土木工程的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀與未來(lái)發(fā)展趨勢(shì).doc

土木工程的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀與未來(lái)發(fā)展趨勢(shì)The present situation and the future development tendency of the development of civil engineering土木工程學(xué)院 土木9班 李佳祥摘要現(xiàn)代土木工程發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀可以從以下幾個(gè)方面論述：土木工程材料，功能要求多樣化，城市建設(shè)立體化，交通工程快速化，工程設(shè)施大型化，隨著科技的迅猛發(fā)展，土木也面臨著各種挑戰(zhàn)與機(jī)遇，因此，為了跟上時(shí)代的步伐，土木工程未來(lái)發(fā)展趨勢(shì)也將從幾個(gè)方面進(jìn)行：重大工程項(xiàng)目獎(jiǎng)陸續(xù)興起；土木工程將向太空、海洋、荒漠開拓；工程材料向輕質(zhì)，高強(qiáng)，多功能化發(fā)展；設(shè)計(jì)方法精確化，設(shè)計(jì)工作自動(dòng)化；信息和智能化技術(shù)全面引入土木工程，還有土木工程的可持續(xù)發(fā)展等等。abstract the current situation of the development of modern civil engineering can be discussed from the following aspects: civil engineering materials, functional requirement diversification, three-dimensional urban construction, traffic engineering, rapidness, large-scale engineering facilities, with the rapid development of science and technology, civil is faced with various challenges and opportunities, therefore, in order to keep up with the pace of The Times, the future development trend of civil engineering, will from several aspects: major engineering project prize gradually rise; Civil engineering will be into space, sea, desert development; Engineering materials to lightweight, high strength, multi-functional development; Design method of high-precision, automated design work; Information and intelligent technology comprehensive introduction of civil engineering, and the sustainable development of civil engineering and so on.關(guān)鍵詞土木工程材料 發(fā)展趨勢(shì) 多功能 可持續(xù)發(fā)展 智能化 立體化key words development trend of civil engineering materials Multi-functional intelligent three-dimensional sustainable development一、 目前土木工程的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀First, the present situation of civil engineering1、在土木工程材料方面，從早期使用的磚、瓦、砂、石、灰、木材到近代使用鋼材，水泥，混凝土，直到現(xiàn)代的高強(qiáng)度混凝土（高強(qiáng)度就是增加混凝土的密實(shí)性，最常用的方法就是用極細(xì)的活性顆粒滲入混凝土，使它們?cè)谒酀{中的細(xì)微孔隙中水化，減少和填充混凝土的毛細(xì)孔，達(dá)到增密和增強(qiáng)的作用。）、高性能混凝土（超高的強(qiáng)度、低滲透性、良好的結(jié)構(gòu)性能、優(yōu)越的耐久性、可觀的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益、環(huán)保性，有關(guān)常規(guī)的混凝土物理，力學(xué)性能指標(biāo)亦要根據(jù)不同的使用要求而有所提高或改善。）、纖維混凝土（在混凝土加入合成材料纖維絲成鋼纖維，是由纖維和水泥基料，如水泥石，砂漿成混凝土，組合的復(fù)合材料的統(tǒng)稱），纖維混凝土能增強(qiáng)塑性混凝土的抗拉能力，顯著降低其塑性流動(dòng)和收縮微裂紋。這種減少或消除塑性裂紋使混凝土獲得其最佳的長(zhǎng)期整體性。這些纖維呈各向均勻地分布于整個(gè)混凝土，使混凝土得到輔助的加強(qiáng)，以防止收縮裂縫。在隨處都有纖維的混凝土中，亦可最大限度地減少在受力狀態(tài)下混凝土可能出現(xiàn)裂縫的寬度和長(zhǎng)度。In terms of civil engineering materials, from the early use of brick, tile, sand, stone, wood, ash and modern to use steel, cement, concrete, until the modern high strength concrete (high strength is to increase the compactness of concrete, the activity of the most commonly used method is to use very fine particles penetrate into concrete, and make them in tiny pore in the cement hydration, reduce the wool stoma and filling concrete, to increase and enhance the role of.) , high performance concrete (ultra high strength, low permeability, good structural performance, superior durability, considerable economic benefit, environmental protection, the conventional concrete physical and mechanical performance index is also according to different application requirements and improve or improve.) , fiber reinforced concrete (synthetic fibers to produce fiber in concrete, is made up of fiber and cement binders, debris such as water, mortar into concrete, the combination of the composites is a general designation), fiber reinforced concrete can enhance plastic concrete tensile ability, significantly reduce the plastic flow and shrink tiny crack. To reduce or eliminate the plastic concrete cracks get the best long-term integrity. These fibers were to evenly distributed in the concrete, the concrete for the strengthening of auxiliary, in order to prevent shrinkage crack. In fiber concrete are everywhere, also can minimize the stress state of concrete may crack width and length.綠色建材（綠色建材指在原料采取、產(chǎn)品制造、使用或者再循環(huán)以及廢料處理等環(huán)節(jié)中對(duì)地球環(huán)境負(fù)荷最少和有利于人類健康的材料。綠色建材的基本特征是：建材生產(chǎn)盡量少用天然資源，大量使用尾礦、廢渣、垃圾等廢棄物；采用低能耗，無(wú)污染環(huán)境的生產(chǎn)技術(shù)。）其成果有以粉煤灰、空心磚、以磷石膏，脫硫石膏等等。Green building materials, green building materials in raw materials, product manufacture, use or recycling and waste disposal in the earths environment load at least and material is conducive to human health. The basic characteristics of green building materials are: building materials production as far as possible use of natural resources, extensive use of tailings, slag, garbage and other wastes; with low energy consumption, pollution-free production technology environment.) The results with fly ash, hollow brick, with phosphogypsum, desulfurization gypsum, etc.2、除了在材料方面要求更高以外，在土木工程功能方面要求更加多樣化，城市建設(shè)更加立體化，像城市為了解決交通方面問題，光靠傳統(tǒng)的地面交通已經(jīng)無(wú)能為力，于是一方面修建地下交通網(wǎng)，另一方面又修建高架公路網(wǎng)或軌道交通，隨著地下鐵道的興建，地下商業(yè)街、地下停車場(chǎng)、地下倉(cāng)庫(kù)、地下工廠、地下旅館等也陸續(xù)發(fā)展起來(lái)。而高架道路的造價(jià)比地下鐵道要經(jīng)濟(jì)得多，因而大中城市紛紛建設(shè)高架公路、高架軌道交通。高架道路與城市立交橋的興建不僅緩解了城市交通問題，而且還為城市的面積增添了風(fēng)采?，F(xiàn)代化城市建設(shè)在地面、空中、地下同時(shí)展開，形成了立體化發(fā)展的局面。In addition to the more demanding in terms of material, in the aspect of civil engineering function requires more diversified, more three-dimensional urban construction, like the city in order to solve the traffic problems, on the ground of the traditional traffic has been powerless, and so on the one hand, to build underground transportation network, building of road or rail transit again on the other hand, with the construction of the underground railroad, the underground mall, underground parking, underground warehouse, factory, underground hotel etc were established. And elevated road cost much more than the underground economy, and large and medium-sized cities have elevated road and elevated rail transit construction. Elevated road and the construction of the city overpass not only alleviate the urban traffic problem, but also added style for the area of the city. Modern urban construction at the same time in the air, ground and underground, formed the situation of the development of three-dimensional.3、同時(shí)工程設(shè)施大型化，即為了滿足能源、交通、環(huán)保、及大眾公共活動(dòng)的需要，許多大型的土木工在第二次世界打大戰(zhàn)以后陸續(xù)建成并投入使用。（如在拱橋方面，南斯拉夫克二號(hào)混凝土拱橋跨度達(dá)390m，中國(guó)黃河的江界河混凝土拱橋跨度330m，在隧道方面，近代開鑿了許多穿過(guò)大山或越過(guò)大江、海峽的通道。在高層建筑方面有上海金茂大廈，上海環(huán)球金融中心大廈，還有海上采油平臺(tái)，核電站等。總之在現(xiàn)代土木工程中，我國(guó)近20年來(lái)取得了舉世矚目成就，雖然只是開始，但是隨著祖國(guó)科技的不斷發(fā)展，在未來(lái)土木方面將會(huì)越走越遠(yuǎn)。Large-scale engineering facilities, at the same time, in order to meet the energy, transportation, environmental protection, and the needs of the mass public activities, many large soil carpenter in the second world war are built and put into use in the future. (e.g., in terms of the arch, Yugoslavia, concrete arch bridge span of 390 m 2, Chinas Yellow River forms a natural boundary concrete arch bridge span 330 m, in tunnel, modern digging through the mountains, or across the river, the strait channel. In high-rise building Shanghai jinmao tower, Shanghai world financial center building, and offshore oil platforms, power plant, etc. In short in the modern civil engineering, has made remarkable achievements in the past 20 years in our country, although only the beginning, but with the continuous development of science and technology of the motherland, civil aspects in the future will be more walk more far.二、土木工程未來(lái)發(fā)展趨勢(shì)the civil engineering development trend in the future隨著世界的變革與科技的不斷發(fā)展，土木工程也面臨著重大挑戰(zhàn)，如世界正經(jīng)歷工業(yè)革命以來(lái)又一次重大變革，這便是信息（包括計(jì)算機(jī)、通信、網(wǎng)絡(luò)等）工業(yè)的迅猛發(fā)展，可以預(yù)計(jì)人類的生產(chǎn)、生活方式將會(huì)發(fā)生重大變化。還有航空航天事業(yè)的發(fā)展，地球人口激增，資源短缺，人類生存受到威脅，生態(tài)環(huán)境受到嚴(yán)重破壞。因此為了人類能有一個(gè)舒適的生存環(huán)境，適應(yīng)世界的潮流與發(fā)展，土木工程在未來(lái)發(fā)展趨勢(shì)將從以下方面進(jìn)行：1、重大工程項(xiàng)目將陸續(xù)興建。Major projects will be built在高速公路方面；了解決城市土地供求矛盾，城市建設(shè)將向高、深方向發(fā)展。同時(shí)不僅要筑路，且有多座大橋或隧道要建設(shè)；在港口工程方面，在中國(guó)加入WTO以后港口的發(fā)展帶來(lái)了極大的機(jī)遇與空間，也帶來(lái)了巨大的壓力與挑戰(zhàn)。中國(guó)港口成為世界集裝箱運(yùn)輸港口中發(fā)展最快、建設(shè)規(guī)模最大的港口群，港口碼頭專業(yè)化、大型化，航道深水化的發(fā)展更加迅猛，促使我國(guó)大力開辟深水航道和開挖深水港池，大量建設(shè)深水泊位，結(jié)合港口疏浚吹填造陸，使軟基加固技術(shù)得到發(fā)展，碼頭結(jié)構(gòu)向構(gòu)件大型化，結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單化方向發(fā)展，碼頭裝卸設(shè)備向大型化，高效率和專業(yè)化方向發(fā)展，電子計(jì)算機(jī)和其他先進(jìn)技術(shù)在港口勘測(cè)，設(shè)計(jì)、施工和經(jīng)營(yíng)管理等方面日益廣泛應(yīng)用，在波浪預(yù)報(bào)、波浪理論和不規(guī)則波浪作用力的研究，泥沙淤積研究及模型試驗(yàn)，防波堤人工塊體的研究等方面，都將大力發(fā)展。2、土木工程項(xiàng)目將向太空、海洋、荒漠地開拓。Civil engineering projects will develop into space, oceans, desertification現(xiàn)在陸地上土地太少，首先想到可向海洋發(fā)展。向海洋開拓從近代已經(jīng)開始。為了防止噪聲對(duì)居民的影響，也為了節(jié)約用地，許多機(jī)場(chǎng)已經(jīng)開始填海造地。從航空母艦和大型運(yùn)輸船的建造得到啟發(fā)，人們以設(shè)想建立海上浮動(dòng)城市，對(duì)于荒漠，可以設(shè)想在沙漠地下找水，然后從南極將巨大的冰山拖入沙漠地區(qū)，還有海水淡化，至于到太空上發(fā)展乃人類一直的夢(mèng)想，如設(shè)想利用生物工程，將制氧微生物及低等植物移向火星等等。工程材料向輕質(zhì)、高強(qiáng)、多功能化方向發(fā)展。如傳統(tǒng)材料的改性，化學(xué)合成材料的應(yīng)用（如門窗，管材、裝飾材料，今后的發(fā)展方向是向大面積圍護(hù)材料及結(jié)構(gòu)骨架材料發(fā)展）。還有設(shè)計(jì)方法精確化，設(shè)計(jì)工作自動(dòng)化，由于快速計(jì)算機(jī)的出現(xiàn)，使這一計(jì)算機(jī)得以實(shí)現(xiàn)。比如海上取油平臺(tái)、核電站、摩天大樓、地下過(guò)海隧道等巨型工程，有了計(jì)算機(jī)的幫助，便可合理的進(jìn)行數(shù)值分析和安全評(píng)估。數(shù)值計(jì)算機(jī)的進(jìn)步使過(guò)去不能計(jì)算的帶有盲目性的估計(jì)可以變成較精確的分析。例如，土木工程中由于各個(gè)桿件分析分析到整體分析；工程項(xiàng)目結(jié)構(gòu)的定性分析到施工階段的全過(guò)程仿真分析；工程結(jié)構(gòu)中在災(zāi)害荷載作用下的全過(guò)程非線性分析；與時(shí)間有關(guān)的長(zhǎng)時(shí)間徐變分析和瞬間的沖擊分析等。The progress of numerical computer made in the past cannot estimate can be calculated with blindness becomes more precise analysis. Because each bar in civil engineering, for example, analysis to the overall analysis; Qualitative analysis to the construction stage of project structure during the process of simulation analysis; The whole process of engineering structures under the loads of disasters nonlinear analysis; Time dependent creep analysis for a long time and the moment of impact analysis, etc.3、信息和智能化技術(shù)全面引入土木工程。Comprehensive introduction of civil engineering information and intelligent technology如（1）信息化施工The informationization construction（即在施工過(guò)程中所涉及的各部分各階段廣泛應(yīng)用計(jì)算機(jī)信息技術(shù)，對(duì)工期、人力、材料、機(jī)械、資金、進(jìn)度等信息進(jìn)行收集、存儲(chǔ)、處理和交流，并加以科學(xué)地綜合利用，為施工管理及時(shí)、準(zhǔn)確地提供決策依據(jù)。（2）智能化建筑，Intelligent building即一方面在房屋中設(shè)備用先進(jìn)的計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)監(jiān)測(cè)與控制，并可通過(guò)自動(dòng)化或人工干預(yù)來(lái)保證設(shè)備運(yùn)行的安全、可靠、高效。另方面是安裝隊(duì)居住者的自動(dòng)服務(wù)系統(tǒng)，對(duì)于辦公室來(lái)說(shuō)，智能化要求配備辦公自動(dòng)化設(shè)備，快速通信設(shè)備，樓宇自動(dòng)管理和控制設(shè)備。（3）智能化交通Intelligent transportation（先進(jìn)的交通管理系統(tǒng)，交通信息服務(wù)系統(tǒng)，車輛控制系統(tǒng)，車輛調(diào)度系統(tǒng)，公共交通系統(tǒng)等。）它應(yīng)具有信息收集，快速處理，優(yōu)化決策，大型可視化系統(tǒng)等功能。（4）土木工程分析的仿真系統(tǒng)Civil engineering analysis of the simulation system（計(jì)算機(jī)仿真技術(shù)