2020高考英語二輪復習課堂學案課件-閱讀理解之詞義猜測題

,專題三閱讀理解,真題感悟,名師點津,隨堂限時練,第三節(jié)詞句猜測題,一、詞義猜測題,PART1,真題感悟,(2019江蘇，B)Inthe1960s，whilestudyingthevolcanichistoryofYellowstoneNationalPark，BobChristiansenbecamepuzzledaboutsomethingthat，oddly，hadnottroubledanyonebefore：hecouldntfindtheparksvolcano.IthadbeenknownforalongtimethatYellowstonewasvolcanicinnaturethatswhataccountedforallitshotspringsandothersteamyfeatures.ButChristiansencouldntfindtheYellowstonevolcanoanywhere.,Mostofus，whenwetalkaboutvolcanoes，thinkoftheclassiccone(圓錐體)shapesofaFujiorKilimanjaro，whicharecreatedwheneruptingmagma(巖漿)pilesup.Thesecanformremarkablyquickly.In1943，aMexicanfarmerwassurprisedtoseesmokerisingfromasmallpartofhisland.Inoneweekhewastheconfusedownerofaconefivehundredfeethigh.Withintwoyearsithadtoppedoutatalmostfourteenhundredfeetandwasmorethanhalfamileacross.AltogethertherearesometenthousandofthesevolcanoesonEarth，allbutafewhundredofthemextinct.Thereis，however，asecondlessknowntypeofvolcanothatdoesntinvolvemountainbuilding.Thesearevolcanoessoexplosivethattheyburstopeninasinglebigcrack，leavingbehindavasthole，thecaldera.Yellowstoneobviouslywasofthissecondtype，butChristiansencouldntfindthecalderaanywhere.,JustatthistimeNASAdecidedtotestsomenewhigh-altitudecamerasbytakingphotographsofYellowstone.Athoughtfulofficialpassedonsomeofthecopiestotheparkauthoritiesontheassumptionthattheymightmakeaniceblow-upforoneofthevisitorscenters.AssoonasChristiansensawthephotos，herealizedwhyhehadfailedtospotthecaldera：almostthewholepark2.2millionacreswascaldera.Theexplosionhadleftaholemorethanfortymilesacrossmuchtoohugetobeseenfromanywhereatgroundlevel.AtsometimeinthepastYellowstonemusthaveblownupwithaviolencefarbeyondthescaleofanythingknowntohumans.,語篇解讀本文主要講述了BobChristiansen探尋黃石國家公園的火山的故事。,58.WhatpuzzledChristiansenwhenhewasstudyingYellowstone?A.Itscomplicatedgeographicalfeatures.B.Itsever-lastinginfluenceontourism.C.Themysterioushistoryofthepark.D.Theexactlocationofthevolcano.,解析細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的“BobChristiansenbecamepuzzledaboutsomethingthat，oddly，hadnottroubledanyonebefore：hecouldntfindtheparksvolcano”可知，BobChristiansen對黃石國家公園的火山的準確位置感到困惑。,59.Whatdoesthesecondparagraphmainlytalkabout?A.Theshapesofvolcanoes.B.Theimpactsofvolcanoes.C.Theactivitiesofvolcanoes.D.Theheightsofvolcanoes.,解析段落大意題。根據(jù)第二段內(nèi)容尤其是其中的“Mostofus，whenwetalkaboutvolcanoes，thinkoftheclassiccone(圓錐體)shapesofaFujiorKilimanjaro”和“asecondlessknowntypeofvolcanothatdoesntinvolvemountainbuilding.avasthole”可知，該段主要講兩類火山的形狀。,60.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“blow-up”inthelastparagraphmostprobablymean?A.Hot-airballoon.B.Digitalcamera.C.Bigphotograph.D.Birdsview.,解析詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第三段中的“.aniceblow-upforoneofthevisitorscenters.AssoonasChristiansensawthephotos.”可知，thephotos所指的就是前面提及的blow-up，所以推斷blow-up相當于photo(photograph)，故選C項。,PART2,名師點津,一、題型解讀詞義猜測題基本上是閱讀理解中每年必考的題型。詞義猜測是一種閱讀技巧和能力，主要考查考生在短時間內(nèi)根據(jù)上下文快速猜測所指定的某一個生詞、詞組或者句子含義的能力，而這些生詞和詞組往往都超出考綱范圍，但在文章閱讀中起到一定的作用。由此看來，對于生詞的理解是否準確，直接影響著閱讀理解題得分的高低，對能否取得好的高考成績有著舉足輕重的作用。詞義猜測題的命題方式有：1.Theword“.”refersto/probablymeans.2.Theunderlinedword“.”couldbestbereplacedby.3.Whatdoyouthinktheexpression“.”standsfor?4.Bysaying“.”wemean.,5.“.”asusedinthepassagecanbestbedefinedas.6.Whichofthefollowingwordscantaketheplaceoftheword“.”？7.Whatdoestheunderlinedword/phrase“.”inParagraph.mean?8.Theunderlinedword“.”isclosestinmeaningto.,二、解題技巧巧用線索猜詞義1.根據(jù)定義、釋義或同位語進行猜測有些文章，特別是科技說明文，作者通常會對一些關鍵詞或專業(yè)術語下定義，通過閱讀定義和解釋部分，考生便可理解該詞或短語的意思。有時，需要猜測的單詞或短語后面會緊跟一個同位語，作為對前面的詞或短語的解釋說明。有時，文章會用冒號、破折號、括號等對某個詞或短語加以解釋說明。例如：(2018江蘇，B)WhenBerlinrestaurantcustomersateindarkness，theycouldnttellhowmuchtheydhad：thosegivenextra-largesharesatemorethaneveryoneelse，butwerenonethewisertheydidntfeelfuller，andtheywerejustasreadyfordessert.,試題：Theunderlinedphrase“nonethewiser”inParagraph3mostprobablyimpliesthatthecustomerswere.A.notawareofeatingmorethanusualB.notwillingtosharefoodwithothersC.notconsciousofthefoodqualityD.notfondofthefoodprovided,分析：所猜測短語nonethewiser后面出現(xiàn)了破折號來進行解釋說明，我們可推知那些被給予大份飯菜的食客比其他人吃得多，但他們沒覺得更飽，這說明在黑暗的就餐環(huán)境下，食客并不清楚自己多吃了多少，所以此處的nonethewiser是“不清楚，不知道”之意。故選A。,2.根據(jù)構詞法進行猜測英語中通過詞根加詞綴或兩個單詞合成的方式可以構成新詞。因此，掌握了一定的構詞知識，再結合上下文語境，也可以快速猜測詞義。例如：Asilenceinaconversationmayalsoshowstubbornness，uneasiness，orworry.分析：根據(jù)構詞法知識我們可知，un-為否定前綴，-ness為名詞后綴，easy(舒適)為詞根。因此，我們可知uneasiness為“不安；擔憂”之意。,3.根據(jù)因果關系進行猜測在閱讀理解文章的句子或段落中，若兩個事物或兩種現(xiàn)象之間構成因果關系，這時我們可以根據(jù)這種因果邏輯關系推斷詞或短語的含義。表示因果關系的標志詞有because，so，thus，therefore，asaresultof，since，sothat，so/such.that.等。例如：Mysoncouldnotfollowtheteachersdirections，hetoldme，andthus，Scolawasdisruptingtheclass.DidntheknowmysondidnotspeakEnglishyet?,試題：Whatdoestheunderlinedword“disrupting”inParagraph4probablymean?A.Breaking.B.Following.C.Attending.D.Disturbing.,分析：畫線單詞所在的句子出現(xiàn)了因果關系標志詞thus，由前面的原因“我兒子聽不懂老師的指示”可以推知，“因此，我兒子Scola干擾了課堂秩序”，故選D項。其余三項都不符合這一因果邏輯關系。,4.根據(jù)同義或近義關系進行猜測在畫線單詞或短語前后有時會出現(xiàn)與之同義或近義的詞語或結構，它往往暗示了該詞或該短語的含義，這時可從熟悉的詞語中推知生詞或短語的含義。常見的表示相同或相近意義的詞和短語有and，or，like，aswell，similarly，too，also，either等。例如：Thefineselectionofthemajorworkswasdoneinclosecollaboration(合作)withtheMuseoNacionalReinaSofiainMadrid，Spain，andwithcontributionsfromotherinstitutionsliketheSalvadorDaliMuseuminSt.Petersburg，F(xiàn)lorida.,試題：Whatdoestheword“contributions”inthelastparagraphreferto?A.Artworks.B.Projects.C.Donations.D.Documents.,分析：畫線單詞contributions前出現(xiàn)了and，可利用同義或近義關系進行猜測。and前面提到了thefineselectionofthemajorworks(精選的重要作品)，后面說contributions來自其他機構，由并列關系可以推斷出contributions應該屬于works的范疇。故選A項。,5.根據(jù)反義、轉折和對比關系進行猜測有些需要猜測詞義的詞或短語前后會出現(xiàn)表示轉折或對比的詞語，運用這些詞語也可以幫助猜測詞義。能體現(xiàn)轉折、對比關系的詞匯很多，常見的有but，yet，however，while，unlike，instead(of)，ontheotherhand，ratherthan，onthecontrary等。例如：Intheevening，ridesareusuallyatamorerelaxedandunhurriedpace，withgoldenlightstreamingacrossthegrassydeltaandtheanimalscomingouttoeatanddrink.Sedatethoughtheyare，ridesatthistimeofdayarestillveryimpressive.,試題：Whatdoestheunderlinedword“sedate”probablymean?A.Wildandromantic.B.Slowandpeaceful.C.Hungryandthirsty.D.Activeandexcited.,分析：畫線詞語所在句子的句意為“雖然它們，但是在一天的這個時候騎馬觀賞仍然令人印象非常深刻”。由though可知前后兩句是轉折關系，再結合前一句中提到的“atamorerelaxedandunhurriedpace”可知，應選B項，sedate意為“慢悠悠的，安靜的”。,6.根據(jù)上下文進行猜測有些詞義猜測題找不到以上標志線索，這時可以利用上下文提供的情景和線索進行合乎邏輯的綜合分析，進而推測詞義，這也是近幾年來高考考查的熱點。例如：(2016全國，C)Therearealsovarietiesdevelopedtosuitspecificlocalconditions.OneoftheverybestvarietiesforeatingqualityisOrleansReinette，butyoullneedawarm，shelteredplacewithperfectsoiltogrowit，soitsapipedreamformostappleloverswhofallforit.,試題：Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“apipedream”inParagraph3mean?A.Apracticalidea.B.Avainhope.C.Abrilliantplan.D.Aselfishdesire.,分析：由上文中的“OneoftheverybestvarietiesforeatingqualityisOrleansReinette，butyoullneedawarm，shelteredplacewithperfectsoiltogrowit.”可知，盡管OrleansReinette是很好的品種，但是對各項條件的要求很高，因此大多數(shù)喜歡它的人種植它的希望會落空。故選擇B項。,PART3,隨堂限時練,A(2019如皋市高三二模)Mycollegeexperienceincludedthislife-skillslesson：Drinkalcoholonafullstomach，oryouwillgetinebriatedtooquickly.10Ofcourse，mostcollegestudentsshouldntbedrinkingatall，butweknowfromtheNationalInstituteonAlcoholAbuseandAlcoholismthatcloseto60percentofcollegestudentsaged18to22do7consumealcohol，whichmakesharm-reducingapproachesimportant.,Unfortunately，campusauthoritiesandresearchersarereportingapracticethatturnsthefull-stomachdrinking2strategyonitshead：ratherthanfillingupbeforeanightofpartying，6significantnumbersofstudentsrefusetoeatalldaybeforeconsumingalcohol.Thisisahigh-riskbehaviorcalled“drunkorexia，”whichisoneparteatingdisorder，onepartalcoholismaverydangerouscombinationforcollege-agestudents.Thetermdrunkorexia，whichcanalsoincludeexcessiveexerciseorpurgingbeforeconsumingalcohol，wascoinedabout10yearsago，anditstartedshowingupinmedicalresearcharound2012.Drunkorexia9addressestheneedtobethelifeofthepartywhilestayingextremelythin，pointingtoaflawedmind-setaboutbodyimageandalcoholismamongcollegestudents，mostlywomen.,Imaginethisscenario：Afemalecollegefreshmandoesnteatanythingallday，exercisesonanemptystomach，thendownsfiveshotsoftequilainlessthantwohours.Becausetheresnofoodinhersystemtohelpslowtheabsorptionofalcohol，thoseshotsaffectherrapidly，leadingtoinebriationandpossiblypassingout，vomitingorsufferingalcoholpoisoning.Thatsdrunkorexia.,TavisGlassman，professorofhealtheducationandpublichealthattheUniversityofToledoinOhio，researchesdrunkorexiaandworriesaboutscenariossuchastheonedescribedabove：“Withnothinginhersystem，alcoholhitsquickly，andthatbringsupthesame1issuesaswithanyhigh-riskdrinking：gettinghomesafely，sexualassault，unintentionalinjury，fights，hangoversthataffectclassattendanceandgrades，andpossiblyendingupinemergencybecausethealcoholhitssohard，”hesays.“Alcoholcannegativelyaffecttheliverorgastrointestinalsystem，itcaninterferewithsleep，lowertheimmunesystemandislinkedtoseveraltypesofcancers，”Hultinsays.,語篇解讀本文為說明文。本文敘述了作者對大學生空腹飲酒趨勢的擔憂。根據(jù)研究的數(shù)據(jù)表明，大學生有一種錯誤的做法：在派對狂歡飲酒前拒絕進食，空腹飲酒既解決了生活中參加派對的需要，也保持了身材苗條的需要(尤其是女性)。其實“空腹飲酒”會讓酒精快速進入人體，對肝臟或胃腸道系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生負面影響。,1.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“inebriated”inParagraph1mean?A.Excited.B.Overwhelmed.C.Addicted.D.Drunk.,解析詞義猜測題。根據(jù)“Mycollegeexperienceincludedthislife-skillslesson：Drinkalcoholonafullstomach，oryouwillgetinebriatedtooquickly.”可知，應飽著肚子喝酒，否則的話，你會很快“喝醉的”。下文多處敘述“空腹飲酒易喝醉”，由此可推知畫線詞的意思為“喝醉的”。故選D。,2.Wecaninferfromthepassagethat.A.alargenumberofcollegestudentsspendmostoftheirnightspartyingB.somecollegestudentsrefusetoeatbeforedrinkingalcoholtokeepslimC.thereisadirectlinkbetweenbodyimageandconsumingalcoholD.femalecollegestudentismorelikelytobehurtifshedrinksalcohol,解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段最后一句“空腹飲酒既解決了生活中參加派對的需要，也保持了身材苗條的需要，指出的是大學生(女性居多)對于身體形象和酗酒風氣的錯誤心態(tài)。”由此可得出，一些大學生為了保持苗條，在喝酒前不吃東西。分析選項可知B項符合題意。,3.WhichofthefollowingmayTavisGlassmanagreewith?A.Withmorefoodinonessystem，hemaysufferfromtheeffectsofalcoholslowly.B.Drinkingfiveshotsoftequilainlessthantwohoursistheperformanceofdrunkorexia.C.Thosewhodontattendclassesandhavelowergradestendtobeaddictedtoalcohol.D.Alcoholhasnegativeeffectsontheimmunesystemandmayleadtoseveralcancers.,解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“TavisGlassman.researchesdrunkorexiaandworriesaboutscenariossuchastheonedescribedabove：“Withnothinginhersystem，alcoholhitsquickly，.”可知，TavisGlassman認為“她的身體系統(tǒng)中沒有任何東西，酒精進入身體會很快發(fā)作，”由此可推斷出，“由于一個人的身體里有更多的食物，他受到酒精的影響可能會慢”，分析選項可知A項正確。,B(2019如皋市高三三模)AreCoralReefs(珊瑚礁)AdaptingtoClimateChange?,Scientistsreportedthatclimatechangemightactuallybehelping3ancienttreesthrive(長得健壯).Nowthereseemstobemorepositivenewsthistimeaboutthecoralinouroceanswhosepopulationhasbeenseverelyaffectedinlastfewdecadesbyrisingtemperatures，diseaseandhumancarelessness.,Coralreefsasyouprobablyknowarenotjustcolorfulcalciumcarbonate(鈣碳酸鹽)structuresthatprovidesheltertoawonderfulnumberoffish，butalsoacloserelationshiporpartnershipbetweencoralpolyps(珊瑚蟲)andsingle-celledlivingthingscalledzooxanthellae(蟲黃藻).Thecoralpolypsgivethezooxanthellaeahomeandinreturnthelaterprovidethecoralpolypswiththeirvividcolorandfood.Theysupporteachotherinafantasticbalance，onethatisgettingseverelydamagedbytherisingtemperatureswhicharecausingthecoralpolypstorejecttheirzooxanthellaefriends，removingtheircolorandfoodsource.,Scientistsestimatethephenomenonofrisingtemperaturescombinedwithdiseasehasdestroyedthecoralreefpopulationbymorethan80%.Itisthereforenowonderthatscientistsallovertheworldarelookingforsolutionstotrytorestorethisallimportantlinktosealife.11However，whilehumaneffortslikeplantingthecoralagainhavebeensomewhatsuccessful，theyarenotenoughtoreplaceallthecoralthathasbeendyingduetoclimatechange.Thatisprobablywhyreportsbyvariousresearchersaboutcertaintypesofcoralbeingabletonotonlysurvivethechangingoceanconditions，butalsothriveinit，arebeingmetwithsuchenthusiasm.Themostrecentfindingsshowthatdespitehighertemperaturesthecoralreefsseemtobethriving.,Thesefindingsare4consistentwiththelabresearchconductedbythescientistswhotriedgrowingdifferent8varietiesofcoralinwaterswithhighertemperaturetoseehowtheywouldreact.Theyweresurprisedtodiscoverthatmostofthemsurvivedandsomeseemedtoadaptandgrownormally.Encouragedbytheseandothersimilarfindings，moreenergeticspecieshavebeenintroducedtoseeifcoralreefscanberestoredtotheirformerglory.Aprogramisbusyanalyzingtheworldsoceanstofindmorevarietiesthatcanbeusedforthissamepurpose.,However，wearenotoutofthewoodsyet!Scientistsarestillnotsurehowtheywouldintroducethesevarietiestoareaswheretheyarenotabundantandmoreimportantlywhattheconsequenceswouldbeonthesurroundingsealife.Hopefully，the5combinationofnewscientificresearchandfewerhumanmistakeswillallowourbeautifulcoraltothriveagain!,語篇解讀這是一篇說明文。文章主要講了實驗表明，通過引入更有活力的物種，珊瑚礁有望恢復昔日的輝煌。,4.Whichwordcanbeusedtocompletethefollowingrelationship?Coralreefsareabridgebetweencoralpolypsandzooxanthellae.Coralpolypsandzooxanthellaedependononeanother.Thebetweencoralpolypsandzooxanthellaeissufferingfromseveredamage.A.homeB.structureC.balanceD.color,解析細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段最后一句“Theysupporteachotherinafantasticbalance，onethatisgettingseverelydamagedbytherisingtemperatureswhicharecausingthecoralpolypstorejecttheirzooxanthellaefriends，removingtheircolorandfoodsource.”可知，珊瑚蟲和黃藻之間的平衡正遭受嚴重破壞，故選C。,5.TheunderlinedwordsinParagraph4mean.A.toallowcoralreefstothriveagainB.tofindmorevarietiesofcoralC.tosurvivethechangingoceanconditionsD.toseehowcoralreactsinhighertemperature,解析詞義猜測題。根據(jù)畫線詞所在句及其前一句可知，“thissamepurpose”指的是讓珊瑚礁重新繁榮起來，故選A。,6.Wecaninferfromthepassagethat.A.climatechangehasthesameeffectonbothancienttreesandcoralB.re-plantingthecoralcansolvetheproblemofcoralreefsdecreaseC.variousresearchersareinterestedinthereportsonthechangingoceanconditionsD.thelabresearchhasencouragedscientiststorestorecoralreefstotheirformerglory,解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段最后一句“Hopefully，thecombinationofnewscientificresearchandfewerhumanmistakeswillallowourbeautifulcoraltothriveagain！”可推斷出，這項實驗室研究鼓勵科學家們恢復珊瑚礁昔日的輝煌，故選D。,做完以上兩篇閱讀后，巧妙運用語境，解決障礙詞