論食品供應(yīng)鏈管理和食品質(zhì)量安全-食品安全外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

1、 論食品供應(yīng)鏈管理和食品質(zhì)量安全 上世紀(jì)90年代以來,供應(yīng)鏈管理已成為學(xué)術(shù)界和實(shí)業(yè)界關(guān)注的熱門話題,特別是供應(yīng)鏈管理成功地應(yīng)用于IBM、P&G、DELL 等公司的經(jīng)營管理以后,食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品行業(yè)也紛紛效仿并借助供應(yīng)鏈管理這一工具來提高自身的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。1996年,Zuurbier等學(xué)者在一般供應(yīng)鏈的基礎(chǔ)上,首次提出了食品供應(yīng)鏈概念,并認(rèn)為食品供應(yīng)鏈管理是農(nóng)產(chǎn)品和食品生產(chǎn)銷售等組織,為了降低食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品物流成本、提高其質(zhì)量安全和物流服務(wù)水平而進(jìn)行的垂直一體化運(yùn)作模式。如今,在美國、英國、加拿大和荷蘭等農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)較為發(fā)達(dá)的國家,這一管理模式已經(jīng)廣為應(yīng)用,并逐漸成為當(dāng)今學(xué)術(shù)研究的重點(diǎn)課題。 對(duì)食品供應(yīng)鏈管理

2、的研究大致經(jīng)歷了三個(gè)階段:第一階段為商流管理階段,研究范圍包括農(nóng)產(chǎn)品和食品加工企業(yè)的產(chǎn)出到消費(fèi)者消費(fèi)前的商流階段,其研究?jī)?nèi)容通常被包含在營銷范疇內(nèi);第二階段為集成物流管理階段,農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的物流管理從市場(chǎng)營銷中分離出來,且向上游擴(kuò)展到農(nóng)產(chǎn)品和食品生產(chǎn)企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)加工過程,強(qiáng)調(diào)生產(chǎn)應(yīng)以市場(chǎng)需求為導(dǎo)向和對(duì)整個(gè)物流環(huán)節(jié)的成本控制;第三階段為供應(yīng)鏈一體化管理階段,研究范圍進(jìn)一步向上游延伸到農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的最上游企業(yè)如種子供應(yīng)商等,延伸的目的是為了跟蹤和追溯農(nóng)產(chǎn)品食品質(zhì)量安全問題,以便快速和有效地發(fā)現(xiàn)并解決問題。本文介紹了不同食品供應(yīng)鏈的生產(chǎn)物流系統(tǒng)特點(diǎn),并對(duì)食品供應(yīng)鏈與食品質(zhì)量安全管理的發(fā)展進(jìn)行了分析和探討。 一.食

3、品供應(yīng)鏈管理的產(chǎn)生原因 近年來,食品供應(yīng)鏈的產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展是人們對(duì)食品消費(fèi)的要求不斷提高的必然結(jié)果。具體而言,產(chǎn)生的原因主要有:1消費(fèi)者對(duì)食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的新鮮度要求越來越高,并要求食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品交貨期、生產(chǎn)期越短越好。2消費(fèi)者對(duì)食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量要求也越來越高,迫使食品生產(chǎn)企業(yè)實(shí)行食品供應(yīng)鏈管理,以保證穩(wěn)定的上游原料供應(yīng)和下游的銷售渠道暢通。3消費(fèi)者對(duì)食品的質(zhì)量安全也越來越關(guān)注。為了滿足消費(fèi)者對(duì)食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品在種類和數(shù)量上的要求,企業(yè)不斷尋求和研發(fā)新技術(shù),而新技術(shù)和新方法的過度使用如殺蟲劑、激素、抗生素和轉(zhuǎn)基因技術(shù)等,在滿足了消費(fèi)者需求的同時(shí),也不可避免地對(duì)人體產(chǎn)生了危害從而引起食品質(zhì)量安全問題。這是因

4、為市場(chǎng)中買賣雙方信息不對(duì)稱,消費(fèi)者在購買食品或農(nóng)產(chǎn)品時(shí),不了解產(chǎn)品的衛(wèi)生、環(huán)保和安全信息。因此,企業(yè)有必要在生產(chǎn)過程的各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)對(duì)產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)和檢測(cè)并及時(shí)向消費(fèi)者披露這些信息。4食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品企業(yè)迫于政府、 相關(guān)社會(huì)組織和消費(fèi)者的要求和壓力,不得不按食品供應(yīng)鏈來進(jìn)行運(yùn)作。例如,歐盟管理法規(guī)第178號(hào)規(guī)定,從2004年起在歐盟范圍內(nèi)銷售的所有食品,都要實(shí)行食品供應(yīng)鏈跟蹤與追溯;同樣在美國,食品與藥品管理局規(guī)定,在美國國內(nèi)外從事食品生產(chǎn)、加工和包裝等的部門以及相關(guān)組織,在2003年12月12日前要向食品與藥品管理局進(jìn)行登記,以便進(jìn)行食品安全跟蹤與追溯,未登記者就不許從事食品生產(chǎn)和銷售。由此可見,食品供

5、應(yīng)鏈管理是在市場(chǎng)內(nèi)在動(dòng)力和政府外在壓力的情況下促成的。 二.食品供應(yīng)鏈生產(chǎn)物流系統(tǒng) 食品供應(yīng)鏈的形成是與其物流系統(tǒng)的內(nèi)容不斷變化密切相關(guān)的,特別是在食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)物流系統(tǒng)不斷演變的情況下,為人們創(chuàng)建高效率的食品供應(yīng)鏈管理范式提供了基礎(chǔ)。根據(jù)食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品物流的發(fā)展階段,典型的食品供應(yīng)鏈可劃分為啞鈴型、T型、對(duì)稱型和混合型四種類型。 1.啞鈴型食品供應(yīng)鏈。這種類型的食品供應(yīng)鏈嚴(yán)格來說是一種準(zhǔn)供應(yīng)鏈。它的特點(diǎn)是供應(yīng)鏈較短,連接位于兩端的交易主體很多,而中間鏈節(jié)少且交易主體也較少,呈現(xiàn)為啞鈴型。由于上游生產(chǎn)者擁有的技術(shù)條件較差、產(chǎn)量低和品種少,故上游聚集了為數(shù)眾多的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)者;同時(shí),由于產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)地

6、離市場(chǎng)較近且只提供單一農(nóng)產(chǎn)品,也又使得鏈中參與交易的主體大多為農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)者,他們?cè)谑袌?chǎng)上進(jìn)行直接交易,而少有聯(lián)系生產(chǎn)者和消費(fèi)者之間的中間商,因此,種植業(yè)者直接將食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品銷售給消費(fèi)者。在發(fā)展中國家,特別是靠近城鎮(zhèn)地區(qū)的蔬菜供應(yīng),一般都采用這種類型的供應(yīng)鏈。 2.T型食品供應(yīng)鏈。這種類型的食品供應(yīng)鏈一般適用于食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)地和銷售地相距較遠(yuǎn),消費(fèi)需求差異較大的情況。由于農(nóng)產(chǎn)品易腐爛,農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)者不可能直接銷售自己的產(chǎn)品,需要通過必要的中間商提供服務(wù),如第三方物流、農(nóng)產(chǎn)品深加工商和批發(fā)商等所提供的相應(yīng)服務(wù)。這種類型的供應(yīng)鏈,上游聚集了較多的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)者,而在中游環(huán)節(jié)對(duì)產(chǎn)地生產(chǎn)情況比較了解,又

7、在銷售地占有一定渠道優(yōu)勢(shì)的銷售商卻較少。因此,T型食品供應(yīng)鏈的上游種植業(yè)者眾多,而中下游中間商和銷售商較少且集中,供應(yīng)鏈的形狀呈現(xiàn)為 T型。與啞鈴型食品供應(yīng)鏈相比,它的鏈條較長(zhǎng),食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的銷售表現(xiàn)為間接性和增值服務(wù)性。這種類型的食品供應(yīng)鏈在中國較為普遍,在中國農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化不發(fā)達(dá)的地區(qū),由于缺乏一端連接上游農(nóng)戶,另一端聯(lián)結(jié)銷售市場(chǎng)、專門從事農(nóng)產(chǎn)品加工的龍頭企業(yè)以及相應(yīng)的中間環(huán)節(jié),農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)往往和市場(chǎng)需求相脫節(jié)。因此T型食品供應(yīng)鏈由于中間環(huán)節(jié)缺位和低水平的物流運(yùn)作,易出現(xiàn)上游農(nóng)戶盲目生產(chǎn)而下游農(nóng)產(chǎn)品銷售困難的現(xiàn)象。 3.對(duì)稱型食品供應(yīng)鏈。隨著新興銷售業(yè)態(tài)的出現(xiàn),銷售渠道日益被大型專業(yè)市場(chǎng)和超市所

8、壟斷,農(nóng)產(chǎn)品和食品的傳統(tǒng)銷售形式也被超市所取代,而且這種趨勢(shì)越來越明顯,同時(shí)由于技術(shù)水平的提高,農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)也趨向于由少數(shù)種植商集約經(jīng)營。Boselie.D通過對(duì)泰國皇家阿荷生鮮超市食品供應(yīng)鏈管理的調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),曼谷有50%的食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品是在大型超市如7-11、皇家阿荷、家樂福、Sainsburry和TESCO售出的。這些大型超市為了滿足市場(chǎng)對(duì)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品品質(zhì)一致性和供應(yīng)穩(wěn)定性的要求,對(duì)供應(yīng)商進(jìn)行了嚴(yán)格的篩選。因此,皇家阿荷生鮮超市實(shí)施食品供應(yīng)鏈管理后,將供應(yīng)商從原來的250家減少為60家左右,使物流系統(tǒng)更加高效和簡(jiǎn)潔。隨著上游農(nóng)產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)商數(shù)目的銳減和超市連鎖店的不斷擴(kuò)張,這種食品供應(yīng)鏈的上游供應(yīng)商與下游

9、超市連鎖店的數(shù)目呈現(xiàn)對(duì)稱增長(zhǎng)之態(tài)勢(shì)。在發(fā)達(dá)國家及物流發(fā)展較為成熟的大城市里,這種食品供應(yīng)鏈經(jīng)常表現(xiàn)為集中采購、統(tǒng)一流通配送和減少不增值的物流環(huán)節(jié),以實(shí)現(xiàn)節(jié)約成本的精益物流戰(zhàn)略。 4.混合型食品供應(yīng)鏈。隨著市場(chǎng)食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品消費(fèi)需求的多樣化,食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品加工的比重也在逐步提高。據(jù)有關(guān)統(tǒng)計(jì)表明,美國2002年度未加工和加工蔬菜的比例為15%和85%;水果為30%和70%。其他國家的情況也大致如此。大型超市為了適應(yīng)消費(fèi)需求的顯著變化,將原先由獨(dú)立企業(yè)從事的專業(yè)化生產(chǎn)的增值環(huán)節(jié)進(jìn)行“內(nèi)部化” ,專門建立大型加工及配送中心,對(duì)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行清洗、分類、深度加工、包裝和配送等增值業(yè)務(wù),同時(shí)通過在大型加工中心實(shí)施

10、HACCP和GMP加工質(zhì)量和衛(wèi)生安全認(rèn)證,來保證食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的品質(zhì)安全。這個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)是前述三個(gè)食品供應(yīng)鏈中所沒有的,這是大型超市和連鎖店對(duì)市場(chǎng)需求作出快速反應(yīng)的結(jié)果。隨著上游供應(yīng)商實(shí)力和優(yōu)勢(shì)的增強(qiáng),加工中心的部分功能,如清洗、分類和深度加工等環(huán)節(jié)又向供應(yīng)商回流,使得加工中心的重點(diǎn)放在處理和不斷擴(kuò)大的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品數(shù)量和種類業(yè)務(wù)上。因此,這種食品供應(yīng)鏈?zhǔn)且环N綜合型、多品種、大批量和多頻次的混合型供應(yīng)鏈體系。這種食品供應(yīng)鏈更關(guān)注消費(fèi)者的滿意度,通過加工中心來對(duì)市場(chǎng)需求作出快速反應(yīng),并實(shí)時(shí)對(duì)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品和食品進(jìn)行“量身定制”和深度加工,以實(shí)現(xiàn)不同于精益物流的靈捷物流戰(zhàn)略。 三.食品供應(yīng)鏈跟蹤與食品質(zhì)量安全 近年來,由

11、于食品供應(yīng)鏈合作的重點(diǎn)由原來的保證供貨質(zhì)量逐步轉(zhuǎn)向加強(qiáng)食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量安全,如瘋牛病、口蹄疫和轉(zhuǎn)基因食品等的出現(xiàn)。農(nóng)產(chǎn)品和食品質(zhì)量安全的跟蹤離不開食品供應(yīng)鏈管理,因此基于質(zhì)量安全的食品供應(yīng)鏈跟蹤成了食品供應(yīng)鏈管理的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)。Golan.E等通過對(duì)美國生鮮農(nóng)產(chǎn)品、谷類和油菜以及牛肉制品的調(diào)查研究發(fā)現(xiàn),三者經(jīng)食品供應(yīng)鏈跟蹤后,在食品質(zhì)量安全方面出現(xiàn)了很大的差異。而分析這些差異,他們又發(fā)現(xiàn)三種農(nóng)產(chǎn)品食品供應(yīng)鏈管理的共性,即存在三種驅(qū)動(dòng)力。這也是企業(yè)實(shí)施食品供應(yīng)鏈管理時(shí)需要分析考察的問題: 1.有利于食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品差別化營銷,以提高食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的銷量。通過那些細(xì)小的或不能直接發(fā)現(xiàn)的食品質(zhì)量安全的特性

12、,可區(qū)別不同類型的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品和食品。因?yàn)樵谑称泛娃r(nóng)產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)上不僅存在大量單一的谷類和肉類產(chǎn)品,而且也有根據(jù)消費(fèi)者不同的偏好和口味量身定制的食品。有些農(nóng)產(chǎn)品和食品的質(zhì)量可能容易判別,而另一些則不容易直接判別,甚至在消費(fèi)之后也不能馬上發(fā)現(xiàn)其質(zhì)量問題。例如,轉(zhuǎn)基因食用油,如未進(jìn)行標(biāo)識(shí),消費(fèi)者就很難判別食用油是否由非轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆加工而成。因此,對(duì)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品和食品的安全質(zhì)量和品質(zhì)進(jìn)行細(xì)分,是差別化營銷的必要前提。 2.有利于農(nóng)產(chǎn)品和食品質(zhì)量安全的跟蹤,減少食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品召回成本。許多企業(yè)已利用食品供應(yīng)鏈跟蹤系統(tǒng),來最大限度地減少食品安全體系缺陷可能造成的潛在損失。供應(yīng)商通常有著很強(qiáng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)驅(qū)動(dòng)性,當(dāng)發(fā)現(xiàn)食品有安全隱患

13、和質(zhì)量問題時(shí),他們往往會(huì)采取措施,避免食品質(zhì)量安全問題給企業(yè)自身或品牌帶來負(fù)面的影響?；谑称饭?yīng)鏈的跟蹤能幫助企業(yè)縮短確認(rèn)和清理有問題食品的時(shí)間,為此,國外許多企業(yè)將相關(guān)標(biāo)識(shí)信息揭示在食品包裝上,以便利消費(fèi)者的識(shí)別和認(rèn)定。例如,在美國大多數(shù)要求召回的食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品都被公布在美國農(nóng)業(yè)部食品安全和檢驗(yàn)服務(wù)的官方網(wǎng)站上,以便消費(fèi)者根據(jù)食品包裝的標(biāo)識(shí)信息來判定有問題的食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品。有些企業(yè)則通過使用先進(jìn)RSS條碼系統(tǒng)和EAN/UCC全球統(tǒng)一標(biāo)識(shí)系統(tǒng),更為具體地揭示食品供應(yīng)鏈的標(biāo)識(shí)信息,如每種產(chǎn)品的種子、施肥、使用抗生素的情況、生產(chǎn)時(shí)間、生產(chǎn)線、生產(chǎn)地、生產(chǎn)所使用的技術(shù)和生產(chǎn)次序,等等。因此某種產(chǎn)品一旦

14、出現(xiàn)問題,這些標(biāo)識(shí)信息將能夠發(fā)揮很大的作用。 目前,歐盟已經(jīng)采用EAN/UCC系統(tǒng),成功地開展了對(duì)牛肉、蔬菜等食品追蹤的研究。通過采用EAN/UCC-128條碼符號(hào)、GLN全球位置碼可以對(duì)食品供應(yīng)鏈全過程中的產(chǎn)品及其屬性信息和參與方信息等進(jìn)行有效的標(biāo)識(shí)。在對(duì)食品跟蹤與追溯時(shí),要求供應(yīng)鏈中的每一道加工環(huán)節(jié),不僅要對(duì)自己所加工完成的產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行標(biāo)識(shí),還要采集所需加工的食品原料上的已有標(biāo)識(shí)信息,并將其全部信息標(biāo)識(shí)在加工完成的產(chǎn)品上,以備下一道加工環(huán)節(jié)或消費(fèi)者使用,從而有效地解決了供應(yīng)鏈各環(huán)節(jié)之間的聯(lián)系比較脆弱、實(shí)施跟蹤和追溯難度大的問題,也為企業(yè)減少因缺乏明確信息而將混在優(yōu)質(zhì)食品中的劣質(zhì)食品連同優(yōu)質(zhì)食品

15、一同處理的可能性。 3.有利于提高和改善供應(yīng)方的物流管理。對(duì)于企業(yè)來說,管理生產(chǎn)物流和跟蹤相關(guān)零售信息如條形碼,能幫助企業(yè)了解其食品供應(yīng)鏈的物流流出狀況,以便對(duì)供應(yīng)鏈上游物流的流入進(jìn)行有效管理。特別是有些企業(yè)采用了基于質(zhì)量安全的食品供應(yīng)鏈的高新技術(shù)追溯系統(tǒng),如農(nóng)場(chǎng)主使用電子耳標(biāo)識(shí)和相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)收集卡來跟蹤食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的免疫記錄、健康記錄和飼養(yǎng)記錄等。這些食品供應(yīng)鏈的信息也能使食品或農(nóng)產(chǎn)品在市場(chǎng)上獲得與其質(zhì)量相符的價(jià)格。 然而,對(duì)所有食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品都實(shí)施食品供應(yīng)鏈的質(zhì)量安全跟蹤是沒有必要的。Van Weele根據(jù)市場(chǎng)對(duì)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品和食品信息的需求,確定食品供應(yīng)鏈信息跟蹤的寬度、深度和精度。同理,企業(yè)對(duì)食品供

16、應(yīng)鏈信息跟蹤的寬度、深度和精度也反映出其對(duì)基于質(zhì)量安全的食品供應(yīng)鏈的成本和收益的一種綜合取向。因?yàn)樾畔⒏櫟膶挾?、深度和精度決定著企業(yè)整合食品供應(yīng)鏈的投入和成本。只有當(dāng)收益大于成本時(shí),企業(yè)所選擇的寬度、深度和精度才是實(shí)施供應(yīng)鏈質(zhì)量安全跟蹤的動(dòng)力和保證。Discussion on food supply chain management and food quality and safety Since the 1990s, supply chain management has become the academic and business circles hot topic, especi

17、ally in supply chain management successfully applied to IBM, P & G, DELL, etc. after the companys management, food and agricultural industries have followed suit and Supply chain management with a tool to improve their competitiveness. 1996, Zuurbier and other scholars in general, on the basis of th

18、e supply chain, first proposed the concept of the food supply chain, and that the food supply chain management of agricultural and food production and marketing organization, food and agricultural products in order to reduce logistics costs and improve its quality and safety and logistics service le

19、vel and for vertical integration mode of operation. Now, in the U.S., UK, Canada and the Netherlands and other more developed countries, agricultural production, this management model has been widely used, and gradually become the focus of academic research project. The food supply chain management

20、research has gone through three stages: the first stage of the business flow management phase, the study of agricultural products and food processing enterprises, including the output of consumer spending to business before the flow phase, the content of their research is often included In the marke

21、ting context; the second stage of integrated logistics management phase, agricultural marketing, logistics management separate from, and to extend to the upstream producers of agricultural and food production process, emphasizing the production should be based on market demand and cost control throu

22、ghout the supply chain; the third stage of supply chain integration management phase, the study extends further upstream to the most upstream agricultural enterprises such as seed suppliers, etc., the purpose is to extend the tracking and tracing of food quality and safety of agricultural products i

23、ssues in order to quickly and effectively identify and solve problems. This article describes the production of different food supply chain logistics system characteristics, and the food supply chain management with the development of food quality and safety are analyzed and discussed.One. Food caus

24、es of supply chain management In recent years, the food supply chain, production and development of peoples increasing demands for food consumption, the inevitable result. Specifically, the causes are: 1 the consumer fresh food and agricultural products have become increasingly demanding and require

25、 delivery of food and agricultural products, the production period as short as possible. 2 consumers of food and agricultural products quality requirements have become more sophisticated, forcing food manufacturers to implement the food supply chain management to ensure a stable supply of raw materi

26、als upstream and downstream sales channels. 3 food quality and safety of consumers are increasingly concerned about. In order to meet consumer demand for food and agricultural products in the type and quantity requirements, companies continue to seek and develop new technologies, and new technologie

27、s and new methods of excessive use such as pesticides, hormones, antibiotics and genetically modified technology, etc. to meet the consumer demand, but also inevitably produced a hazard causing human food quality and safety issues. This is because buyers and sellers in the market information asymmet

28、ry, consumers in the purchase of food or agricultural products, the products do not understand the health, environmental and safety information. Therefore, enterprises need in all aspects of the production process inspection and testing of products and timely disclosure of information to consumers.

29、4 food and agricultural companies forced the government, Relevant social organizations and consumer demands and pressure to press the food supply chain to operate. For example, EU regulations No. 178, as from 2004 in all EU-wide sales of food, must be implemented to track and trace food supply chain

30、; the same in the United States Food and Drug Administration regulations in the United States and abroad engaged in food production, processing and packaging departments and related organizations in the December 12, 2003 to register the Food and Drug Administration for food safety tracking and traci

31、ng, on the allowed unregistered persons engaged in food production and sales. Thus, the food supply chain management is inherent in the market dynamics and the external pressure the government to promote the case.Two. Food supply chain, production logistics system The formation of the food supply ch

32、ain logistics system with the changing content of closely related, particularly in the food and agricultural production logistics system evolving situation, for people to create a highly efficient food supply chain management paradigm provides the basis. According to food and agricultural products l

33、ogistics stage of development, typical of the food supply chain can be divided into dumbbell-shaped, T-, symmetric and mixed four types. 1.dumbbell food supply chain. This type of food supply chain is a quasi-strict supply chain. It is characterized by a shorter supply chain, connecting the main lot

34、 located at both ends of the transaction, while the middle of the main chain are few and fewer transactions, showing the dumbbell type. Upstream producers have poor technical conditions, production is low and less variety, it gathered a large number of upstream agricultural producers; the same time,

35、 products from the market to close and only a single farm, it also makes the chain in Most of the main trading agricultural producers, their direct trading in the market, and little contact between producers and consumers, middlemen, so growers sell directly to consumers food and agricultural produc

36、ts. In developing countries, especially near urban areas, the supply of vegetables, generally using this type of supply chain. 2.T type of food supply chain. This type of food supply chains are generally applicable to food and agricultural production and sales of land to the far distance, consumer d

37、emand quite different situation. As perishable agricultural products, agricultural producers can not sell their products directly, through intermediaries to provide the necessary services, such as third-party logistics, agricultural processors and wholesalers provide appropriate services. This type

38、of supply chain, upstream gathered more producers, and in the middle part of a better understanding of the origin of production, but also in the sales channels to occupy a certain advantage, but fewer vendors. Therefore, T-food supply chain and many growers, brokers and sellers and less downstream a

39、nd concentrated, showing the shape of the supply chain for the T-type. And dumbbell-shaped compared to the food supply chain, which chain is longer, the sales performance of food and agricultural products and value-added services for the indirect nature. This type of food supply chains more common i

40、n China, Chinas agriculture industry in less developed regions, due to lack of upstream farmers to connect one end, other end of the link sales market, specializing in the processing of agricultural products among leading enterprises and the corresponding part of agricultural production often out of

41、 line with market demand. Therefore, T-middle part of the food supply chain as a low level of absence and logistics operation, prone to upstream farmers and downstream production of agricultural products sold blindly difficult phenomenon. 3.symmetric food supply chain. With the emergence of new sale

42、s formats, distribution channels are increasingly large-scale professional market and supermarket monopoly, the traditional sales of agricultural products and food forms have been replaced by supermarkets, and this trend is more and more obvious, and because of its technological level of agricultura

43、l products production also tends to intensive management by a few growers. Boselie.D Ahe by the Royal Thai supermarket fresh food supply chain management survey found that 50% of Bangkoks food and agricultural products in large supermarkets such as 7-11, Royal Ahe, Carrefour, Sainsburry and TESCO so

44、ld of. These large supermarkets in order to meet the market for agricultural products, quality consistency and supply stability requirements, the supplier of a rigorous screening. Therefore, the implementation of the Royal Ahe supermarket fresh food supply chain management, will be vendors from the

45、original 250 was reduced to about 60, so that the logistics system more efficient and concise. With the upper reaches of the sharp drop in the number of suppliers of agricultural products and the continuous expansion of the supermarket chain, this food supply chain, upstream suppliers and downstream

46、 number of supermarket chains showed symmetrical growth trend. Logistics development in developed and more mature cities, this has been expressed in the food supply chain, centralized purchasing, reduce non-uniform flow distribution and value-added logistics sectors, in order to achieve cost savings

47、 of lean logistics strategy. 4.mixed food supply chain. With consumer demand for food and agricultural products market diversification, the proportion of food and agricultural processing has gradually improved. According to the statistics that the United States in 2002 raw and processed vegetables f

48、or 15% and 85%; fruit of 30% and 70%. Other countries also generally the case. Large supermarkets in order to meet consumer demand significant changes to the original by an independent enterprise engaged in specialized production of value-added aspects of internal and specifically the establishment

49、of large-scale processing and distribution center for agricultural products for cleaning, sorting, in-depth processing, packaging and distribution and other value-added services, through the implementation of HACCP in a large processing center and GMP certification process quality and health and saf

50、ety, to ensure the quality of food and agricultural safety. The link is above three does not have the food supply chain, which is large supermarkets and chain stores to respond quickly to market demands results. With upstream suppliers to enhance the strength and advantages of the processing center

51、part of the function, such as cleaning, sorting and depth of processing and other sectors Youxiang supplier back, making the processing center focused on the processing of agricultural products and expanding the number and type of businessTherefore, this food supply chain is a comprehensive, multi-s

52、pecies, multi-frequency high-volume and mix of supply chain system. This food supply chain are more concerned about customer satisfaction, through the processing centers to respond quickly to market demand, and real-time on agricultural products and foodstuffs tailored and depth of processing, in or

53、der to achieve different from the lean agile logistics logistics strategy.Three. Food supply chain tracking and food quality and safety In recent years, the focus of the food supply chain collaboration to ensure delivery of quality from the gradual move to reinforce the quality and safety of food and agricultural products, such as BSE, foot and mouth disease and the emergence of genetically modified foods. Agricultural products and food quality and safety of track without food supply chain management, so based