暨南大學(xué)《項(xiàng)目管理》chapter15internationaprojects

1、管理學(xué)院 School of Management,佟瑞 Edward Tong， MPM，MBA,2020/12/19,1,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,153,Where We Are Now,154,International Projects,Types of Projects Domestic Overseas Foreign Global Issues in Managing International Projects Environmental factors affecting projects Global e

2、xpansion considerations Challenges of working in foreign cultures Selection and training of overseas managers,155,International Assignments,Positives Increased income Increased responsibilities Career opportunities Foreign travel New lifetime friends,Negatives Absence from home and friends, and fami

3、ly Personal security risks Missed career opportunities Difficulties with foreign language, culture, and laws,156,Environmental Factors Affecting International Projects,FIGURE 15.1,157,Environmental Factors,Legal/Political Political stability National and local laws and regulations Government, state

4、and local bureaucracies Government interference or support Government corruption Security International terrorism National and local security Local crime and kidnapping Risk management,158,Environmental Factors (contd),Geography Climate and seasonal differences Natural obstacles Economic Gross domes

5、tic product (GDP) Protectionist strategies and policies Balance of payments Currency convertibility and exchange rates Inflation rates Local labor force: supply, educational and skill levels,159,Environmental Factors (contd),Infrastructure Telecommunication networks Transportation systems Power dist

6、ribution grids Unique local technologies Educational systems Culture Customs and social standards Values and philosophies Language Multicultural environments,1510,Assessment Matrix Project Site Selection,FIGURE 15.2,1511,Evaluation Matrix Breakdown for Infrastructure,FIGURE 15.3,1512,Cross-Cultural

7、Considerations: A Closer Look,Culture A system of shared norms, beliefs, values, and customs that bind people together, creating shared meaning and a unique identity. Cultural Differences: Geographic regions Ethnic or religious groups Language Economic,1513,Cross-Cultural Considerations (contd),Ethn

8、ocentric Perspective The tendency to believe that ones cultural values and ways of doing things are superior to all others Wanting to conduct business only on your terms and stereotyping other countries. Ignoring the “people factor” in other cultures by putting work ahead of building relationships.

9、Adjustments Required: Relativity of time and punctuality Culture-related ethical differences Personal and professional relationships Attitudes toward work and life,1514,Cross-Cultural Considerations (contd),Working inMexico,Working inSaudi Arabia,Working inFrance,Working inChina,Working in the Unite

10、d States,1515,Cross-Cultural Orientations,Relation to Nature How people relate to the natural world around them and to the supernatural. Time Orientation The culture focus on the past, present, or future. Activity Orientation How to live: “being” or living in the moment, doing, or controlling. Basic

11、 Nature of People Whether people viewed as good, evil, or some mix of these two. Relationships Among People The degree of responsibility one has for others.,1516,Kluckhohn-Strodtbecks Cross-Cultural Framework,FIGURE 15.4,Note: The line indicates where the United States tends to fall along these issu

12、es.,1517,The Hofstede Cultural Dimensions Framework,Individualism versus collectivism Identifies whether a culture holds individuals or the group responsible for each members welfare. Power distance Describes degree to which a culture accepts status and power differences among its members. Uncertain

13、ty avoidance Identifies a cultures willingness to accept uncertainty and ambiguity about the future. Masculinity-femininity Describes the degree to which the culture emphasizes competitive and achievement-oriented behavior or displays concerns for relationships.,1518,Sample Country Clusters on Hofst

14、edes Dimensions of Individualism-Collectivism and Power Distance,FIGURE 15.5,1519,Working in Different Cultures,Relying on Local Intermediaries Translators Social connections Expeditors Cultural advisors and guides Culture Shock The natural psychological disorientation that people suffer when they m

15、ove into a different culture. A breakdown in a persons selective perception and effective interpretation system induced by foreign stimuli and the inability to function effectively in a strange land.,1520,Culture Shock Cycle,FIGURE 15.6,1521,Working in Different Cultures (contd),Coping with Culture

16、Shock Create “stability zones” that closely create home Modify expectations and behavior Redefine priorities and develop realistic expectations Focus on most important tasks and relish small accomplishments Use project work as a bridge until adjusted to the new environment Engage in regular physical

17、 exercise programs, practice meditation and relaxation exercises, and keep a journal,1522,Selection and Training for International Projects,Selection Factors Work experience with cultures other than ones own Previous overseas travel Good physical and emotional health Knowledge of a host nations lang

18、uage Recent immigration background or heritage Ability to adapt and function in the new culture,1523,Selection and Training for International Projects (contd),Areas for Training to Increase Understanding of a Foreign Culture: Religion Dress codes Education system Holidaysnational and religious Daily

19、 eating patterns Family life Business protocols Social etiquette Equal opportunity,1524,Selection and Training for International Projects (contd),Learning Approaches to Cultural Fluency The “information-giving” approachthe learning of information or skills from a lecture-type orientation. The “affec

20、tive approach”the learning of information/skills that raise the affective responses on the part of the trainee and result in cultural insights. The “behavioral/experiential” approacha variant of the affective approach technique that provides the trainee with realistic simulations or scenarios.,1525,

21、Relationship between Length and Rigor of Training and Cultural Fluency Required,FIGURE 15.7,1526,Key Terms,Cross-cultural orientations Culture Culture shock Infrastructure,1.,If a construction company in Dallas builds a bridge in Houston, the project would be classified asA.GlobalB.OverseasC.LocalD.

22、DomesticE.Foreign,2020/12/19,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,27,2.,If the Lincoln Log Construction Co. (based in Chicago) built an assembly plant for General Motors in Nigeria, the project would be classified asA.GlobalB.OverseasC.LocalD.DomesticE.Foreign,2020/12/19,Edward TongCopyrig

23、ht reserved Jinan University,28,3.,If IBM built a computer system for Outback Barbie Inc. (based in Australia) at their corporate headquarters in Sydney, the project would be classified asA.GlobalB.OverseasC.LocalD.DomesticE.Foreign,2020/12/19,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,29,4.,McD

24、onalds is creating a multinational distribution system for all of its foreign and domestic subsidiaries. The project manager is from the corporate headquarters and he manages teams from each of the countries involved. The project would be classified asA.GlobalB.OverseasC.LocalD.DomesticE.Foreign,202

25、0/12/19,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,30,5.,Which of the following is not one of the potential results for the international project manager?A.Personal riskB.Absence from homeC.Missed career opportunitiesD.Adverse conditionsE.All of these are potential results,2020/12/19,Edward Tong

26、Copyright reserved Jinan University,31,6.,The major issues dealing with international project management include all of the following except:A.Selection and training of personnel for international projectsB.Foreign currency exchange ratesC.Location of international expansionD.Environmental factorsE.

27、Challenge of working in a foreign culture,2020/12/19,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,32,7.,Concern about the local restrictions on toxic waste is classified as which of the following environmental factors?A.EconomicB.GeographicC.Legal/politicalD.InfrastructureE.Culture,2020/12/19,Edwa

28、rd TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,33,8.,The growing presence of the Russian Mafia has discouraged many foreign firms from setting up operations in the former Soviet Union. This is an example of which of the following environmental factors?A.SecurityB.EconomicC.CulturalD.Legal/politicalE.Inf

29、rastructure,2020/12/19,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,34,9.,As a response to the events of September 11, 2001, the moving of personnel, materials, and equipment across international borders has created border congestion with increased costs and time. This is an example of which of th

30、e following environmental factors?A.CulturalB.InfrastructureC.GeographicD.SecurityE.Legal/political,2020/12/19,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,35,10.,An information systems specialist reported that his performance on a project in Northern Sweden declined due to sleep deprivation durin

31、g the summer months in which there was 20 hours of daylight each day. This is an example of which of the following environmental factors?A.CulturalB.Legal/politicalC.GeographicD.EconomicE.Infrastructure,2020/12/19,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,36,11.,Import quotas and tariffs, and e

32、ducation level of the workforce are examples of which of the following environmental factors?A.Legal/politicalB.SecurityC.CulturalD.InfrastructureE.Economic,2020/12/19,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,37,12.,Needs for a project could include telecommunications, transportation, power, a

33、nd availability of technically skilled talent. This is an example of which of the following environmental factors?A.GeographicB.InfrastructureC.EconomicD.Legal/politicalE.Cultural,2020/12/19,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,38,13.,Communications difficulties because of different langua

34、ges are examples of which of the following environmental factors?A.GeographicB.SecurityC.CulturalD.Legal/politicalE.Infrastructure,2020/12/19,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,39,14.,Which of the following can help a project manager to digest, clarify, and understand the factors leading

35、 to the selection of a specific project?A.Risk matrixB.Priority matrixC.Responsibility matrixD.Gantt chartE.Contingency matrix,2020/12/19,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,40,15.,Culture is a concept that encompasses all of the following except:A.Shared normsB.BeliefsC.ValuesD.Economic

36、levelE.Customs,2020/12/19,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,41,16.,American project managers have earned a reputation abroad for being very good at understanding technology but not good at understanding:A.CulturesB.PeopleC.Local traditionsD.Local business practicesE.Laws,2020/12/19,Edwa

37、rd TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,42,17.,The biggest adjustment Americans typically have to make in working abroad is:A.Language differencesB.Adapting to the general pace of lifeC.Punctuality of peopleD.Both B and C are correctE.A, B, and C are all correct,2020/12/19,Edward TongCopyright re

38、served Jinan University,43,18.,Kluckhohn-Strodtbecks cross-cultural framework includes all of the following except:A.Perception of GodB.Relation to natureC.Time orientationD.Basic nature of peopleE.Activity orientation,2020/12/19,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,44,19.,The Hofstede fra

39、mework includes all of the following dimensions except:A.Masculinity-feminityB.Uncertainty avoidanceC.Power distanceD.Individualism versus collectivismE.All of these are included in the Hofstede framework,2020/12/19,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,45,20.,In the Snapshot from Practice

40、Project Management X-files, a key success factor which is held in much higher regard by cultures outside the U.S. is:A.Family tiesB.LuckC.Hard workD.Social statusE.Patience,2020/12/19,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,46,21.,The significance of personal relationships has created a syste

41、m in which Mexicans are obligated to give preference to relatives and friends when hiring, contracting, procuring, and sharing business opportunities. This system is referred to as:A.MananaB.GringoC.CompadreD.Quid pro quoE.Nepotism,2020/12/19,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,47,22.,In

42、France, which of the following factors is considered much more important than in the U.S?A.Social classB.Agreement on issuesC.Professional accomplishmentsD.Being open during negotiationsE.Dedication to project completion,2020/12/19,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,48,23.,Working in the

43、 Saudi Arabia culture would include major shifts in the area of:A.Bragging or calling attention to oneselfB.Importance of business connectionsC.Increase in use of administrative channelsD.Both B and C are correctE.A, B, and C are all correct,2020/12/19,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,

44、49,24.,In dealing with the Chinese, it is important to realize that theyA.Tend to be slow in formulating a planB.Will change decisions quicklyC.Value time and moving forwardD.Both B and C are correctE.A, B, and C are all correct,2020/12/19,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,50,25.,The st

45、ages of culture shock include all of the following except:A.Gradual adjustmentB.Irritability and hostilityC.HoneymoonD.RepatriationE.Adaptation,2020/12/19,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,51,26.,Which of the following is not contained in the Assessment Matrix Project Site Selection?A.P

46、olitical stabilityB.Worker skill, supplyC.InfrastructureD.Culture compatibilityE.Utilities,2020/12/19,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,52,27.,Which of the following is not contained in the Evaluation Matrix Breakdown for Infrastructure?A.TransportationB.Government supportC.Educated wor

47、kforceD.TelecommunicationsE.Vendor suppliers,2020/12/19,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,53,28.,A major difference between working in Mexico and working in the United States is the perception of deadlines. This is referred to as:A.MananaB.GringoC.CompadreD.Quid pro quoE.Nepotism,2020/12/19,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,54,29.,Which of the following is not true for French values?A.They value