生物專業(yè)英語中英文對照（蔣悟生版）（BioengineeringEnglish）

1、生物專業(yè)英語（bioengineering english）搟篡泅洽嬋lesson one（4學(xué)時）搟篡泅洽嬋inside the living cell: structure and搟篡泅洽嬋function of internal cell parts搟篡泅洽嬋cytoplasm: the dynamic, mobile factory搟篡泅洽嬋細(xì)胞質(zhì)：動力工廠搟篡泅洽嬋most of the properties we associate with life are properties of the cytoplasm. much of the mass of a cell consi

2、sts of this semifluid substance, which is bounded on the outside by the plasma membrane. organelles are suspended within it, supported by the filamentous network of the cytoskeleton. dissolved in the cytoplasmic fluid are nutrients, ions, soluble proteins, and other materials needed for cell functio

3、ning.搟篡泅洽嬋生命的大部分特征表現(xiàn)在細(xì)胞質(zhì)的特征上。細(xì)胞質(zhì)大部分由半流體物質(zhì)組成，并由細(xì)胞膜（原生質(zhì)膜）包被。細(xì)胞器懸浮在其中，并由絲狀的細(xì)胞骨架支撐。細(xì)胞質(zhì)中溶解了大量的營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)，離子，可溶蛋白以及維持細(xì)胞生理需求的其它物質(zhì)。搟篡泅洽嬋the nucleus: information central（細(xì)胞核：信息中心）搟篡泅洽嬋the eukaryotic cell nucleus is the largest organelle and houses the genetic material (dna) on chromosomes. (in prokaryotes the here

4、ditary material is found in the nucleoid.) the nucleus also contains one or two organelles-the nucleoli-that play a role in cell division. a pore-perforated sac called the nuclear envelope separates the nucleus and its contents from the cytoplasm. small molecules can pass through the nuclear envelop

5、e, but larger molecules such as mrna and ribosomes must enter and exit via the pores.搟篡泅洽嬋真核細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞核是最大的細(xì)胞器，細(xì)胞核對染色體組有保護(hù)作用（原核細(xì)胞的遺傳物質(zhì)存在于擬核中）。細(xì)胞核含有一或二個核仁，核仁促進(jìn)細(xì)胞分裂。核膜貫穿許多小孔，小分子可以自由通過核膜，而象mrna和核糖體等大分子必須通過核孔運(yùn)輸。搟篡泅洽嬋organelles: specialized work units（細(xì)胞器：特殊的功能單位）搟篡泅洽嬋all eukaryotic cells contain most of the

6、various kinds of organelles, and each organelle performs a specialized function in the cell. organelles described in this section include ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, the golgi complex, vacuoles, lysosomes, mitochondria, and the plastids of plant cells.搟篡泅洽嬋所有的真核細(xì)胞都含有多種細(xì)胞器，每個細(xì)胞器都有其特定功能。本節(jié)主要

7、介紹核糖體，內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)，高爾基體系，液泡，溶酶體，線粒體和植物細(xì)胞中的質(zhì)體。搟篡泅洽嬋the number of ribosomes within a cell may range from a few hundred to many thousands. this quantity reflects the fact that, ribosomes are the sites at which amino acids are assembled into proteins for export or for use in cell processes. a complete ribosome i

8、s composed of one larger and one smaller subunit. during protein synthesis the two subunits move along a strand of mrna, reading the genetic sequence coded in it and translating that sequence into protein. several ribosomes may become attached to a single mrna strand; such a combination is called a

9、polysome. most cellular proteins are manufactured on ribosomes in the cytoplasm. exportable proteins and membrane proteins are usually made in association with the endoplasmic reticulum.搟篡泅洽嬋核糖體的數(shù)量變化從幾百到幾千，核糖體是氨基酸組裝成蛋白質(zhì)的重要場所。完整的核糖體由大亞基和小亞基組成。核糖體沿著mrna移動并閱讀遺傳密碼，翻譯成蛋白質(zhì)。一條mrna上可能有多個核糖體，稱多聚核糖體。大多數(shù)細(xì)胞蛋白是由

10、細(xì)胞質(zhì)中核糖體生產(chǎn)。輸出蛋白和膜蛋白通常與內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)有關(guān)。搟篡泅洽嬋the endoplasmic reticulum, a lacy array of membranous sacs, tubules, and vesicles, may be either rough (rer) or smooth (ser). both types play roles in the synthesis and transport of proteins. the rer, which is studded with polysomes, also seems to be the source of the

11、 nuclear envelope after a cell divides.搟篡泅洽嬋內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)，帶有花邊的生物囊，有管狀，泡狀之分，以及光滑和粗糙面區(qū)別。兩種都與蛋白質(zhì)的合成和運(yùn)輸有關(guān)。粗糙內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)上分布許多核糖體，也可能提供細(xì)胞分裂后所需的細(xì)胞膜。搟篡泅洽嬋ser lacks polysomes; it is active in the synthesis of fats and steroids and in the oxidation of toxic substances in the cell. both types of endoplasmic reticulum serve as

12、compartments within the cell where specific products can be isolated and subsequently shunted to particular areas in or outside the cell.搟篡泅洽嬋光滑內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)上無核糖體，主要作用是脂肪和類固醇的合成以及細(xì)胞內(nèi)有毒物質(zhì)的氧化。兩種內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)合成的產(chǎn)物在其中進(jìn)行分流或運(yùn)輸?shù)郊?xì)胞外。搟篡泅洽嬋transport vesicles may carry exportable molecules from the endoplasmic reticulum to anothe

13、r membranous organelle, the golgi complex. within the golgi complex molecules are modified and packaged for export out of the cell or for delivery else where in the cytoplasm.搟篡泅洽嬋運(yùn)輸小泡能夠?qū)⒖蛇\(yùn)輸分子從內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)運(yùn)輸?shù)礁郀柣鶑?fù)合體上。在高爾基復(fù)合體中修飾，包裝后輸出細(xì)胞或傳遞到細(xì)胞質(zhì)中的其他場所。搟篡泅洽嬋vacuoles in cells appear to be hollow sacs but are actua

14、lly filled with fluid and soluble molecules. the most prominent vacuoles appear in plant cells and serve as water reservoirs and storage sites for sugars and other molecules. vacuoles in animal cells carry out phagocytosis (the intake of particulate matter) and pinocytosis (vacuolar drinking).搟篡泅洽嬋細(xì)

15、胞中的液泡好象是中空的，但實(shí)際上充滿了液體和可溶分子。最典型的液泡存在于植物細(xì)胞中，儲備水，糖以及其它分子。動物中的液泡起吞噬和胞飲作用。 搟篡泅洽嬋a subset of vacuoles are the organelles known as lysosomes, which contain digestive enzymes (packaged in lysosomes in the golgi complex) that can break down most biological macromolecules. they act to digest food particles an

16、d to degrade damaged cell parts.搟篡泅洽嬋溶酶體是液泡亞單位，含有消化酶，降解大部分生物大分子。消化食物微粒和降解損傷的細(xì)胞殘片。搟篡泅洽嬋mitochondria are the sites of energy-yielding chemical reactions in all cells. in addition, plant cells contain plastids that utilize light energy to manufacture carbohydrates in the process of photosynthesis. it i

17、s on the large surface area provided by the inner cristae of mitochondria that atp-generating enzymes are located. mitochondria are self-replicating, and probably they are the evolutionary descendants of what were once free-living prokaryotes.搟篡泅洽嬋線粒體是細(xì)胞中化學(xué)產(chǎn)能的場所。另外，植物細(xì)胞中的質(zhì)體在光合作用中利用光能產(chǎn)生碳水化合物，線粒體內(nèi)嵴上提供

18、了很大的表面積并分布著產(chǎn)atp酶。線粒體自我復(fù)制，并且可能是自由生活的原核生物在進(jìn)化中形成的后代。搟篡泅洽嬋there are two types of plastids: leucoplasts, which lack pigments and serve as storage sites for starch, proteins, and oils; and chromoplasts, which contain pigments. the most important chromoplasts are chloroplasts-organelles that contain the ch

19、lorophyll used in photosynthesis. the internal structure of chloroplasts includes stacks of membranes called grana, which are embedded in a matrix called the stroma.搟篡泅洽嬋質(zhì)體有兩種類型：白色體，缺乏色素，是淀粉，蛋白質(zhì)和油的儲備場所；色質(zhì)體，含有色素。葉綠體是最重要的色質(zhì)體，含有與光合作用有關(guān)的葉綠素。葉綠體的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)是由多層膜形成的葉綠體基粒，其中包埋在基質(zhì)中的基粒稱子座。搟篡泅洽嬋the cytoskeleton（細(xì)胞骨架

20、）搟篡泅洽嬋all eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton, which is a convoluted latticework of filaments and tubules that appears to fill all available space in the cell and provides support for various other organelles. a large portion of the cytoskeleton consists of threadlike microfilaments composed mainly

21、 of the contractile protein actin. they are involved in many types of intracellular movements in plant and animal cells. a second protein, myosin, is involve in the contraction of muscle cells. another main structural component of the cytoskeleton consists of microtubules, which are composed of the

22、globular protein tubulin and together act as scaffolding that provides a stable cell shape. cytoskeletal intermediate filaments appear to impart tensile strength to the cell cytoplasm. mechanoenzymes such as myosin, dynein, and kinesin interact with the cytoskeletal filaments and tubules to generate

23、 forces that cause movements.搟篡泅洽嬋所有的細(xì)胞都有細(xì)胞骨架，網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)的纖絲充滿了它所能觸及的全部空間并且對細(xì)胞器提供支持作用。細(xì)胞骨架大部分由微絲組成，微絲主要由可收縮的肌動蛋白組成。動植物細(xì)胞的許多種類型細(xì)胞內(nèi)運(yùn)動與肌動蛋白有關(guān)。第二類蛋白是肌球蛋白，它與肌肉細(xì)胞的收縮有關(guān)。細(xì)胞骨架的另一個主要結(jié)構(gòu)成分是微管，由球狀的微管蛋白組成，象腳手架一般維持細(xì)胞的穩(wěn)定形態(tài)。細(xì)胞骨架的中間絲提供了細(xì)胞質(zhì)伸縮動力。機(jī)械酶，例如，肌球蛋白，動力蛋白，驅(qū)動蛋白與微絲，微管相互作用產(chǎn)生動力而引起細(xì)胞運(yùn)動。搟篡泅洽嬋cellular movements（細(xì)胞運(yùn)動）搟篡泅洽嬋alth

24、ough the cytoskeleton provides some stability to cells, its microtubules and filaments and their associated proteins enable cells to move by creeping or gliding. such movements require a solid substrate to which the cell can adhere and can be guided by the geometry of the surface. some cells also ex

25、hibit chemotaxis, the ability to move toward or away from the source of a diffusing chemical.搟篡泅洽嬋盡管細(xì)胞骨架提供了細(xì)胞的某些穩(wěn)定性，微絲，微管及相關(guān)蛋白能使細(xì)胞爬行或滑動。這種運(yùn)動需要固體基質(zhì)依托并通過表面幾何形狀的改變而運(yùn)動。某些細(xì)胞具備趨藥性，即趨向或逃離擴(kuò)散開的化學(xué)源。搟篡泅洽嬋certain eukaryotic cells can swim freely in liquid environments, propelled by whiplike cilia or flagella. b

26、oth cilia and flagella have the same internal structure: nine doublets (pairs of microtubules) are arranged in a ring and extend the length of the cilium or flagellum, and two more microtubules run down the center of the ring. every cilium or flagellum grows only from the cell surface where a basal

27、body is located. movement is based on the activities of tiny dynein side arms that extend from one of the microtubules of each doublet.搟篡泅洽嬋某些真核細(xì)胞能在液體液體中自由運(yùn)動，由纖毛或鞭毛推動。纖毛和鞭毛具有同樣的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)：九個雙微管環(huán)形排列，縱向延伸，環(huán)中心是兩個或以上微管組成。纖毛或鞭毛從細(xì)胞表面的基體出生長，雙微管的動力蛋白臂從一側(cè)延伸到另一側(cè)而引起運(yùn)動。搟篡泅洽嬋nutrients, proteins, and other materials wi

28、thin most plant cells are moved about via cytoplasmic streaming. the process occurs as myosin proteins attached to organelles push against microfilaments arrayed throughout the cell. microfilaments and microtubules are responsible for almost all major cytoplasmic movements. during cell division, mic

29、rotubules of the spindle assembled from tubutin subunits near organelles called centrioles move the chromosomes.搟篡泅洽嬋 大部分植物細(xì)胞的營養(yǎng)，蛋白質(zhì)和其它物質(zhì)由細(xì)胞質(zhì)流運(yùn)輸。這個過程是由于依附在細(xì)胞器上的肌球蛋白反推排列在細(xì)胞周圍的微絲形成的。絕大部分細(xì)胞質(zhì)運(yùn)動由微絲和微管完成。在細(xì)胞分裂期間，中心粒周圍的由微管蛋白亞基裝配形成的紡錘體微管移向染色體。搟篡泅洽嬋glossary搟篡泅洽嬋搟篡泅洽嬋77搟篡泅洽嬋搟篡泅洽嬋cytoplasm （細(xì)）胞質(zhì)搟篡泅洽嬋the living

30、 contents of a cell bounded externally by the plasmalemma, including an aqueous ground substance (hyaloplasm, cell sap, or cell matrix) containing organelles and various inclusions but excluding the nucleus and visible vacuoles.搟篡泅洽嬋cytoskeleton 細(xì)胞骨架搟篡泅洽嬋of eukaryotic cells, an internal skeleton. it

31、s microtubules and other components structurally support the cell, organize and move its inteftial components. the cytoskeleton also helps free-living cells move through their environment. 搟篡泅洽嬋nucleus 細(xì)胞核，核(復(fù)數(shù) nuclei)搟篡泅洽嬋the organelle of the eukaryote cell that contains the chromosomes and hence u

32、ltimately controls cellular activity and inheritance through the activity of the genetic material, dna搟篡泅洽嬋chromosome 染色體搟篡泅洽嬋a dna-histone thread residing in the nucleus of a cell. each chromosome possesses two telomeres and a centromere, and some contain a nucleolus organizer. rna proteins are inv

33、ariably associated with the chromosome. 搟篡泅洽嬋nucleoid 擬核，類核，核質(zhì)體搟篡泅洽嬋the dna-containing area of a prokaryote cell, analogous to the eukaryote nucleus but not membrane bounded.搟篡泅洽嬋nucleoli 核仁( 單數(shù)nucleolus) 搟篡泅洽嬋nuclear structures composed of completed or partially completed ribosomes and the specific

34、 parts of chromosomes that contain the infon-nation for their construction. 搟篡泅洽嬋nuclear envelope 核膜，核被膜搟篡泅洽嬋a double membrane (two lipid bilayers and associated proteins) that is the outermost portion of a cell nucleus. 搟篡泅洽嬋ribosome 核糖體搟篡泅洽嬋small structures composed of two protein and ribonucleic

35、acid subunits involved in the assembly of proteins from amino acids.搟篡泅洽嬋polysome 多核糖體搟篡泅洽嬋of protein synthesis, several ribosomes all translating the same messenger rna molecule,one after the other.搟篡泅洽嬋endoplasmic reticulum 內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)搟篡泅洽嬋folded membranes and tubes throughout the eukaryotic cell that pro

36、vide a large surface upon which chemical activities take place.搟篡泅洽嬋golgi complex 高爾基復(fù)合體搟篡泅洽嬋a stack of flattened, smooth, membranous sacs; the site of synthesis and packaging of certain molecules in eukaryotic cells.搟篡泅洽嬋vacuole 液泡搟篡泅洽嬋storage container within the cytoplasm of a cell having a surro

37、unding membrane.搟篡泅洽嬋phagocytosis 吞噬作用搟篡泅洽嬋the process by which the cell wraps around a particle and engulfs it.搟篡泅洽嬋pinocytosis 胞飲作用搟篡泅洽嬋the process by which a cell engulfs some molecules dissolved in water搟篡泅洽嬋lysosome 溶酶體搟篡泅洽嬋a specialized organelle that holds a mixture of hydrolytic enzymes.搟篡泅洽

38、嬋mitochondrion 線粒體(復(fù)數(shù) mitochondria )a membranous organelle resembling a small bag with a larger bag resembling a small bag with a larger bag inside that is folded back on itself; serves as the site of aerobic cellular respiration.搟篡泅洽嬋plastid 質(zhì)體搟篡泅洽嬋an organelle present in all plants except bacteria

39、, blue-green algae, and fungi; it is enclosed by two membranes (the envelope) and has various functions搟篡泅洽嬋chloroplast 葉綠體搟篡泅洽嬋a plastid in which photosynthesis is carried out. chloroplasts occur in all photosynthetic organisms except photosynthetic bacteria blue-green algae.搟篡泅洽嬋stroma 基質(zhì)，子座（復(fù)數(shù) st

40、romata）搟篡泅洽嬋region within a chloroplast that has no chlorophyll.搟篡泅洽嬋microfilament 微絲，纖絲搟篡泅洽嬋long, fiberlike structures made of protein and found in cells, often in close association with the microtubules; provide structural support and enable movement.搟篡泅洽嬋actin 肌動蛋白 搟篡泅洽嬋 a globular contractile pr

41、otein. in muscle cells, actin interacts with another protein, myosin, to bring about contraction. 搟篡泅洽嬋myosin maiesin 肌球蛋白搟篡泅洽嬋a protein that, with actin, constitutes the principal element of the contractile apparatus of muscle.搟篡泅洽嬋microtubute 微管搟篡泅洽嬋small, hollow tubes of protein that function thr

42、oughout the cytoplasm to provide structural support and enable movement.搟篡泅洽嬋tubulin 微管蛋白搟篡泅洽嬋a protein that is the major constituent of microtubules.搟篡泅洽嬋dynein 動力蛋白，動素?fù){篡泅洽嬋a group of at least four distinct proteins found in the flagella and microtubules of eukaryotic cells and possessing atpase ac

43、tivity. 搟篡泅洽嬋chemotaxis 趨化性搟篡泅洽嬋a locomotory movement of an organism or cell in response to, and directed by, an directional stimulus.搟篡泅洽嬋cilia 纖毛搟篡泅洽嬋numerous short, hairlike structures projecting from the cell surface that enable locomotion. 搟篡泅洽嬋flagella 鞭毛 (單數(shù)flagellum) 搟篡泅洽嬋long, hairlike stru

44、ctures projecting from the cell surface that enable locomotion.搟篡泅洽嬋basal body 基體搟篡泅洽嬋a body identical in structure to a centriole, found always at the base of a cilium or eukaryote flagellum.搟篡泅洽嬋centriole 中心粒 搟篡泅洽嬋an organelle located close to the nucleus in most animal and lower plant cells but a

45、bsent from prokaryotes and higher plants.搟篡泅洽嬋搟篡泅洽嬋lesson two（2學(xué)時）搟篡泅洽嬋搟篡泅洽嬋photosynthesis搟篡泅洽嬋photosynthesis occurs only in the chlorophyll-containing cells of green plants, algae, and certain protists and bacteria. overall, it is a process that converts light energy into chemical energy that is st

46、ored in the molecular bonds. from the point of view of chemistry and energetics, it is the opposite of cellular respiration. whereas cellular respiration is highly exergonic and releases energy, photosynthesis requires energy and is highly endergonic.搟篡泅洽嬋光合作用只發(fā)生在含有葉綠素的綠色植物細(xì)胞，海藻，某些原生動物和細(xì)菌之中?？傮w來說，這是一

47、個將光能轉(zhuǎn)化成化學(xué)能，并將能量貯存在分子鍵中，從化學(xué)和動能學(xué)角度來看，它是細(xì)胞呼吸作用的對立面。細(xì)胞呼吸作用是高度放能的，光合作用是需要能量并高吸能的過程。搟篡泅洽嬋photosynthesis starts with co2 and h2o as raw materials and proceeds through two sets of partial reactions. in the first set, called the light-dependent reactions, water molecules are split (oxidized), 02 is released,

48、 and atp and nadph are formed. these reactions must take place in the presence of light energy. in the second set, called light-independent reactions, co2 is reduced (via the addition of h atoms) to carbohydrate. these chemical events rely on the electron carrier nadph and atp generated by the first

49、 set of reactions.搟篡泅洽嬋光合作用以二氧化碳和水為原材料并經(jīng)歷兩步化學(xué)反應(yīng)。第一步，稱光反應(yīng)，水分子分解，氧分子釋放，atp和nadph形成。此反應(yīng)需要光能的存在。第二步，稱暗反應(yīng)，二氧化碳被還原成碳水化合物，這步反應(yīng)依賴電子載體nadph以及第一步反應(yīng)產(chǎn)生的atp。搟篡泅洽嬋both sets of reactions take place in chloroplasts. most of the enzymes and pigments for the lightdependent reactions are embedded in the thylakoid memb

50、rane of chloroplasts. the dark reactions take place in the stroma.搟篡泅洽嬋 兩步反應(yīng)都發(fā)生在葉綠體中。光反應(yīng)需要的大部分酶和色素包埋在葉綠體的類囊體膜上。暗反應(yīng)發(fā)生在基質(zhì)中。搟篡泅洽嬋how light energy reaches photosynthetic cells（光合細(xì)胞如何吸收光能的）搟篡泅洽嬋the energy in light photons in the visible part of the spectrum can be captured by biological molecules to do c

51、onstructive work. the pigment chlorophyll in plant cells absorbs photons within a particular absorption spectrums statement of the amount of light absorbed by chlorophyll at different wavelengths. when light is absorbed it alters the arrangement of electrons in the absorbing molecule. the added ener

52、gy of the photon boosts the energy condition of the molecule from a stable state to a less-stable excited state. during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, as the absorbing molecule returns to the ground state, the excess excitation energy is transmitted to other molecules and stored as

53、 chemical energy.搟篡泅洽嬋生物分子能捕獲可見光譜中的光能。植物細(xì)胞中葉綠素在不同光波下吸收部分吸收光譜。在吸收分子中，光的作用使分子中的電子發(fā)生重排。光子的能量激活了分子的能量狀態(tài)，使其從穩(wěn)定態(tài)進(jìn)入不穩(wěn)定的激活態(tài)。搟篡泅洽嬋all photosynthetic organisms contain various classes of chlorophylls and one or more carotenoid (accessory) pigments that also contribute to photosynthesis. groups of pigment mole

54、cules called antenna complexes are present on thylakoids. light striking any one of the pigment molecules is funneled to a special chlorophyll a molecule, termed a reaction-center chlorophyll, which directly participates in photosynthesis. most photosynthetic organisms possess two types of reaction-

55、center chlorophylls, p680 and p700, each associated with an electron acceptor molecule and an electron donor. these aggregations are known respectively as photosystem (p700) and photosystem (p680).搟篡泅洽嬋所有的光合作用生物含有不同等級的葉綠素和一個或多個類胡蘿卜素（光合作用的輔助色素）。稱作天線復(fù)合體的色素分子群存在于類囊體中。激活色素分子的光能進(jìn)入葉綠素反應(yīng)中心，其直接參與光合作用。大部分光反應(yīng)

56、細(xì)胞器擁有兩套反應(yīng)中心，p680和p700，每個光系統(tǒng)都含有一個電子受體和電子供體。這些集合體就是大家熟識的光合系統(tǒng)和光合系統(tǒng) 。搟篡泅洽嬋the light-dependent reaction: converting solar energy into chemical-bond energy搟篡泅洽嬋光反應(yīng)：光能轉(zhuǎn)化成化學(xué)鍵能搟篡泅洽嬋the photosystems of the light-dependent reactions are responsible for the packaging of light energy in the chemical compounds at

57、p and nadph. this packaging takes place through a series of oxidation reduction reactions set in motion when light strikes the p680 reaction center in photosystem . in this initial event water molecules are cleaved, oxygen is released, and electrons are donated. these electrons are accepted first by plastoquinone and then by a series of carriers as they descend an electron transport chain. for each four electrons that pass down the chain, two atps are formed. the