雅思閱讀材料之知道終生收入的老員工更幸福.docx

智課網(wǎng)IELTS備考資料雅思閱讀材料之知道終生收入的老員工更幸福 出國英語考試有哪些 雅思6.5是什么水平 雅思閱讀評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 托福閱讀評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 雅思和托福的區(qū)別 KNOWING that you are paid less than your peers has two effects on happiness. The well-known one is negative: a thinner pay packet harms self-esteem. The lesser-known one is called the “tunnel” effect: high incomes for peers are seen as improving your own chances of similar riches, especially if growth, inequality and mobility are high. 眾所周知，比同事的薪水少這一事實(shí)，對(duì)自己的幸福感會(huì)產(chǎn)生兩種效應(yīng)。大部分人知道的是負(fù)面效應(yīng)：較少的薪水會(huì)傷害人的自尊心。此外還有一個(gè)較少人知道的另一個(gè)效應(yīng)被稱為“隧道效應(yīng)”：高薪水的同事會(huì)讓你有動(dòng)力去爭(zhēng)取機(jī)會(huì)拿到同樣的薪水，特別是處于公司成長性、工資差異和人員流動(dòng)性較高的環(huán)境。 A paper co-authored by Felix FitzRoy of the University of St Andrews and presented this week at the Royal Economic Society in Cambridge separates the two effects using data from household surveys in Germany. Previous work showed that the income of others can have a small, or even positive, overall effect on peoples satisfaction in individual firms in Denmark or in very dynamic economies in transition, such as post-communist eastern Europe. But Mr FitzRoys team theorised that older workers, who largely know their lifetime incomes already, will enjoy a much smaller tunnel effect. 圣安德魯斯大學(xué)的菲茨.羅伊斯（Felix FitzRoy）與人合著了一篇論文，通過研究對(duì)德國家庭調(diào)查獲得的數(shù)據(jù)以區(qū)分這兩種效應(yīng)。這篇論文于這周在劍橋舉辦的皇家經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)會(huì)上首次亮相。先前的研究表明，在丹麥或者轉(zhuǎn)型中的新興的經(jīng)濟(jì)體國家（如后共產(chǎn)主義的東歐國家）的個(gè)體企業(yè)，其他同事的收入能使人們對(duì)所在公司的滿意度產(chǎn)生較少甚至正面的效應(yīng)。但是菲茨.羅伊斯研究團(tuán)隊(duì)的理論認(rèn)為，對(duì)于那些已經(jīng)基本上知道自己終身收入的老員工，隧道效應(yīng)則要小很多。 The data confirm this hypothesis. The negative effect on reported levels of happiness of being paid less than your peers is not visible for people aged under 45. In western Germany, seeing peers incomes rising actually makes young people happier (even more than a rise in their own incomes, remarkably). It is only those people over 45, when careers have “reached a stable position”, whose happiness is harmed by the success of others. 調(diào)查的數(shù)據(jù)證實(shí)了這個(gè)假設(shè)。對(duì)于那些45歲以下的員工，比同事的薪水少所帶來的負(fù)面影響并不明顯。在西德，看到同事的收入增長實(shí)際上使年青人更快樂，即使同事收入的增長比自己要快很多。只有那些處于事業(yè)穩(wěn)定期的45歲以上的員工，其幸福感會(huì)因?yàn)樗说某晒Χ軗p。 The prospect of 20-plus years of bitterness might make retirement seem more appealing. But the real gains in happiness from retirement go not to the outshone, but to the out-of-work. Unemployment is known to damage happiness because not working falls short of social expectations. This loss of identity cannot be compensated for by unemployment benefits or increased leisure time. A paper presented at the same conference by a team represented by Clemens Hetschko of Freie Universitt Berlin uses the same German household data to show that the spirits of the long-term unemployed rise when they stop looking for work, go into retirement and no longer clash with social norms. 與擺在面前的20多年的辛苦工作相比，退休顯得更吸引人。但是退休帶來的真正幸福感在于停止工作而不在于優(yōu)勝。沒有工作的人未能達(dá)到社會(huì)的期望，使得失業(yè)將有損幸福感。這種身份的損失不是失業(yè)補(bǔ)助或更多的閑暇時(shí)間能夠彌補(bǔ)的。Freie大學(xué)的Clemens Hetschko 與其研究團(tuán)隊(duì)在同樣的會(huì)議上也發(fā)表了一篇論文。他們通過對(duì)同樣的德國家庭數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行研究表明，當(dāng)長期失業(yè)的人們停止尋找工作步入退休后，將不再與社會(huì)規(guī)范沖突，他們的精神狀態(tài)有所提高。注 Those with jobs are no happier after they retire, however, perhaps because their lives already line up with social expectations. Indeed, retiring early from work can have nasty side-effects. Another paper, co-authored by Andreas Kuhn of the University of Zurich, investigates the effect of a change in Austrian employment-insurance rules that allowed blue-collar workers earlier retirement in some regions than others. Men retiring a year early lower their odds of surviving to age 67 by 13%. Almost a third of this higher mortality rate, which seemed to be concentrated among those who were forced into retirement by job loss, was caused by smoking and alcohol consumption. If youre in a job, even an underpaid one, hang on in there. 那些有工作的人退休后并沒有更快樂，可能是因?yàn)樗麄兊纳钜呀?jīng)和社會(huì)期望一致。實(shí)際上，過早的退休會(huì)產(chǎn)生令人討厭的副作用。另一篇論文，由蘇黎世大學(xué)的Andreas Kuhn與人合著，研究了奧地利的就業(yè)保障法的變更帶來的效應(yīng)，這一法律允許某些地區(qū)的藍(lán)領(lǐng)工人可以更早退休。與其他的人相比，過早退休的人存活到67歲的幾率降低了13%。更高的死亡率中大約有1/3的因素是由于吸煙和酗酒導(dǎo)致，集中在那些因?yàn)槭I(yè)而被迫退休的人。如果你在工作中，即使薪水較低，也要堅(jiān)持下去不要過早退休。 注 “social norms” 在之前并未提及，這里應(yīng)指” the norm that they are expected to work “, 相當(dāng)于文中的 ”social expectations”. Clemens Hetschko的論文 Changing Identity Retiring from Unemployment中有其具體闡述，如下： A persons utility does not only depend on individualistic consumption of material goods and leisure but is also influenced by how well a person conforms to the norms and ideals of the social category she belongs to. Applying identity theory to the relationship between unemployment and life satisfaction implies that unemployed people are not only dissatisfied with their life because they have lower incomes, but also because they deviate from the norms of their social category under which they are expected to work. This explains the inability of the long-term unemployed to adapt to unemployment: they do not give up regarding employment as part of the social norm they strive to fulfill. Since they continuously deviate from this norm, the long-term unemployed get low recognition from others, often become negatively stereotyped, and experience social isolation and stigmatization, which