初高中英語知識點銜接

1、一、名詞的數1單數和復數初高中英語銜接專題一：名詞考點集匯，講解和訓練可數名詞有單數和復數兩種形式。復數形式通常是在單數形式后加詞尾“-s”構成，其主要變法如下：（1）一般情況在詞尾加-s，例如：bookbooks，girlgirls，boyboys， penpens,doctordoctors, boyboys。（2）以 s，x，ch，sh，結尾的詞加-es，例如：busbuses，classclasses boxboxes，watchwatches，brushbrushes。（3）以 ce, se, ze,（dge 結尾的名詞加 s，例如：orangeoranges。（4）以輔音母加 y

2、結尾的詞變“y”為“i”再加-es,例如：citycities, factoryfactories, countrycountries, familyfamilies。但要注意的是以元音字母加 y 結尾的名詞的復數形式只加 s，如：boyboys, daydays。（5）以 o 結尾的詞多數都加-es。例如:heroheroes，potatopotatoes， tomatotomatoes,但詞末為兩個元音字母的詞只加-s。例如：zoozoos， radioradios，還有某些外來詞也只加-s，例如：photophotos， pianopianos。（6） 以 f 或 fe 結尾的詞，多數變

3、 f 為 v 再加-es，例如：knifeknives， leafleaves, halfhalves。復數詞尾 s（或 es）的讀音方法如下表所示。復數詞尾 s（或 es）的讀音方法情 況讀法例 詞在ptkf等清輔音后在sztd F等音后3s cups, hats, cakesglasses, pages,izoranges,在bdgv等濁輔音后buses, watches,facesbeds, dogs, cities,zknives（7）少數名詞有不規(guī)則的復數形式，例如：manmen，womanwomen，toothteeth， footfeet，childchildren，mousem

4、ice?！咀⒁狻颗cman 和 woman 構成的合成詞，其復數形式也是-men 和-women。例如： an Englishman，two Englishmen。但 German 不是合成詞，故復數形式為 Germans； man, woman 等作定語時，它的單復數以其所修飾的名詞的單復數而定，如：men workers， women teachers。有個別名詞單復數一樣，例如：Chinese，Japanese，sheep，deer，fish 等。但當 fish 表示不同種類的魚時，可以加復數詞尾。（8）單數形式但其意為復數的名詞有：people, police 等。（9）數詞+名詞作定語

5、時，這個名詞一般保留單數形式，中間加連字符。例如 an 8-year-old girl, a ten-mile walk。（10）還有些名詞僅有復數形式，如：trousers，clothes，chopsticks，glasses， goods，ashes，scissors，compasses。（11）只用作單數的復數形式的名詞有： 科學名詞：physics, mathematics/maths 游戲名稱：bowls專有名詞：the United States, Niagara Falls 其他名詞：news, falls 2不可數名詞“量”的表示方法在英語中，不可數名詞如果要表示“量的概念”，

6、可以用以下兩種方法：（1）用 much, a little, a lot of/lots of, some, any 等表示多少，例如： The rich man has a lot of moneyThere is some milk in the bottle Is there any water in the glass？I dont like winter because theres too much snow and ice（2）用 a piece of 這類定語，例如：a piece of paper a piece of wood a piece of breada bottl

7、e of orange a glass of water（milk） a cup of tea a cup of tea a bag of rice three bags of rice如果要表示“兩杯茶”、“四張紙”這類概念時，在容器后加復數，例如： two cups of teafour pieces of paper three glasses of water不可數名詞也可用 a lot of, lots of, some, any, much 等來修飾。二、名詞的所有格名詞所有格，用來表示人或物的所有，以及領屬關系。1. 表示有生命的名詞的所有格其單數形式是加 s,其復數形式是 s，

8、例如：a students room, students rooms, fathers shoes。2. 如其結尾不是 s 的復數形式仍加 s，如：Childrens Day。3. 在表示時間、距離、長度、重量、價格、世界、國家等名詞的所有格要用 s， 例如：a twenty minutes walk，ten miles journey，a boats length，two pounds weight, ten dollars worth。4. 無生命名詞的所有格則必須用 of 結構，例如：a map of China，the end of this term，the capital of o

9、ur country, the color of the flowers。5. 雙重所有格，例如：a friend of my fathers?！咀⒁狻咳绻麅蓚€名詞并列，并且分別有 s，則表示“分別有”，例如：Johns and Marys rooms（約翰和瑪麗各有一間，共兩間）；Toms and Marys bikes（兩人各自的自行車）。兩個名詞并列，只有一個s，則表示“共有”，例如：John and Marys room（約翰和瑪麗共有一間）；Tom and Marys mother（即 Tom 與 Mary 是兄妹）?！狙菥殹?- Where have you been, Tim?-

10、 Ive been to.A the Henry houseB the Henry familyC The Henrys homeD Henrys2In England, ifis in the middle of the day, the evening meal is called supper.A foodB lunchC breakfastD dinner3You looked for it twice, but you havent found it. Why not try.A three timesB a third timeC the third timeD once 4- T

11、hey are thirsty. Will you please give them?- Certainly.A some bottles of watersB some bottles of waterC some bottle of waterD some bottle of waters 5Mike hurt one of hisin the accident yesterday.A toothB feetC handD ear 6There is someon the plate.A cakesB meatC potatoD pears 7In England, the last na

12、me is the .A family nameB middleC given nameD full name 8They are going to flyto Beijing.A GermenB GermanyC GermanysD Germans9Thehas two.Aboys; watchesBboy; watchCboy; watchesDboys; watch10The little baby has twoalready.A toothB toothsC teethD teeths 11Whats yourfor being late again?A ideaB keyC exc

13、useD news 12- Its dangerous here. Wed better go out quickly.- But I think we should letgo out first.A woman and childrenB women and childC woman and childD women and children13- You can see Mr. Smith if there is a sign “”on the door of his shop.- Thanks.AENTRANCEBBUSINESS HOURS CTHIS SIDE UPDNO SMOK

14、ING14Are they going to have a picnic on?AChildrens DayBChildrenss Day CChildrens DayD Children Day15Where are the students? Are they in?Athe Room 406BRoom 406Cthe 406 RoomD406 Room【練習答案】1.D 2.B 3.B 4.B 5.B6.B 7.A 8.D 9.C 10.C 11.C 12.D 13.B 14.A 15.B專題二：形容詞、副詞考點集匯，講解和訓練【名師點睛】1. 形容詞的用法(1) 形容詞在句中作定語,

15、表語, 賓語補足語。 例如：Our country is a beautiful country. （作定語） The fish went bad. （作表語）We keep our classroom clean and tidy. （作賓語補足語）(2) 形容詞修飾something, anything, nothing, everything等不定代詞時,形容詞放在名詞后面。I have something important to tell you.Is there anything interesting in the film.(3) 用 and 或 or 連接起來的兩個形容詞作定

16、語時一般把它們放在被修飾的名詞后面。起進一步解釋的作用。Everybody, man and woman, old and young, should attend the meeting. You can take any box away, big or small.(4) the形容詞表示一類人或物The rich should help the poor.2. 副詞的用法(1) 副詞在句中可作狀語,表語和定語。He studies very hard.（作狀語）Life here is full of joy. （作定語） When will you be back? （作表語）副詞按

17、其用途和含義可分為下面五類： 1)時間副詞時間副詞通常用來表示動作的時間。常見的時間副詞有：now today, tomorrow, yesterday, before, late, early, never, seldom, sometimes, often, usually, always 等。例如：He often comes to school late. What are we going to do tomorrow? He is never been to Beijing.2)地點副詞地點副詞通常用來表示動作發(fā)生的地點。常見的地點副詞有： here, there, inside,

18、 outside, home, upstairs, downstairs, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere, somewhere, down, up, off, on, in, out 等。例如：I met an old friend of mine on my way home. He went upstairs.Put down your name here.3)方式副詞方式副詞一般都是回答“怎樣的？”這類問題的，其中絕大部分都是由一個形容詞加詞尾-ly 構成的, 有少數方式副詞不帶詞尾 -ly, 它們與形容詞同形。常見的方式副詞有：anxiously, bad

19、ly, bravely, calmly, carefully, proudly, rapidly, suddenly, successfully, angrily, happily, slowly, warmly, well, fast, slow, quick, hard, alone, high, straight, wide 等。例如：The old man walked home slowly.Please listen to the teacher carefully. The birds are flying high.He runs very fast.4)程度副詞程度副詞多數用

20、來修飾形容詞和副詞，有少數用來修飾動詞或介詞短語。常 見的程度副詞有：much, (a) little, a bit, very, so, too, enough, quite, rather, pretty, greatly, completely, nearly, almost, deeply, hardly, partly 等。例如：Her pronunciation is very good. She sings quite well.I can hardly agree with you.5)疑問副詞是用來引導特殊疑問句的副詞。常見的疑問副詞有：how, when, where, w

21、hy 等。例如：How are you getting along with your studies? Where were you yesterday?Why did you do that? (2)副詞在句中的位置1)多數副詞作狀語時放在動詞之后。如果動詞帶有賓語，則放在賓語之后。例如：Mr Smith works very hard. She speaks English well.2)頻度副詞作狀語時，通常放在行為動詞之前，情態(tài)動詞，助動詞和be 動詞之后。例如：He usually gets up early. Ive never heard him singing. She is

22、 seldom ill.3)程度副詞一般放在所修飾的形容詞和副詞的前面, 但 enough 作副詞用時，通常放在被修飾詞的后面。例如：It is a rather difficult job. He runs very fast.He didnt work hard enough.4)副詞作定語時，一般放在被修飾的名詞之后。例如： On my way home, I met my uncle.The students there have a lot time to do their own research work. (3)部分常用副詞的用法1) very, much這兩個副詞都可表示“很

23、”，但用法不同。Very 用來修飾形容詞和副詞的原級，而 much 用來修飾形容詞和副詞的比較級。例如：She is a very nice girlIm feeling much better now.Much 可以修飾動詞，而 very 則不能。例如： I dont like the idea much.They did not talk much.2) too, either這兩個副詞都表示“也”，但 too 用于肯定句，either 用于否定句。例如：She can dance, and I can dance, too.I havent read the book and my br

24、other hasnt either.3) already, yetalready 一般用于語肯定句，yet 一般用于否定句。例如： He has already left.Have you heard from him yet? He hasnt answered yet.4) so, neitherso 和 neither 都可用于倒裝句， 但 so 表示肯定，neither 表示否定。例如：My brother likes football and so do I.My brother doesnt like dancing and neither do I.3. 形容詞和副詞的比較級和

25、最高級(1) 兩個人或事物的比較時（不一定每一方只有一個人或一個事物），用比較級。Our teacher is taller than we are.The boys in her class are taller than the boys in your class.(2) most 同形容詞連用而不用 the,表示 極,很,非常, 十分。Its most dangerous to be here.在這兒太危險。(3)“The+形容詞比較級., the+形容詞比較級.”表示“越. 就越.”。The more you study, the more you know.(4) “形容詞比較級

26、+ and + 形容詞比較級”, 表示 “ 越來越.”。Its getting hotter and hotter.(5) 主語+謂語(系動詞)+as+形容詞原形+as+從句。表示兩者對比相同。This box is as big as mine.(6) the + 形容詞，表示某種人。He always helps the poor.(7) 形容詞和副詞最高級用于三個或三個以上的人和物進行比較。Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in China.【演練】1There are many young trees onsides of the road.A

27、 everyB eachC bothD all2- Its so cold today.- Yes, itsthan it was yesterday.A more coldB more colderC much colderD cold3Little Tom hasfriends, so he often plays alone.A moreB a littleC manyD few4She isnt soat maths as you are.A wellB goodC betterD best5Peter writesof the three.A betterB bestC goodD

28、well6He isenough to carry the heavy box.A strongerB much strongerC strongD the strongest7I boughtexercise-books withmoney.Aa few; a fewBafew; a littleCa little; a fewDalittle; a little8The box isheavy for the girlcarry.A too; toB to; tooC so; thatD no; to9The ice in the lake is about one meter. Its

29、strong enough to skate on.A longB highC thickD wide10Wu Lin ranfaster than the other boys in the sports meeting.AsoB muchCveryD too11. Jone looks sotoday because she has got an “A” in her maths test.A happy B happily C angry D angrily12. The smile on my fathers face showed that he waswith me.A sad B

30、 pleased C angry D sorry13. -Mum, could you buy me a dress like this?-Certainly, we can buyone than this, butthis.A a better; better thanB a worse; as good asC a cheaper; as good as D a more important; good as14. -This digital camera is really cheap!-Thethe better. Im short of money, you see.A cheap

31、 B cheaper C expensive D more expensive15. If you want to learn English well, you must use it asas possible.A often B long C hard D soon16. Paul hasfriends except me, and sometimes he feels lonely.A many B some C few D more17. English peopleuse Mr. Before a mans first name.A never B usually C often

32、D sometimes18. -One more satellite was sent up into space in China in May.-Right. The government spokethat.A highly forB high ofC well ofD highly of19. -Remember this, children.careful you are,mistakes you will make.-We know, Miss Gao.A The more; the moreB The fewer; the moreC The more; the fewerD T

33、he less; the less20. I haveto do today.A anything importantB something importantC important nothingD important something【練習答案】1.C 2.C 3.D 4.B 5.B 6.C 7.B 8.A 9.C 10.B 11.A 12.B 13.C 14.B 15.A 16.C 17.A18.D 19.C 20.B專題三：動詞考點集匯，講解和訓練1.動詞的時態(tài)英語時態(tài)用共有十六種時態(tài)，其中常用的有8種，它們是：一般現在時、一般過去時、一般將來時、現在進行時、現在完成時、過去進行時、

34、過去完成時和過去將來時。（1）一般現在時的基本用法1) 經常性或習慣性的動作，常與表示頻度的時間狀語連用。時間狀語： every, sometimes, at, on SundayI leave home for school at 7 every morning.2) 客觀真理，客觀存在，科學事實。The earth moves around the sun.Shanghai lies in the east of China.3) 表示格言或警句中。Pride goes before a fall.【注意】此用法如果出現在賓語從句中，即使主句是過去時，從句謂語也要用一般現在時。例：Colu

35、mbus proved that the earth is round.4) 現在時刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個性。I dont want so much.5) 某些動詞如 come, go, move, stop, leave, arrive, be, finish, continue, start 等，在一般現在時句中可用來表示將來肯定會發(fā)生的動作。The train comes at 3 oclock.6) 在時間狀語從句或條件狀語從句中，一般現在時代替一般將來時。Ill help you as soon as you have problem.Tell Xiao Li about it i

36、f you meet him.（2）一般過去時的用法：表示過去某一時刻或某一段時間內所發(fā)生的動作或情況，通常一般過去式帶有表示動作時間狀語的詞，詞組或從句,如 yesterday, the day before last, last week, two days ago 等,上下文清楚時可以不帶時間狀語。I worked in that factory last year.【注意】1) 過去經常反復發(fā)生的動作，也可用used to或would加動詞原形來表達，例如： I used to go fishing on Sundays.2) “used to”也可用于表示過去曾經存在過的狀態(tài)。例如：

37、 This river used to be clean.（3）一般將來時的用法 1）表示將來的動作或狀態(tài)。例如：I shall attend the meeting tomorrow.2）表示將來反復發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。例如： He will go to see his mother every Saturdays.3）表示將來的意愿，決心，許諾， 命令等時常用will，征求對方意見，主語是第一人稱時，常用shall。I will do my best to catch up with them. Shall I open the door?4）be + going + 動詞不定式。也是

38、一種將來時句型，表示打算，計劃，最近或將來要作的某事。I am going to Beijing next week.5）be + 動詞不定式。表示有職責，義務，可能，約定，意圖等。There is to be a meeting this afternoon.We are to meet the guests at the station.6）be about + 動詞不定式，表示馬上，很快作某事。They are about to leave.（4）現在進行時的用法 1）現在進行時的用法表示說話者說話時正在發(fā)生或者進行的動作， 它注重現在正在進行的動作，而不管動作從什么時間開始，到什么時間

39、結束。What are you doing now?I am looking for my key.2）現在進行時表示目前一段時間內正在進行的動作（但說話時這個動作不一定在進行）。The students are preparing for the examination.3）某些動詞的現在進行時可以表示即將發(fā)生的動作，這些動詞有 arrive, come, leave, start等。They are going to Hong Kong tomorrow.【注意】有些動詞一般不可以用于進行時態(tài)表示狀態(tài)的動詞，尤其是靜態(tài)動詞，如：be, have表示認識、知覺和情感的動詞，如：know, t

40、hink, hear, find, see, like, want, wish, prefer 等。（5）現在完成時的用法1) 現在完成時表示在說話之前已經完成或剛完成的動作。I have bought a ten-speed bicycle.They have cleaned the classroom.2) 現在完成時表示動作從過去開始持續(xù)到現在，或者還有可能持續(xù)下去的動作或狀態(tài)。 現在完成時常與for 和 since 引導的短語或從句連用。We have lived here since 1976.They have waited for more than two hours.【注意】

41、一般過去時與現在完成時的區(qū)別過去時表示過去某時發(fā)生的動作或單純敘述過去的事情，強調動作；現在完成時為過去發(fā)生的，強調過去的事情對現在的影響，強調的是影響；一般過去時常與具體的時間狀語連用。試比較：I saw this film yesterday.（強調看的動作發(fā)生過了，不涉及現在）I have seen this film.（強調對現在的影響，電影的內容已經知道了。）（6）過去進行時的用法表示過去某時正在進行的狀態(tài)或動作。例如：I was watching TV when she came to see me.【注意】過去進行時和一般過去時都是過去發(fā)生的事情，但過去進行時側重表示過去某一時刻

42、正在進行的動作或所處的狀態(tài)，強調動作的連續(xù)進行，而一般過去時則表示單純的過去事實，例如：They were building a house last month. （上個月正在建造，建造好與否不知） They built a new house last month. （上個月建造好了，動作已經完成）（7）過去完成時的用法過去完成時表示過去某一時刻或某一動作之前完成的動作或所處的狀態(tài)，過去完成時常和 by , before 等詞組成的短語和從句連用。We had already learned two thousand words by the end of last year.When w

43、e arrived at the station, they had waited for more than twenty minutes.（8）過去將來時的用法過去將來時表示從過去某個時間看將要發(fā)生的動作或存在地狀態(tài)，過去將來時較多地被運用在賓語從句中。例如：They were going to have a meeting.I told him that I would see him off at the station. 2.動詞的語態(tài)語態(tài)有兩種：主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主語是動作的發(fā)出者為主動語態(tài)；主語是動作的接受者為被動語態(tài)。（1）被動語態(tài)1) 被動語態(tài)最基本的句型結構是： be +

44、及物動詞過去分詞2) 被動語態(tài)中的謂語動詞一定要是及物動詞因為被動句中的主語是動作的承受者，某些短語動詞如look after, think of, take care of, work out, laugh at 等，也可用于被動語態(tài)。The children were taken good care of by her.【注意】短語動詞中的介詞或副詞變成被動語態(tài)時不可遺漏。3) 主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)要加“to”的情況若賓語補足語是不帶 to 的不定式，變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，該不定式前要加“to”。此類動詞為感官動詞，如：feel, hear, help, listen to, look at,

45、make, observe, see, notice, watch 等。例如：The teacher made me go out of the classroom.I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher).4) 主動形式表示被動意義如wash, clean, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell等動詞雖然用做主動形式卻表示被動的意義。例如：The food tastes good.3.非謂語動詞對非謂語動詞的考點是：感官動詞后不定式作賓語補足語和動詞ing形

46、式作賓語補足語的用法；一些特殊動詞的動詞不定式作賓語補足語時不帶to，但變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時就要帶to；有些動詞既可接不定式也可接動詞ing形式作賓語，但表達的意思不同。這些都是歷年中考的重點。（1）非謂語動詞的形式非謂語動詞指的是在句中起名詞，形容詞或副詞作用的動詞形式，而不是作謂語的動詞形式。 動詞的非謂語形式分為動名詞，分詞，動詞不定式。（2）不定式作賓語補足語Father will not allow us to play on the street.（3）不定式作目的狀語He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.（4）用不定式和分詞作補足語都可以的動

47、詞這樣的動詞有感官動詞如：see, hear, look, notice, observe, feel 等，使役動詞如：have, make, leave, keep, get等。接不定式表示動作的完整性，真實性；+doing 表示動作的連續(xù)性，進行性。I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看見他在花園里干活了。(強調“我看見了”這個事實)I saw him working in the garden yesterday.（強調“我見他正干活”這個動作）昨天我見他正在花園里干活。（5）用不帶to不定式的情況使役動詞如： let, have, mak

48、e等和感官動詞如： see, watch, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作賓補，省略to。在被動語態(tài)中則to不能省掉。（6）接動名詞與不定式意義不同1) stop to do 停止，中斷做某事后去做另一件事。stop doing 停止做某事。2) forget to do 忘記要去做某事。(未做) forget doing 忘記做過某事。(已做)3) remember to do 記得去做某事。(未做) remember doing 記得做過某事。 (已做)4) try to do努力，企圖做某事。try doing試驗，試著做某事。5) go o

49、n to do 做了一件事后，接著做另一件事。go on doing繼續(xù)做原來做的事。6) mean to do打算、想mean doing 意味著4. 容易混淆的常用動詞的辨析(1) say, speak, talk, tell 的用法。1) say 表示講話，作為及物動詞使用，后跟賓語或賓語從句。He said he would go there.Its time to leave. We have to say goodbye to you.2)speak 表示“講話”，一般作為不及物動詞使用，而有時作為及物動詞后面跟上各種語言作為賓語。Do you speak English?May

50、I speak to Mr Pope, please?3) talk 表示“談話”，是不及物動詞，與 to , about, with 等連用，才可賓語。What are you talking about?Mr Jackson is talking with my father in the office now.4) tell 表示“告訴，講述”是及物動詞，可以帶雙賓語或復合賓語。She told us an interesting story yesterday.My teacher told me that we would have an English exam the next

51、month.(2) look, see, watch 和 watch 的用法。1) look 強調“看”這個動作，是不及物動詞，常與 at 連用，然后接賓語。Look! The girl is swimming in the lake.Look at the picture carefully. Can you find something unusual?2) see 指“看見”某物，強調的是結果。They cant see the words on the blackboard. Does Lily often go to see a film on Sunday?3) watch 指的是

52、“觀看”，“注視”之意。 The twins are watching TV now.He will go to watch a volleyball match. 4） read 指“看書”、“看報”、“閱讀”之意。Dont read in the sun.I like to read newspapers when I am free.(3) borrow, lend 和 keep 的區(qū)別。1) borrow 意思為“借入”，常常與 from 連用，是非延續(xù)性動詞，表示瞬間即能完成的動作。Meimei borrowed a book from the library just now. M

53、ay I borrow your dictionary?2) lend 是“借出”之意，常常與 to 連用，同 borrow 一樣，是非延續(xù)性動詞，只表示瞬間即能完成的動作。Uncle Wany has lent his car to Mr Li. Could you lend us your radio, please?3) keep 是“保存”的意思，動作可以延續(xù)。How long can the recorder be kept?The farmer kept the pat for two weeks.(4) bring, take, carry 和 get 的用法。1) bring

54、意思為“拿來”、“帶來”。指將某物或某人從別處“帶來”。Bring me the book, please.May I bring Jim to see you next Saturday?2) take 意思是“拿走”，“帶走”，把某物或某人從這里“帶來”或“拿到”某處之意。It looks like rain. Take a raincoat with you. Mother took the little girl to the next room.3) carry 是“帶著、搬運、攜帶”的意思，指隨身攜帶，有背著、扛著、抱著、提著的含義，不表明來去的方向。Do you always c

55、arry a handbag?The box is heavy. Can you carry it?4) get 是去某處將某物拿回來。Please go to my office to get some chalk.There is no water in the bottle. Why not get some?(5) wear, put on 和 dress 的區(qū)別1) wear 是“穿著”“戴著”的意思，可以用于穿衣服、穿鞋、戴帽子、戴手套、佩戴首飾等，強調“穿著”的狀態(tài)。Tom always wears black shoes.He wears a raincoat even when it is fine.She doesnt like to wear a red flowers in her hair.2) put on 是“穿上”“戴上”的意思，可以用于穿衣服、穿鞋、戴帽等。著重于穿戴的動作。It