語言學(xué)pragmatics的1PPT課件

.,1,Pragmatics,Flower,.,2,I.Introduction,.,3,Whatispragmatics?,Pramaticscanbedefinedasthestudyoflanguageinuseandlinguisticcommunication.,Whydoweneedpragmaticssincewehavegrammaticalanalysis?,.,4,Afterwehavedonegrammaticalanalysisofasentence,thereisstillsomeaspectofmeaninguncoveredbyouranalysis.,Example:ThegrammaticalanalysisofHewenttotownyesterdaydoesnottelluswhoheis,whichtownorwhenyesterday.Inotherwords,therearestillthingsundetermined.,.,5,Dependingonthecontext,hecanbeanybody,anymale.Towncanrefertoanyplacebigenoughtobecalledtown.Andyesterdaycanrefertoanydayinthepast.Asaresult,thesentencemusthaveperformedmanyfunctions.,.,6,Fromthisbriefdiscussion,wecanseethatthecontextofasituationinwhichasentenceisusedcontributealottoitsmeaningwhichcannotbeaccountedforinpuregrammaticalanalysis.,.,7,II.Context2)IllocutionaryAct:themakingofastatement,offer,promise,etc.inutteringasentence,byvirtueoftheconventionalforceassociatedwithit;3)PerlocutionaryAct:thebringingaboutofeffectsontheaudiencebymeansofutteringthesentence,sucheffectsbeingspecialtothecircumstancesofutterance.,.,25,Example:,SupposethespeakersaysItscoldinhere.Itslocutionaryactisthesayingofitwithitsliteralmeaningitscoldinhere.Itsillocutionaryactcanbearequestofthehearertoshutthewindowanditsperlocutionaryactcanbethehearersshuttingthewindowortherefusaltocomplywiththerequest.,.,26,Thelocutionofanutteranceisactuallyitsliteralmeaning.Theillocutionofanutteranceisthespeakerscommunicativeintentionorthefunctionitisintendedtoperform.Theperlocutionofanutterancecanbeasthesameastheillocutionwhenitisrecognizedandsatisfied,orverydifferentfromitwhenitisnotrecognizedorwhenitisignored.Forexample,whentheillocutionisaninvitation,theperlocutioncaneitherbeanacceptanceorarefusal,dependingonsocialandpersonalfactors.,.,27,a.Illocutionaryacts,.,28,Whatspeechacttheoryismostconcernedwithistheillocutionaryacts.Itattemptstoaccountforthewaysbywhichspeakerscanmeanmorethanwhattheysay.Itisalsodesignedtoshowcoherenceinseeminglyincoherentconversations.,.,29,Ex.A:Thatsthephone.(1)B:Iminthebathroom.(2)A:Okay.(3)Thisseeminglyunconnectedconversationisverycoherentonaspeech-actlevel,andthatinsayingthingspeopleareinfactdoingthings.,.,30,b.Typesofillocutionaryacts,.,31,Searlesuggests5basiccategoriesofillocutionaryactsasfollows:Assertives（陳述）Directives（指令）Commissives（承諾）Expressives（表達(dá)）Declarations（宣布）,.,32,Assertives,Sentencesthatcommitthespeakertothetruthofsth.TypicalcasesareIthinkthefilmismovingandImcertainthathehadgotit.Thedegreeofcommitmentvariesfromstatementtostatement.ThecommitmentissmallinIguesshedgotitbutverystronginIsolemnlyswearthathehadgotit.,.,33,Directives,Sentencesbywhichthespeakertriestogetthehearertodosth,IbegyoutogivemesomeadviceandIorderyoutoleaverightnowarebothattemptstogetsomethingdonebythehearer.Amongtheverbsthatcandenotethisgroupareask,request,plead,entreat,command,advise,etc.,.,34,Commissives,Sentencesthatcommitthespeakertosomefutureaction.Promisesandoffersarecharacteristicofthisgroup.Interestingly,warningisalsoacommissive,asIfyousmokeagainIllbeatyoutodeath,becauseitalsocommitsthespeakertodoingsth.,.,35,Expressives,Sentencesthatexpressthespeakerspsychologicalstateaboutsth.Verbstypicallyusedforthiscategoryarethank,congratulate,apologize,welcome,deploreandsoon.,.,36,Declarations,Sentencesthatbringaboutimmediatechangeintheexistingstateofaffairs.AssoonasanemployersaystoanemployeeYouarefired,theemployeeloseshis/herjob.Verbsoftenusedfordeclarationsarename,christen,nominate,point,declare,etc.,.,37,c.Indirectspeechacts,.,38,Onegroupofsentenceswhichspeechacttheoryisconcernedwitharethosesentencesthatperformoneillocutionaryactindirectlybyperforminganother,thatis,INDIRECTSPEECHACTS.,.,39,Canyoupassthesalt,please?isbothaquestionaboutthehearersabilitytopassthesaltandarequestofhimtopassthesalt.Theproblemhereishowitispossibleforthespeakertosayonethingandmeansomethingelse,andhowitispossibleforthehearertounderstandtheindirectspeechact.Itissuggestedthatincaseslikethismuchisreliedonthesharedbackgroundinformationandthegeneralpowersofrationalityandinferenceonthepowerofthehearer.,.,40,Ex.X:Letsgotothemoviestonight.Y:Ihavetostudyforanexam.InordertoworkoutthatYsutteranceisarefusal,Xhastogothroughaprocessofinferencelikethis.IhavemakeaproposaltoYandarelevantresponsemustbeoneofacceptanceorrejectionorfurtherdiscussion.Buthisreplywasnoneofthese,sohisillocutionmustbedifferentfromtheliteralmeaning.Iknowthatstudyingforanexamtakesalotoftimeandgoingtomoviesalsotakesalotoftime.Heprobablycannotdobothinoneevening.Probablyhisprimaryillocutionaryactistorejectmyproposal.,.,41,Inpractice,noonewouldconsciouslygothroughthisprocess;butthisissupposedtobeinthewayindirectsppechactswork.Requestsareoftenperformedindirectly.Theirindirectnesshascertaincharactersticsthattendtogroupsentencesofrequestintothefollowingtypes:,.,42,Group1,Sentencesconcerningthehearersabilitytodosth.:ex.Canyourunanother5,000meters?Couldyourunawayfromthetalonsofthechengguan?,.,43,Group2,Sentencesconcerningthespeakerswishorwantthatthehearerwilldosth.:Iwouldlikeyoutofetchmycellphonefromthecompany.Iwouldappreciateifyoucouldsaveaseatforme.Idratheryoudidntbelateanymore.IdbeverymuchobligedifyouwouldgototheQixiaMountainwithme.,.,44,Group3,Sentencesconcerningthehearersdoingsth.:Wouldyoukindlygetoffmyfoot?Wontyoustopmakingthatnoise?,.,45,Group4,Sentencesconcerningthehearersdesireorwillingnesstodosth.:Doyouwanttogotothelibrarywithmenow?WoulditbeconvenientforyoutocomeovertoplaySanguosha,theboardgameonFridayafternoon?Woulditbetoomuchtroubleforyoutotakemybagback?,.,46,Group5,Sentencesconcerningreasonsfordoingsth.:Youshouldwritetothemeverynowandthen.Mustyoumakethatnoisewheneveryouarereading?Youdbetterbookthetickets2weeksinadvance.,.,47,Sometimeswehavesentencesthathavemorethanoneoftheseelements,withoneinsideanother:WoulditbetoomuchtroubleifIsuggestedthatyoucouldpossiblymakealittlelessnoise?,.,48,d.Difficultiesinspeechacttheory,.,49,Oftenanutterancedoesnotperformonlyoneact,buttwoorthreeacts,anditisnotalwayseasytodecidewhatactoractsanutteranceperforms.Ex.IfamothersaystoachildIsthatyourcoatonthefloor?,.,50,Sometimestwounrelatedactsareperformedbyoneutteranceanditislefttothehearertochoose.Ex:A:Theysay