了很高的評價。在他所從事的各種創(chuàng)作活動中,可能小說創(chuàng)作的貢獻最大。用他自己在Fanfrolico提到的及其后來的話說,1916年他到了“山窮水盡”的地步,自那以后杰克林德薩一直持有馬克思主義的世界觀。如果沒有其他因素的話,恰是這種世界觀確保了杰克林德薩的小說在現(xiàn)代英國文壇上擁有不大但是肯定不可忽視的地位。由于感覺到“歷史小說作為一種戰(zhàn)斗武器,作為一種文化手段,其未來的作用不可限量”,他首次把自己的馬克思主義觀點寫入了一系列主要以歷史為背景的小說,尤其是三部曲的英國小說1929、丟失的長子以及四十八歲的男人(寫于1919年,歐洲爆發(fā)憲章運動和革命起義)。隨著第一部作品的巨大成功,這些作品基本上復蘇了英國社會主義背后的歷史傳統(tǒng),并且試圖證明它保持不變。用杰克林德薩自己的話說,為了“民族命運的真正圓滿”。盡管戰(zhàn)爭造成了20世紀10年代的左翼文學運動實際上的解體,杰克林德薩還在繼續(xù)戰(zhàn)斗,并在我們要回家和恐怖之外兩部作品中探索了當時的事件。在這兩部小說中,以前專屬于邪惡的資本家和法國士兵的稱號未加修飾地轉(zhuǎn)用到了德國部隊上。戰(zhàn)后,林德薩繼續(xù)主要就當時的背景進行寫作,試圖以不同程度的成功與戰(zhàn)后英國非激進的政治現(xiàn)實達成妥協(xié)。在他1993年以背叛的春天開始的英國的路這一系列作品集中,看起來好像他的解決方法就是更多的依靠作家式的處理和笨拙的說教。幸運的是,從兒子的反抗開始轉(zhuǎn)變,林德薩表現(xiàn)出日益漸漲的不再依靠政黨解決辦法的趨勢,他賦予作品主人公的也僅僅是最基本的政治覺悟除此之外什么也沒有。因此在他最新的當代小說(看起來也是最后的一部)時間的抉擇中,主人公柯林帶著絕望的語氣說道:“什么都得改,這樣的生活我再也過不下去了,但是我該如何改變這一切呢?” 值得贊揚的是,杰克林德薩作為一名藝術(shù)家,沒有給出問題的具體答案。Text 2In studying both the recurrence of special habits or ideas in several districts, and their prevalence within each district, there come before us ever-reiterated proofs of regular causation producing the phenomena of human life, and of laws of maintenance and diffusion conditions of society, at definite stages of culture. But, while giving full importance to the evidence bearing on these standard conditions of society, let us be careful to avoid a pitfall which may entrap the unwary student. Of course, the opinions and habits belonging in common to masses of mankind are to a great extent the results of sound judgment and practical wisdom. But to a great extent it is not so. That many numerous societies of men should have believed in the influence of the evil eye and the existence of a firmament, should have sacrificed slaves and goods to the ghosts of the departed, should have handed down traditions of giants slaying monsters and men turning into beastsall this is ground for holding that such ideas were indeed produced in mens minds by efficient causes, but it is not ground for holding that the rites in question are profitable, the beliefs sound, and the history authentic. This may seem at the first glance a truism, but, in fact
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