計(jì)算機(jī)培訓(xùn)課件-LVM

1、一、什么是LVM？稱為邏輯卷管理器，以卷為單位，放棄傳統(tǒng)硬盤以分區(qū)為磁盤單位的這種方法，動(dòng)態(tài)調(diào)整卷的大小，實(shí)現(xiàn)彈性的調(diào)整磁盤空間。LVM2支持功能： 可以在線調(diào)整卷的大小 可以建立卷的快照二、LVM的組成 物理卷（PV）：一個(gè)物理的硬盤(/dev/hda1、/dev/hda2)也就是磁盤上分區(qū) 卷組(VG)：將物理卷合并為一個(gè)抽象的概念n 物理塊（PE）：當(dāng)一個(gè)物理卷加入卷組時(shí)，它的空間被分為大小均勻的小的組塊。物理塊的大小在創(chuàng)建卷組時(shí)可以指定。默認(rèn)4MB 邏輯卷(LV)：理解是磁盤上的分區(qū)三、創(chuàng)建物理卷（1）準(zhǔn)備硬盤，并分區(qū)（2）使用pvcreate命令創(chuàng)建物理卷語(yǔ)法：pvcreate 設(shè)備

2、名rootlocalhost /# pvcreate /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1 /dev/sdd1 Physical volume /dev/sdb1 successfully created Physical volume /dev/sdc1 successfully created Physical volume /dev/sdd1 successfully created四、 創(chuàng)建卷組語(yǔ)法：vgcreate VGNAME PVDEVICES. VGNAME:卷組的名稱，我們可以自定義名稱，但是注意該名稱是唯一的，不要和/dev/其它設(shè)備名沖突。Pvdevices：是組成卷組

3、的物理卷設(shè)備名rootlocalhost /# vgcreate vg0 /dev/sdb,c,d1 Volume group vg0 successfully created五、 創(chuàng)建邏輯卷語(yǔ)法：lvcreate -L SIZE -n LVNAME VGNAME SIZE:邏輯卷的大小，如果沒(méi)有指定SIZE，則將卷組所有可用空間作為該邏輯卷的大小。LVNAME：邏輯卷的名稱VGNAME：卷組名稱rootlocalhost /# lvcreate -L 150MB -n lv0 vg0 Rounding up size to full physical extent 152.00 MB Log

4、ical volume lv0 created為什么我們創(chuàng)建的是150M的邏輯卷，而創(chuàng)建了一個(gè)152MB的LV？答：卷組中物理卷將分成大小為4mb的PE，創(chuàng)建邏輯卷，卷組中的PE映射到邏輯卷中，也就是邏輯卷有大小為4MB的虛擬空間組成，一定是4mb的倍數(shù)。rootlocalhost /#rootlocalhost /# ls /dev/vg0/lv0當(dāng)創(chuàng)建一個(gè)邏輯卷后，linux會(huì)自動(dòng)產(chǎn)生邏輯卷的設(shè)備文件，一般是以/dev/VGNAME/LVNAME，可以使用/dev/VGNAME/中的內(nèi)容判斷有多少個(gè)LV六、 卸載卷注意事項(xiàng)： 卸載邏輯卷：最好先備份數(shù)據(jù)，由于文件系統(tǒng)是建立在邏輯卷上，當(dāng)卸載

5、邏輯卷后，文件系統(tǒng)也就不復(fù)存在。 卸載卷組:先卸載該卷組上的所有邏輯卷，同理，卸載物理卷前，須先卸載卷組（1） 卸載邏輯卷語(yǔ)法：lvremove LVNAMErootlocalhost /# lvremove /dev/vg0/lv0 Do you really want to remove active logical volume lv0? y/n: y Logical volume lv0 successfully removed（2） 卸載卷組語(yǔ)法：vgremove VGnamerootlocalhost /# vgremove vg0 Volume group vg0 success

6、fully removed（3） 卸載物理卷語(yǔ)法：pvremove PVDEVICErootlocalhost /# pvremove /dev/sdb,c,d1七、 查看卷信息查看物理卷：pvdisplay PVDEVICE 查看卷組：vgdisplay VGNAME 查看邏輯卷：lvdisplay LVDEVICE （1）rootlocalhost /# pvdisplay /dev/sdb1 - Physical volume - PV Name /dev/sdb1 VG Name vg0 PV Size 19.99 GB / not usable 1.43 MB Allocatable

7、 yes PE Size (KByte) 4096 Total PE 5118 Free PE 5080 Allocated PE 38 PV UUID qrZ5h3-A79O-0QYg-1F3C-rqW4-Iti7-naVHS4（2）rootlocalhost /# vgdisplay - Volume group - VG Name vg0 System ID Format lvm2 Metadata Areas 2 Metadata Sequence No 2 VG Access read/write VG Status resizable MAX LV 0 Cur LV 1 Open

8、LV 0 Max PV 0 Cur PV 2 Act PV 2 VG Size 39.98 GB PE Size 4.00 MB Total PE 10236 Alloc PE / Size 38 / 152.00 MB Free PE / Size 10198 / 39.84 GB VG UUID lwaj3z-SQTh-DOxx-msIp-CN1i-x1SJ-utxZQI rootlocalhost /# lvdisplay - Logical volume - LV Name /dev/vg0/lv0 VG Name vg0 LV UUID tmutYa-nOS3-kBpr-NW4f-a

9、rej-rOqh-3vloY0 LV Write Access read/write LV Status available # open 0 LV Size 152.00 MB Current LE 38 Segments 1 Allocation inherit Read ahead sectors auto - currently set to 256 Block device 253:0八、 調(diào)整卷組要放大卷組，有額外的物理卷vgextend VGNAME PVDEVICE. VGNAME：卷組的名稱PVDEVICE:物理卷的名稱（1） 添加物理卷添加硬盤并分區(qū)rootlocalhos

10、t /# pvcreate /dev/sdd1 Physical volume /dev/sdd1 successfully created（2） 將物理卷加入到卷組中rootlocalhost /# vgdisplay |grep VG Size VG Size 39.98 GBrootlocalhost /# vgextend vg0 /dev/sdd1 Volume group vg0 successfully extendedrootlocalhost /# vgdisplay |grep VG Size VG Size 59.98 GB要縮小rootlocalhost /# vgdi

11、splay |grep VG Size VG Size 59.98 GBrootlocalhost /# vgreduce vg0 /dev/sdd1 Removed /dev/sdd1 from volume group vg0rootlocalhost /# vgdisplay |grep VG Size VG Size 39.98 GB九、 調(diào)整邏輯卷按照如下步驟調(diào)整邏輯卷： 放大先放大LV，然后在放大文件系統(tǒng) 縮小先縮小文件系統(tǒng)，在縮小LVrootlocalhost /# mkfs -t ext3 /dev/vg0/lv0rootlocalhost /# mkdir /lv0rootl

12、ocalhost /# mount /dev/vg0/lv0 /lv0/rootlocalhost /# df -h文件系統(tǒng) 容量 已用 可用 已用% 掛載點(diǎn)/dev/sda3 115G 2.1G 107G 2% /dev/sda1 99M 12M 83M 12% /boottmpfs 506M 0 506M 0% /dev/shm/dev/mapper/vg0-lv0 148M 5.6M 135M 4% /lv0放大：rootlocalhost /# lvdisplay /dev/vg0/lv0 |grep LV Size LV Size 152.00 MBrootlocalhost /#

13、lvextend -L +50M /dev/vg0/lv0 Rounding up size to full physical extent 52.00 MB Extending logical volume lv0 to 204.00 MB Logical volume lv0 successfully resizedrootlocalhost /# lvdisplay /dev/vg0/lv0 |grep LV Size LV Size 204.00 MBrootlocalhost /# umount /lv0/rootlocalhost /#e2fsck f /dev/vg0/lv0ro

14、otlocalhost /# resize2fs /dev/vg0/lv0 resize2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)The filesystem is already 208896 blocks long. Nothing to do!rootlocalhost /# mount /dev/vg0/lv0 /lv0/rootlocalhost /# df -h文件系統(tǒng) 容量 已用 可用 已用% 掛載點(diǎn)/dev/sda3 115G 2.1G 107G 2% /dev/sda1 99M 12M 83M 12% /boottmpfs 506M 0 506M 0% /dev/shm/d

15、ev/mapper/vg0-lv0 198M 5.8M 182M 4% /lv0縮小：先縮小文件系統(tǒng)，然后縮小LVrootlocalhost /# umount /lv0/rootlocalhost /# e2fsck -f /dev/vg0/lv0 e2fsck 1.39 (29-May-2006)Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizesPass 2: Checking directory structurePass 3: Checking directory connectivityPass 4: Checking reference count

16、sPass 5: Checking group summary information/dev/vg0/lv0: 11/53248 files (9.1% non-contiguous), 12643/208896 blocksrootlocalhost /# resize2fs /dev/vg0/lv0 140Mresize2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)Resizing the filesystem on /dev/vg0/lv0 to 143360 (1k) blocks.The filesystem on /dev/vg0/lv0 is now 143360 blocks

17、long.rootlocalhost /# lvreduce -L -60M /dev/vg0/lv0 WARNING: Reducing active logical volume to 144.00 MB THIS MAY DESTROY YOUR DATA (filesystem etc.)Do you really want to reduce lv0? y/n: y Reducing logical volume lv0 to 144.00 MB Logical volume lv0 successfully resizedrootlocalhost /# lvdisplay /de

18、v/vg0/lv0 |grep LV Size LV Size 144.00 MBrootlocalhost /# mount /dev/vg0/lv0 /lv0/rootlocalhost /# df -h文件系統(tǒng) 容量 已用 可用 已用% 掛載點(diǎn)/dev/sda3 115G 2.1G 107G 2% /dev/sda1 99M 12M 83M 12% /boottmpfs 506M 0 506M 0% /dev/shm/dev/mapper/vg0-lv0 136M 5.6M 125M 5% /lv0rootlocalhost /#十、 安裝時(shí)創(chuàng)建邏輯卷十一、 自動(dòng)掛載/etc/fstab

19、/dev/vg0/lv0 /lv0ext3defaults 0 0十二、LVM卷快照卷快照：保存創(chuàng)建快照當(dāng)時(shí)狀態(tài)，可以利用該功能備份文件系統(tǒng)中的數(shù)據(jù)內(nèi)容。創(chuàng)建快照時(shí)候，保存所有的文件。（1）創(chuàng)建邏輯卷快照rootlocalhost /# touch /lv0/file.txtrootlocalhost /# ls /lv0/file.txt lost+foundrootlocalhost /# ls /dev/vg0/lv0rootlocalhost /# lvcreate -L 30M -s -n bak /dev/vg0/lv0 Rounding up size to full physi

20、cal extent 32.00 MB Logical volume bak createdrootlocalhost /# ls /dev/vg0/（2）讀取邏輯卷快照只需要將邏輯卷快照，掛載即可。rootlocalhost /# mkdir /bakrootlocalhost /# mount /dev/vg0/bak /bakrootlocalhost /# ls /bakfile.txt lost+found（3） 卸載邏輯卷快照rootlocalhost /# vgdisplay vg0 |grep Size VG Size 39.98 GB PE Size 4.00 MB Allo

21、c PE / Size 44 / 176.00 MB Free PE / Size 10192 / 39.81 GBrootlocalhost /# lvremove /dev/vg0/bak Cant remove open logical volume bakrootlocalhost /# umount /dev/vg0/bakrootlocalhost /# lvremove /dev/vg0/bak Do you really want to remove active logical volume bak? y/n: y Logical volume bak successfull

22、y removedrootlocalhost /# vgdisplay vg0 |grep Size VG Size 39.98 GB PE Size 4.00 MB Alloc PE / Size 36 / 144.00 MB Free PE / Size 10200 / 39.84 GB十三、移動(dòng)卷（更換有一個(gè)物理卷） 加入新的物理卷到卷組中。rootlocalhost /# pvscan Attempt to close device /dev/cdrom which is not open. PV /dev/sdb1 VG vg0 lvm2 19.99 GB / 19.85 GB fr

23、ee PV /dev/sdc1 VG vg0 lvm2 19.99 GB / 19.99 GB free PV /dev/sdd1 lvm2 19.99 GB Total: 3 59.98 GB / in use: 2 39.98 GB / in no VG: 1 19.99 GBrootlocalhost /# vgextend vg0 /dev/sdd1 Attempt to close device /dev/cdrom which is not open. Volume group vg0 successfully extendedrootlocalhost /# pvscan Att

24、empt to close device /dev/cdrom which is not open. PV /dev/sdb1 VG vg0 lvm2 19.99 GB / 19.85 GB free PV /dev/sdc1 VG vg0 lvm2 19.99 GB / 19.99 GB free PV /dev/sdd1 VG vg0 lvm2 19.99 GB / 19.99 GB free Total: 3 59.98 GB / in use: 3 59.98 GB / in no VG: 0 0 移動(dòng)物理卷的數(shù)據(jù)，到新加入的物理卷上。rootlocalhost /# pvscan A

25、ttempt to close device /dev/cdrom which is not open. PV /dev/sdb1 VG vg0 lvm2 19.99 GB / 19.85 GB free PV /dev/sdc1 VG vg0 lvm2 19.99 GB / 19.99 GB free PV /dev/sdd1 VG vg0 lvm2 19.99 GB / 19.99 GB free Total: 3 59.98 GB / in use: 3 59.98 GB / in no VG: 0 0 rootlocalhost /# pvmove /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdd

26、1 /dev/sdb1: Moved: 100.0%rootlocalhost /# pvscan Attempt to close device /dev/cdrom which is not open. PV /dev/sdb1 VG vg0 lvm2 19.99 GB / 19.99 GB free PV /dev/sdc1 VG vg0 lvm2 19.99 GB / 19.99 GB free PV /dev/sdd1 VG vg0 lvm2 19.99 GB / 19.85 GB free Total: 3 59.98 GB / in use: 3 59.98 GB / in no

27、 VG: 0 0 將舊的物理卷從卷組中卸載。 rootlocalhost /# pvscan Attempt to close device /dev/cdrom which is not open. PV /dev/sdb1 VG vg0 lvm2 19.99 GB / 19.99 GB free PV /dev/sdc1 VG vg0 lvm2 19.99 GB / 19.99 GB free PV /dev/sdd1 VG vg0 lvm2 19.99 GB / 19.85 GB free Total: 3 59.98 GB / in use: 3 59.98 GB / in no VG

28、: 0 0 rootlocalhost /# vgreduce vg0 /dev/sdb1 Removed /dev/sdb1 from volume group vg0rootlocalhost /# pvscan Attempt to close device /dev/cdrom which is not open. PV /dev/sdc1 VG vg0 lvm2 19.99 GB / 19.99 GB free PV /dev/sdd1 VG vg0 lvm2 19.99 GB / 19.85 GB free PV /dev/sdb1 lvm2 19.99 GB Total: 3 5

29、9.98 GB / in use: 2 39.98 GB / in no VG: 1 19.99 GBrootlocalhost /# pvremove /dev/sdb1 Attempt to close device /dev/cdrom which is not open. Labels on physical volume /dev/sdb1 successfully wipedrootlocalhost /# pvscan Attempt to close device /dev/cdrom which is not open. PV /dev/sdc1 VG vg0 lvm2 19

30、.99 GB / 19.99 GB free PV /dev/sdd1 VG vg0 lvm2 19.99 GB / 19.85 GB free Total: 2 39.98 GB / in use: 2 39.98 GB / in no VG: 0 0 十四、遷移至其它系統(tǒng)（把整個(gè)LVM磁盤，遷移到另一個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)） 在原先的計(jì)算機(jī)中，導(dǎo)出卷組。rootlocalhost /# umount /lv0/rootlocalhost /# vgchange -a n vg0 0 logical volume(s) in volume group vg0 now activerootlocalhost

31、 /# vgexport vg0 Volume group vg0 successfully exportedrootlocalhost /# 將 LVM 的磁盤，安裝到目的計(jì)算機(jī)上。 在目的計(jì)算機(jī)中，導(dǎo)入卷組。 rootlocalhost /# pvscan PV /dev/sdc1 is in exported VG vg0 19.99 GB / 19.99 GB free PV /dev/sdd1 is in exported VG vg0 19.99 GB / 19.85 GB free Total: 2 39.98 GB / in use: 2 39.98 GB / in no VG

32、: 0 0 rootlocalhost /# vgimport vg0 Volume group vg0 successfully importedrootlocalhost /# vgchange -a y vg0 1 logical volume(s) in volume group vg0 now activerootlocalhost /# mount /dev/vg0/lv0 /lv0/下午：一、 什么是磁盤配額？磁盤配額限制用戶使用磁盤的最大空間或者存儲(chǔ)多少個(gè)文件。二、 建立磁盤配額？（1）修改文件系統(tǒng)的掛載參數(shù)。 usrquota：?jiǎn)⒂脤?duì)用戶的磁盤配額grpquota ：?jiǎn)⒂脤?duì)組

33、的磁盤配額rootlocalhost /# mount -o remount,usrquota,grpquota /lv0/ (重啟后失效) rootlocalhost /# mount/dev/sda3 on / type ext3 (rw)proc on /proc type proc (rw)sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw)devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620)/dev/sda1 on /boot type ext3 (rw)tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw)none

34、on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw)sunrpc on /var/lib/nfs/rpc_pipefs type rpc_pipefs (rw)/dev/mapper/vg0-lv0 on /lv0 type ext3 (rw,usrquota,grpquota)rootlocalhost /#（2）開機(jī)自動(dòng)掛載(/etc/fstab)/dev/vg0/lv0 /lv0ext3defaults,usrquota,grpquota0 0（3）初始化磁盤配額數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)：初始的信息：l aquota.user：存儲(chǔ)用戶的文件系統(tǒng)使用信息和磁盤

35、配額的設(shè)置數(shù)據(jù)l aquota.group：存儲(chǔ)組的文件系統(tǒng)使用信息和磁盤配額的設(shè)置數(shù)據(jù)以上兩項(xiàng)主要存儲(chǔ)：l 磁盤配額設(shè)置值：針對(duì)用戶或組的配額值，存儲(chǔ)配額數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中。l 目前的使用量：當(dāng)用戶或組添加或刪除文件，需要自動(dòng)更新使用量，并存入磁盤配額數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。rootlocalhost /# ls /lv0/lost+foundrootlocalhost /# quotacheck -cug /dev/vg0/lv0 rootlocalhost /# ls /lv0/aquota.group aquota.user lost+foundrootlocalhost /#（4） 啟用或停用磁盤配額啟用：r

36、ootlocalhost /# mount |grep quota/dev/mapper/vg0-lv0 on /lv0 type ext3 (rw,usrquota,grpquota)rootlocalhost /# quotaon -p /dev/vg0/lv0 Quotaon p 查詢配額啟用狀態(tài)group quota on /lv0 (/dev/mapper/vg0-lv0) is offuser quota on /lv0 (/dev/mapper/vg0-lv0) is offrootlocalhost /# quotaon /dev/vg0/lv0 rootlocalhost /

37、# quotaon -p /dev/vg0/lv0 group quota on /lv0 (/dev/mapper/vg0-lv0) is onuser quota on /lv0 (/dev/mapper/vg0-lv0) is on停用：rootlocalhost /# quotaon -p /dev/vg0/lv0 group quota on /lv0 (/dev/mapper/vg0-lv0) is onuser quota on /lv0 (/dev/mapper/vg0-lv0) is onrootlocalhost /# quotaoff /dev/vg0/lv0 rootl

38、ocalhost /# quotaon -p /dev/vg0/lv0 group quota on /lv0 (/dev/mapper/vg0-lv0) is offuser quota on /lv0 (/dev/mapper/vg0-lv0) is off三、 設(shè)置磁盤配額：可以對(duì)用戶或組設(shè)置配額，先準(zhǔn)備好用戶測(cè)試用戶或組（1） edquota要設(shè)置某一個(gè)用戶，或者某一個(gè)群組的磁盤配額，你可使用edquota命令：語(yǔ)法：edquota -u | -g NAME -a | FILESYSTEM -u：代表某一個(gè)用戶-g：代表某一個(gè)組NAME：用戶或組的名稱rootlocalhost /#

39、edquota -u u1Disk quotas for user u1 (uid 500): Filesystem blocks soft hard inodes soft hard /dev/mapper/vg0-lv0 0 0 0 0 0 0l 第一列：文件系統(tǒng)，也就是要進(jìn)行配額的分區(qū)l 第二列：目前改用戶在該分區(qū)上已有的塊數(shù) （已是用容量大?。﹍ 第三列：對(duì)該用戶在該文件系統(tǒng)上的塊數(shù)的軟限制（容量大小的軟限制）l 第四列：對(duì)該用戶在該文件系統(tǒng)上的塊數(shù)的硬限制（容量大小的硬限制）l 第五列：目前該用戶在該分區(qū)上一是用inode數(shù)（已是用的文件個(gè)數(shù)）l 第六咧：對(duì)該用戶在該分區(qū)上inode

40、數(shù)的軟限制（文件個(gè)數(shù)的軟限制）l 第七列：對(duì)該用戶在該分區(qū)上inode數(shù)的硬限制（文件個(gè)數(shù)的硬限制）u1localhost lv0$ dd if=/dev/zero of=test.txt bs=1M count=11dm-0: warning, user block quota exceeded.dm-0: write failed, user block limit reached.dm-0: write failed, user block limit reached.dd: 寫入 “test.txt”: 超出磁盤限額2+0 records in1+0 records out2084864 bytes (2.1 MB) copied, 0.0871951 seconds, 23.9 MB/su1localhost lv0$ du -sh test.txt 2.0Mtest.txtEdquota p 模板用戶 新用戶rootlocalhost # edquota -p u1 u3（2） setquota可以使用setquota命令取edquota。setquota 允許你在Shell命令列中，直接設(shè)置NAME的磁盤配額，其用法如下：setquota -u | -g NAME BLOCK_SOFTLIMIT BLOCK_HAR