全國職稱英語理工A真題及答案

1、 2009年度全國職稱英語等級考試理工類（a級）試題第1部分：詞匯選項（第115題，每題1分，共15分）下面每個句子中均有1個詞或短語劃有橫線，請為每處劃線部分確定1個意義最為接近的選項。1why cant you stop your eternal complaining?along beverlasting ctemporary dboring2hundreds of buildings were wrecked by the earthquake.adamaged bshaken cfallen djumped3these paintings are considered by many

2、 to be authentic.afaithful broyal csincere dgenuine4many economists have given in to the fatal lure of mathematics.asimplicity battraction cpower drigor5ten years after the event, her death still remains a puzzle.amist bfog csecret dmystery6john was irritated by the necessity for polite conversation

3、,atroubled bannoyed cthreatened daroused7academic records cannot be duplicated.aborrowed bpurchased ccopied drewritten8the emphasis on the importance of education has spurred scientific researchaencouraged bfastened craised dinitiated9we have ample money for the journeyasome blittle cenough dextra10

4、 the doctors pills worked marvels for me.amiracles bpatients cillness drecovery11 marys perpetual moaning nearly drove me mad.aendless bmonotonous cserious dbitter12 it was hard to say why the man deserved such shabby treatmentaold bunforgettable cunfair dfunny13 you didnt adhere to these principles

5、.aorder bfollow cprove dhandle14 the farmers also want to use the water to irrigate the barren land.aempty bhairless csmooth dbare15 anyone who wants to apply for a loan need read the following specifications.aexpressions bwarnings cadvertisements dinstructions第2部分：閱讀判斷（第1622題，每題1分，共7分）下面的短文后列出了7個句子

6、，請根據(jù)短文的內容對每個句子做出判斷：如果該句提供的是正確信息，請選擇a；如果該句提供的是錯誤信息，請選擇b；如果該句的信息文中沒有提及，請選擇c。 water-the issue of this centurythe world is running short of fresh water. populations are growing bigger and thirstier（渴的), with the result that freshwater is becoming increasingly scarce (缺乏). half the worlds wetlands have d

7、isappeared during the last century, while estimates suggest that water use will rise by 50% in the next 30 years.the world bank report estimates that as much as half of the worlds population, concentrated in africa, the middle east and south asia, will face severe water shortages by 2025. local wate

8、r conflicts and the loss of freshwater ecosystems appear large in some regions.a similar picture emerges from the globes salt water regions. three-quarters of the worlds people may live within 100km of the sea in 2025, putting even more pressure on stretched coastal ecosystems. two thirds of fisheri

9、es (漁業(yè)) are exploited at or beyond their sustainable limits, and half the worlds coral reefs (珊瑚礁) may perish in 100 years. almost 60% of coral reefs and 34% of fish species are at risk from human activities, the bank says.the report concludes that there is ample evidence to justify immediate and co

10、ordinated action to safeguard supplies and use water more efficiently.fresh water consumption is rising quickly, and the availability of water in some regions is likely to become one of the most pressing issues of the 21st century.a third of the worlds population - around two billion people - live i

11、n countries that are experiencing moderate to high water shortages. that proportion could rise to half or more in the next 30 years unless institutions (制度) change to ensure better conservation and allocation of water.china is one country where the portents (征兆) are gloomy. the most water-stressed c

12、ountry in east asia, china is exploiting 44% of its usable water, a figure projected to rise to 60% by 2020. primary withdrawal of water of more than 60% is widely considered by water experts to exceed the environmental carrying capacity of a river basin system. although chinas total use appears sti

13、ll to be reasonable, it has several basins that are severely stressed environmentally.withdrawals exceed environmental limits in afghanistan and pakistan, and will exceed them in india by 2020. in the middle east and north africa, only morocco has unexploited water resources. the rest have exceeded

14、environmental limits and many are mining aquifers (蓄水層) - bodies of water-bearing rock - the report says.16it is estimated that water use will rise by 50% in the next 30 years.arightbwrongcnot mentioned17most developed countries will face water shortages in 20 years.arightbwrongcnot mentioned18most

15、of the worlds population may live within 100km of the sea in 2025.arightbwrongcnot mentioned19almost all coral reefs may disappear in 100 years.arightbwrongcnot mentioned20some species of fish in the atlantic are at dangerously low levels.arightbwrongcnot mentioned21the world bank report implies tha

16、t urgent action should be taken to protect water supplies.arightbwrongcnot mentioned22india exceeds environmental limits for water use.arightbwrongcnot mentioned第3部分：概括大意與完成句子（第2330題，每題1分，共8分）下面的短文后有2項測試任務：（1）第2326題要求從所給的6個選項中為第14段每段1選擇個最佳標題；（2）第2730題要求從所給的6個選項中為每個句子確定1個最佳選項。 chimpanzees1 chimpanzee

17、s (黑猩猩) will soon be extinct (滅絕). if the present rate of hunting and habitat (棲息地) destruction continues, then within 20 years, there will be no chimpanzees living in the wild. but this is more than an environmental or moral tragedy (悲劇). chimpanzee extinction may also have profound implications (含

18、意) for the survival of their distant relatives - human beings.2in 1975 the biologist marie-claire king and allan wilson discovered that the human and chimpanzee genomes (基因組) match by over 98%. compare this to the mouse, used as model for human disease in lab tests, which shares only 60% of its dna

19、with us. in fact, chimpanzees are far more similar to humans than they are to any other species of monkey. as well as resembling us genetically, chimps are highly intelligent and able to use tools. these facts alone should be enough to make protection of chimps an urgent priority (優(yōu)先). but there is

20、another, more selfish reason to preserve the chimp.3the chimpanzees trump card (王牌) comes in the field of medical research. chimpanzees are so similar to humans that veterinarians (獸醫(yī)) often refer to human medical textbooks when treating them. yet chimpanzees do show differences in several key areas

21、. in particular, chimps are much more resistant to a number of major diseases. it is this ability that is so interesting.4for example, chimps seem to show a much higher resistance than humans to hiv, the virus that causes aids. indeed, their use as experimental animals in aids research has declined

22、because they are so resistant.5by sequencing the chimp genome and pinpointing (找到) the place where the chimpanzee dna sequence differs from that of humans, scientists hope to be able to discover which part of the genetic code gives chimps their increased resistance to some diseases. this, they hope,

23、 will allow them to develop new and more effective treatments for the human forms of these diseases. such treatments could include the production of new drugs or even the alteration (改變) of the human genetic sequence. the recently completed human genome sequencing project has shown that such an effo

24、rt is now well within our reach.23paragraph 1 .24paragraph 2 .25paragraph 3 .26paragraph 4 .agenetic differences between chimps and humansbreasons for hiv resistancecimplications of chimpanzee extinction for humansdeffective aids treatmentegenetic similarities between chimps and humansfchimps resist

25、ance to hiv27chimpanzee extinction may affect28there is a difference of less than 2% between the chimp and29scientists suspect that genes play a significant role in protecting chimps from getting30the discovery of the genetic code of chimps will be helpful toahealthier lifestyle bsome human disease

26、treatmentscsome diseases dhuman survivalehuman genomes fkey areas第4部分：閱讀理解（第3145題，每題3分，共45分）下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道題。請根據(jù)短文內容，為每題確定1個最佳選項。第一篇 youth emancipation in spainthe spanish government is so worried about the number of young adults still living with their parents that it has decided to help them leav

27、e the nest.around 55 percent of people aged 18-34 in spain still sleep in their parents homes, says the latest report from the countrys state-run institute of youth.to coax (勸誘) young people from their homes, the institute started a youth emancipation (解放) program this month. the program offers guid

28、ance in finding rooms and jobs.economists blame young peoples family dependence on the precarious (不穩(wěn)定的) labor market and increasing housing prices. housing prices have risen 17 percent a year since 2000.cultural reasons also contribute to the problem, say sociologists (社會學家). family ties in south e

29、urope - italy, portugal and greece - are stronger than those in middle and north europe, said spanish sociologist almudena moreno minguez in her report the late emancipation of spanish youth: key for understanding.in general, young people in spain firmly believe in the family as the main body around

30、 which their private life is organized, said minguez.in spain - especially in the countryside, it is not uncommon to find entire groups of aunts, uncles, cousins, nieces and nephews (外侄/侄子) all living on the same street. they regularly get together for sunday dinner.parents tolerance is another fact

31、or. spanish parents accept late-night partying and are wary of setting bedtime rules.a child can arrive home at whatever time he wants. if parents complain hell put up a fight and call the father a fascist, said jose antonio gomez yanez, a sociologist at carlos iii university in madrid.mothers willi

32、ngness to do childrens household chores (家務) worsens the problem. dionisio masso, a 60-year-old in madrid, has three children in their 20s. the eldest, 28, has a girlfriend and a job. but life with mum is good.his mum does the wash and cooks for him: in the end. he lives well. masso said.31the youth

33、 emancipation program aims at helping young peoplealive in an independent way. bfight for freedom.cfight against social injustice. dget rid of family responsibilities.32it can be inferred from paragraph 5 that family ties are stronger in portugal than inagreece. bfinland. cspain. ditaly.33young peop

34、les family dependence can be attributed to all the following factors exceptaparents tolerance. bhousing problems.cunwillingness to get married. dcultural traditions.34which of the following statements is ,not true of dionisio masso?ashe has a boyfriend. bshe is 60 years old.cshe hasthree children. d

35、she lives in madrid.35the phrase wary of in paragraph 8 could be best replaced byatired of. bafraid of. cworried about. dcautious about.第二篇 listening to birdsonga male zebra finch (雀科鳴鳥) chirps (鳴) away to himself. suddenly he notices a female bird nearby. he realizes he has an audience and immediat

36、ely changes his song. can the female tell the difference in his performance? according to a new study, the female zebra finch knows. and she prefers the special trills he creates when he sings to her. a male zebra finch changes his song when singing to a female in ways that people can barely detect.

37、 but the female finch can tell the difference.scientists had noticed slight variations in the songs of male zebra finches based on whether they were singing alone or whether there was a female (and potential mate) nearby. with an audience, the males sped up the pace of their songs and controlled the

38、 notes they used.for this study, .researchers sarah c. woolley and allison doupe at the university of california, san francisco decided to focus attention on the listening females, which have not been well studied in the past.in the study, woolley and doupe set up a long cage with a sound speaker at

39、 each end. one broadcast the sound of a male zebra finch singing to himself, like someone singing in the shower. the other speaker broadcast a male performing for a female audience, as if he was giving a concert.female birds were placed between the two speakers. some of the birds had mates, others d

40、idnt. the females shifted around a bit, and then most of them hopped over to sit beside just one speaker. all the birds that made a clear choice liked songs meant for a female audience, even if theyd never met the male.mated females also had a chance to listen to two different performance songs, one

41、 from an unknown male, and one from their mate. they spent more time listening to the concert version of their mates songs, this suggests that after a while, females learn to recognize - and prefer - the songs of their mates.scientists then studied the brains of the females. they found certain areas

42、 of the brain perked up (活躍起來) when the birds listened to the concert songs. these brain areas may be involved in recognizing and evaluating the songs, and storing the memories of them.this research deals with whats called directed communication, when the communicator, or sender, focuses the message

43、 for a specific audience. one example is the way morns speak to their babies. mothers around the world use the same sort of high-pitched sing-song chatter (喋喋不休), and the babies respond best to those sounds. songbirds are one of the only other species known to learn their communication, in this case

44、 their songs.36which of the following is true about birdsongs?afemale zebra finches are too shy to sing before males.bmale zebra finches sing louder than females.cmale zebra finches change their songs to attract females.dfemale zebra finches like to listen to unknown males sing37what did the researc

45、hers find in their study of female zebra finches?afemale finches liked songs male finches sang for them.bfemale finches only liked songs male finches sang for their matescfemale finches liked to listen to songs from both speakers,dfemale finches chose the best male singers as their mates.38what is m

46、eant by concert songs in paragraph 7?asongs sung by zebra finches at a concert.bsongs sung by female finches for male finchescsongs sung by male finches to other finches.dsongs sung by male finches for female finches39the expression directed communication in the last paragraph means communication in

47、 whichathe communicator sends messages to himself.bthe message sender has a specific audience.ctwo communicators send messages to each other.dmothers talk to their babies in their mother tongue.40which of the following can best reflect the theme of the passage?achirping away. bzebra finches and thei

48、r life.cfrequencies of birdsongs. dbirdsongs as communication.第三篇 the robot manaccording to hans moravec, universal robots will take over all the physical activities that we engage in, leaving us with little to do. moravec sees four generations on the road to true universal robots. the first generat

49、ion will be here by 2010 and will consist of free-ranging robots that can navigate by building an internal mental map of their surroundings. in new situations theyll be able to adapt, unlike todays mobile industrial robots. these robots will have the computing power,to cope with simple speech and te

50、xt recognition, and will be used for tasks such as domestic cleaning.the second generation will arrive around 2020 and will be distinguished by the ability to learn. second generation robots are programmed with sets of primitive tasks and with feedback that provide pleasure and pain stimuli. for exa

51、mple, a collision provokes a negative response, a completed task would be positive.move forward another ten years to 2030 and you get to generation three. this robot can build internal simulations of the world around it. before= beginning a task, it can imagine what will happen in order to predict p

52、roblems. if it has a free moment, it can replay past experiences and try variations in order to find a better way of doing things next time. it could even observe a person or-another robot performing a task and learn by imitation. for the first time, we have here a robot that can think.by the time w

53、e get to generation four in 2040, moravec predicts that robots will be able to: match human reasoning and behaviour; generalize abstract ideas from specific experience; and, conversely, compile detailed plans of action from general commands such as earn a living or make more robots.the moravec manif

54、esto (宣告) runs something like this. as robots start to become useful in generation one, theyll begin to take on-many tasks in industry. driven by the availability of this cheap and tireless labor force, the economy will boom and the demand for robots will grow so rapidly that they will soon become l

55、ow-cost commodity items so much so that theyll move into the home, where the domestic robot will relieve us of many chores.with increasing automation in generations two and three, the length of the average working day will plummet, eventually to near zero. most people will be unemployed as robots take over not just primary industry, but the service economy too. moravec sees the fourth generation as an opportunity to surpass our human limitations.these future machines will be our mind children. like biological children of previous generations, they will embody humanitys best hope for a