中級(jí)經(jīng)濟(jì)師考試《建筑專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)與實(shí)務(wù)》重點(diǎn)解析合同變

1、中級(jí)經(jīng)濟(jì)師考試建筑專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)與實(shí)務(wù)重點(diǎn)解析：合同變更管理(一)中級(jí)經(jīng)濟(jì)師考試合同變更的概念 變更，是指合同依法成立后，在尚未履行或尚來(lái)完全履行時(shí)，當(dāng)事人依法經(jīng)過(guò)協(xié)商，對(duì)合同的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行修訂或調(diào)整所達(dá)成的協(xié)議。 合同變更時(shí)，當(dāng)事人應(yīng)當(dāng)通過(guò)協(xié)商，對(duì)原合同的部分內(nèi)容條款作出修改補(bǔ)充或增加新的條款。例如，對(duì)原合同中規(guī)定的標(biāo)的數(shù)量、質(zhì)量、履行期限、地點(diǎn)和方式，違約責(zé)任、解決爭(zhēng)議的方法等作出變更。當(dāng)事人對(duì)合同內(nèi)容變更取得一致意見(jiàn)時(shí)方為有效。 有效的合同變更，必須有明確的合同內(nèi)容的變更。合同的變更，是指合同內(nèi)容局部的、非實(shí)質(zhì)性的變更，也即合同內(nèi)容的變更并不會(huì)導(dǎo)致原合同關(guān)系的消滅和新的合同關(guān)系的產(chǎn)生。合同內(nèi)容的變

2、更，是在保持原合同效力的基礎(chǔ)上，所形成的新的合同關(guān)系。此種新的合同關(guān)系應(yīng)當(dāng)包括原合同的實(shí)質(zhì)性條款的內(nèi)容。 (二)fidic合同條件下工程變更管理 1、工程變更的概念及產(chǎn)生原因 (1)工程變更的概念 所謂工程變更包括設(shè)計(jì)變更、進(jìn)度計(jì)劃變更以及原招標(biāo)文件和工程量清單中未包括的“新增工程”。按照f(shuō)idic合同條件有關(guān)規(guī)定，承包商按照工程師發(fā)出的變更通知及有關(guān)要求，需要進(jìn)行下列變更： 更改工程有關(guān)部分的標(biāo)高、基線、位置和尺寸； 增減合同中約定的工程量； 改變有關(guān)工程的施工時(shí)間和順序； 其他有關(guān)工程變更需要的附加工作。 (2)工程變更的產(chǎn)生原因 在工程項(xiàng)目的實(shí)施過(guò)程中，經(jīng)常碰到來(lái)自業(yè)主方對(duì)項(xiàng)目要求的修改

3、，設(shè)計(jì)方由于業(yè)主要求的變化或現(xiàn)場(chǎng)施工環(huán)境、施工技術(shù)的要求而產(chǎn)生的設(shè)計(jì)變更等。由于這多方面變更，經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)工程量變化、施工進(jìn)度變化、業(yè)主方與承包方在執(zhí)行合同中的爭(zhēng)執(zhí)等問(wèn)題。這些問(wèn)題的產(chǎn)生，一方面是由于主觀原因，不得不改變施工項(xiàng)目或增減工程量；另一方面是由于客觀原因，致使工程變更不可避免。 2、fidic合同條件下工程變更的控制程序與要求 (1)提出變更要求。工程變更可能由承包商提出廠也可能由業(yè)主或工程師提出。 (2)工程師審查變更。無(wú)論是哪一方提出的工程變更，均需由工程師審查批準(zhǔn)。 (3)編制工程變更文件。工程變更文件包括： 工程變更令。主要說(shuō)明變更的理由和工程變更的概況，工程變更估價(jià)及對(duì)合同價(jià)的

4、估價(jià)。 工程量清單。工程變更的工程量清單與合同中的工程量清單相同，并需附工程量的計(jì)算記錄及有關(guān)確定單價(jià)的資料。 設(shè)計(jì)圖紙(包括技術(shù)規(guī)范)。 其他有關(guān)文件等。 (4)發(fā)出變更指示。工程師的變更指示應(yīng)以書(shū)面形式發(fā)出。如果工程師認(rèn)為有必要以口頭形式發(fā)出指示，指示發(fā)出后應(yīng)盡快加以書(shū)面形式確認(rèn)。 3工程變更價(jià)款的估價(jià)步驟 工程變更一般要影響費(fèi)用的增減，所以工程師應(yīng)把全部情況告知雇主。對(duì)變更費(fèi)用的批準(zhǔn)，一般遵循以下步驟： (1)工程師準(zhǔn)備一份授權(quán)申請(qǐng)?zhí)岢鰧?duì)規(guī)范和合同工程量所要進(jìn)行的變更以及費(fèi)用估算和變更的依據(jù)和理由。 (2)在雇主批準(zhǔn)了授權(quán)的申請(qǐng)后，工程師要同承包商協(xié)商，確定變更的價(jià)格。如果價(jià)格等于或少于

5、雇主批準(zhǔn)的總額，則工程師有權(quán)向承包商發(fā)布必要的變更指示；如果價(jià)格超過(guò)批準(zhǔn)的總額，工程師應(yīng)請(qǐng)求雇主進(jìn)一步給予授權(quán)。 (3)盡管已有上述程序，但為了避免耽誤工作，工程師在和承包商就變更價(jià)格達(dá)成一致意見(jiàn)之前，有必要發(fā)布變更指示。此時(shí)，應(yīng)發(fā)布一個(gè)包括兩部分的變更指示，第一部分是在沒(méi)有規(guī)定價(jià)格和費(fèi)率時(shí)，指示承包商繼續(xù)工作；在通過(guò)進(jìn)一步的協(xié)商之后，發(fā)布第二部分，確定適用的費(fèi)率和價(jià)格。 此程序中所述任何步驟均不應(yīng)影響工程師決定任何費(fèi)率或價(jià)格的權(quán)力(在工程師和承包商之間對(duì)費(fèi)率和價(jià)格不能達(dá)成一致意見(jiàn)時(shí))。 (4)在緊急情況下，不應(yīng)限制工程師向承包商發(fā)布他認(rèn)為必要的此類(lèi)指示。如果在上述緊急情況下采取行動(dòng)，他應(yīng)就此

6、情況盡快通知雇主。 4工程變更估價(jià)方法 (1)如工程師認(rèn)為適當(dāng)，應(yīng)以合同中規(guī)定的費(fèi)率及價(jià)格進(jìn)行估價(jià)。如合同中未包括適用于該變更工作的費(fèi)率和價(jià)格，則應(yīng)在合理的范圍內(nèi)使用合同中的費(fèi)率和價(jià)格作為估價(jià)的基礎(chǔ)。費(fèi)率或價(jià)格確定的合適與否是導(dǎo)致承包商費(fèi)用索賠的關(guān)鍵。 (2)如果工程師在頒發(fā)整個(gè)工程的移交證書(shū)時(shí)；發(fā)現(xiàn)由于工程變更和工程量表上實(shí)際工程量的增加或減少(不包括暫定金額、計(jì)日工和價(jià)格調(diào)整)、使合同價(jià)格的增加或減少合計(jì)超過(guò)有效合同價(jià)(指不包括暫定金額和計(jì)日工補(bǔ)貼的合同價(jià)格)的15，在工程師與業(yè)主和承包商協(xié)商后，應(yīng)在合同價(jià)格中加上或減去承包商和工程師議定的一筆款額，若雙方未能取得一致意見(jiàn)，則由工程師在考慮

7、了承包商的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)費(fèi)用和上級(jí)公司管理費(fèi)后確定此款額。該款額僅以超過(guò)或等于“有效合同價(jià)”15的那一部分為基礎(chǔ)。 (3)也可按計(jì)日工方法估價(jià)。工程師如認(rèn)為必要和可取，可以簽發(fā)指示，規(guī)定按日計(jì)工方法進(jìn)行工程估價(jià)變更。對(duì)這類(lèi)工程變更，應(yīng)按合同中包括的按日計(jì)工表中所定的項(xiàng)目和承包商在投標(biāo)書(shū)中對(duì)此所確定的費(fèi)率或價(jià)格向承包商付款。winger tuivasa-sheck, who scored two tries in the kiwis 20-18 semi-final win over england, has been passed fit after a lower-leg injury, while

8、slater has been named at full-back but is still recovering from a knee injury aggravated against usa.both sides boast 100% records heading into the encounter but australia have not conceded a try since josh charnleys effort in their first pool match against england on the opening day.aussie winger j

9、arryd hayne is the competitions top try scorer with nine, closely followed by tuivasa-sheck with eight.but it is recently named rugby league international federation player of the year sonny bill williams who has attracted the most interest in the tournament so far.the kiwi - with a tournament high

10、17 offloads - has the chance of becoming the first player to win the world cup in both rugby league and rugby union after triumphing with the all blacks in 2011.id give every award back in a heartbeat just to get across the line this weekend, said williams.the (lack of) air up there watch mcayman is

11、lands-based webb, the head of fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in london for the football associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend citys premier league match at chelsea on sunday.待添加的隱藏文字內(nèi)容2i am going to be at the match tomorrow and i have asked to meet yaya toure, he told bbc spor

12、t.for me its about how he felt and i would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against cskafor the racist behaviour of their fans duringcitys 2-1 win.michel platini, president of european footballs governing body, has also ordered an

13、 immediate investigation into the referees actions.cska said they were surprised and disappointed by toures complaint. in a statement the russian side added: we found no racist insults from fans of cska. baumgartner the disappointing news: mission aborted.the supersonic descent could happen as early

14、 as sunda.the weather plays an important role in this mission. starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. the balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the trop

15、osphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. it will climb higher than the tip of mount everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. as he crosses the boundary layer (called the tro

16、popause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.the balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( then, i would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an olympic diving platform.they blew it in 2008 when they got caught cold in the final and they will not make the sam

17、e mistake against the kiwis in manchester.five years ago they cruised through to the final and so far history has repeated itself here - the last try they conceded was scored by englands josh charnley in the opening game of the tournament.that could be classed as a weakness, a team under-cooked - bu

18、t i have been impressed by the kangaroos focus in their games since then.they have been concentrating on the sort of stuff that wins you tough, even contests - strong defence, especially on their own goal-line, completing sets and a good kick-chase. theyve been great at all the unglamorous stuff that often goes unnoticed in the stands but not