完整版現(xiàn)在分詞的用法

1、現(xiàn)在分詞的用法現(xiàn)在分詞（Present Participie）（又稱-ing形式、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式），是分詞的一種，分詞又分為 現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞，它們都是非限定動詞，即在句子里面不能單獨(dú)充當(dāng)謂語，但能充當(dāng)其它的一些成分（定語，表語，補(bǔ)語和狀語），并且它們具有動詞的性質(zhì)，所以又是類動詞的 一種。現(xiàn)在分詞的兩個基本特點(diǎn)：1. 。例如：sun冉冉升起的太陽。白開水，rise n sun2. 在語態(tài)上表示主動。 削階級。（試比較：a deve loping coun try.（試比較： 升起的太陽） 例如：一個發(fā)展中的國家, a deve loped countryboil ing water一個發(fā)達(dá)國家

2、，沸水， risi ngboiled waterthe ruled classthe ruli ng class統(tǒng)治階級，the expl oit ing class剝被統(tǒng)治階級，the expl oited class 被剝削階級）:構(gòu)成形式doing現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動的，或進(jìn)行的動作:時態(tài)與語態(tài)主動被動一般式doingBeing done完成式 having doneHaving bee n done三：否定式：所有否定式都是在ing前面加not1）現(xiàn)在分詞的時態(tài):現(xiàn)在分詞本身不能表示具體的時間概念，其動作發(fā)生的時間只能是相 對于謂語動作發(fā)生時間相對而言的。這一點(diǎn)和不定式用法相同。A） 現(xiàn)在

3、分詞的一般式：doing表示分詞的動作和謂語動作同時或幾乎同時發(fā)生。 生過程中。女0: Looking back, I found she was washing clothes.She smelt something burning.（smelt 發(fā)生在 burning 她聞到有東西燒焦了?；蚴侵^語動作發(fā)生時，分詞的動作正在發(fā)的過程中。）She sat on the chair, readi ng a no vel.B）現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式：havi ng done表示現(xiàn)在分詞的動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之前。Having worked for 2 hours, we had a rest.Not ha

4、vi ng received his letter, we all felt worried.2）現(xiàn)在分詞的語態(tài)：現(xiàn)在分詞用主動還是被動，決定于它的邏輯主語。 行者，用主動。反之，用被動。如果現(xiàn)在分詞的邏輯主語是分詞動作的執(zhí)女0: Entering the room, I found Tom watching TV.I knew the man sitting under the tree.（the man是sitting的邏輯主語，而且是分詞動作的執(zhí)行者, 故分詞用主動。）I found the car being washed.3）現(xiàn)在分詞的邏輯主語：A）如果分詞在句子作定語，其邏輯主語就

5、是被修飾的名詞。如：a developing country. 個發(fā)展中的國家，boiling water沸水，rising sun冉冉升起的太陽a running boy=a boy who is runningB）如果分詞在句子作表語，其邏輯主語通常就是句中的主語。 女0: The story was interesting.The match is excit ing.C）如果分詞在句子作賓語補(bǔ)語，其邏輯主語就是句中的賓語。 女0: He kept the boy singing.I found his p lay ing on the p laygro und.D）如果分詞在句中作狀語

6、，其邏輯主語通常就是句子的主語。 女口： Walking on the road, he was whistling.他一邊走路，一邊吹著口哨。Not knowing what to do.His uncle died.leaving him a lot of money.注意：分詞作狀語時，有時其邏輯主語不是句子的主語。此時，分詞需要自帶邏輯主語。其 形式為名詞/代詞+現(xiàn)在分詞”，構(gòu)成獨(dú)立分詞結(jié)構(gòu)。也可在名詞前加上介詞with或without o女0: （With）his wife cooking in the kitchen, he was reading in the living ro

7、om.E）有一類分詞短語， 沒有自帶的邏輯主語， 句中也沒有它的邏輯主語。誦常是表示說話人的態(tài)度或看法的。即現(xiàn)在分詞作“評注性狀語”。Gen erally sp eak ing, he is a good stude nt. 常常這樣用的分詞短語有：Talking of.談到。Con sideri ng.考慮至 U。Judging form.根據(jù)。判斷Roughly speaking 大致說來Strictly speaking 嚴(yán)格的說Frankly speaking 坦白說來Gen erally sp eak ing 般說來Broadly speaking 泛泛地說Allowing for

8、考慮到Honestly speaking 老實(shí)說4）現(xiàn)在分詞的句法功能:1.作主語：通常被看作是單數(shù)不可數(shù)名詞，所以謂語動詞用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。Driving fast is very dan gerous.Swimmi ng is my favourite sp ort.Painting is an art.it作形式主Heari ng the bad n ews made him cry.注意:現(xiàn)在分詞作主語時，和動詞不定式一樣，當(dāng)它是較長的短語時，常常用 語，而把現(xiàn)在分詞放到句末。女0： Its nice spending the holiday at the beach.Its tir

9、i ng work ing late.現(xiàn)在分詞作主語時的常用句型:It +be+廠 a waste of timeno good/no use little/hardly any use j no t/hardly worth worth/worthwhile+ V-ing分詞女0: Its no use complaining.Its no good smok ing a lot.Its a waste of time doing such a thing.nono sense in （沒有道理）There +be+ J+V-ing分詞no point in （毫無意義）no use inN

10、othing worse than（沒有比更糟糕的）女0: There was no knowing what he was doing.There is no point （in） doing so.這么做，毫無意義。經(jīng)常跟在it +be后面的形容詞，然后接動名詞作實(shí)際主語的形容詞還有:Odd古怪的Crazy瘋狂的Hopeless無望的NiceFunny好笑的Foolish愚蠢的in teresti ngTiring累人的betterterribleEnioyable愉快的Pointless無意義的2作表語：-ing分詞作表語多和系動詞be連用。注意：如果主語用了不定式，表語也要用不定式；同

11、樣地，如果主語用的是-ing分詞，表語也應(yīng)用-ing分詞。即，作主語和表語的動詞在形式上的一致。女0： Seeing is believing=To see is to believe.My favourite sport is swimmi ng.Her only hobby（愛好）is collecting stamps.注意：現(xiàn)在分詞作表語和動詞不定式作表語的區(qū)別在于: 定式表示一次性的具體動作。女0: My plan is to finish my homework before tomorrow.現(xiàn)在分詞表示習(xí)慣性動作;而不My favourite sport is swimmi n

12、g.3.作賓語英語中，有相當(dāng)一部分動詞后，只能接 -ing分詞作賓語。 這類動詞主要有：Admit承認(rèn)adviseAnticipate 期望做。Detest憎恨做。Defer推遲suggestEsca pe逃避做。Quit停止做。Deny否認(rèn)Miss錯過Avoid避免做。Tolerate 忍受。Keep保持做。Appreciate 感謝。P ractise 練習(xí)。enjoyMind介意Consider考慮做Risk冒險做。Excuse原諒如:Excuse me interrup ti ng you.I enjoy readi ng n ews pap ers.I suggest you sho

13、uld p ractise sp eak ing En glish every morning.注意：有一類動詞后即可跟不定式作賓語，也可跟 種類型：1兩種形式意義基本相同。A）兩種形式意義基本相同的動詞有：commence（開始）.女0: She started to cry/crying.-ing分詞作賓語。可以把這類動詞分為三2）兩種形式略有差別。3 ）意義完全不同。atte mpt, beg in, cease（停止 ）, continue, intend, start,What do you intend to do/d oing n ext?He con ti nued to wo

14、rk/work ing.你打算接下來做什么?B）兩種形式意義略有差別的動詞主要有：hate, like, dislike, love, prefer等。女0： I like playing basketball.I hate to trouble you.I p refer to go for a walk.I p refer singing son gs.C）后跟不定式和-ing分詞時，意義完全不同的動詞有：remember, forget, regret., try, mean,cha nce（碰巧）,cannot hel p.等。它們后面跟不定式表示動作還未發(fā)生，而跟現(xiàn)在分詞表示動 作已

15、經(jīng)發(fā)生。女0: I regret to do this thing.I regret doing such a thing.Mean to do表示打算，意欲做某事：而mean doing表示意味著，意思是”女0: I mean/plan to buy a house.Fighti ng means killi ng.Chance to do表示碰巧做某事；而 chanee doing表示冒險做某事、碰運(yùn)氣試著做某事He cha need to meet his old frie nd in the street.He cha need tak ing part in that race.Ca

16、nnot help to do表示不能幫忙做某事;Cannot help doing表示情不自禁，不由得做某事 女0: I cannot help to do homework for you.I cannot help laugh ing.4. 作介詞賓語除了我們已經(jīng)談到的“疑問詞 +不定式”可以作介詞賓語外。通常情況下，只能用-ing分詞作介詞的賓語。但個別表示“除了。之外”的介詞如“except, but, tha n”通常接不定式。女0: I can do nothing except/but wait.后面跟-ing分詞作介詞賓語的短語結(jié)構(gòu)主要有：A) “動詞+介詞+動名詞”I am

17、 used to sleeping on the floor.(習(xí)慣于。)I am look ing forward to meeti ng you.The rain stopped us from work ing.She objected to marrying him(反對)B) “形容詞+介詞+-ing分詞”I am in terested in p lay ing basketball.Tom is respon sible for break ing the glass.C)名詞+介詞+動名詞”There are many ways to do it/of doing it.He

18、did nt go out for fear of raining.-ing分詞的慣用搭配有 ：A)主語 +have+fu n/pl easure/a good time/trouble/difficulty+(i n) doing sth 女0： We had a lot of fun (in) playing basketball.I have trouble/difficulty(i n) un dersta nding him.B) “ There is+difficulty/trouble/pleasure+(in) doing sth ” 如0: There is difficul

19、ty in passing the exam.There is trouble in lear ning a foreigh Ian guage.C) “ be busy+(in) doing sth ”I am busy in doing my homework.D) “What about/How about +-ing 分詞”(征求意見句型。怎么樣)What/How about havi ng a cup of tea?How about p lay ing basketball with me?E）注意：有一類-ing分詞和go搭配，表示“去（干。）”，這些分詞大多與休閑娛樂 的戶外活

20、動有關(guān)。常用的有：boat ingCamping 野營Climbing 爬山Driving駕車兜風(fēng)Dancing 跳舞Hiking徒步旅行Hunting 打獵Fishing 垂釣runningJogging 慢跑Ridding 騎馬Sailing 航行Shopping 購物Sightseeing 觀光Skating 滑冰swimmi ngWalking 散步Window shopping 逛街女0: We went boating yesterday.5. 作定語單個分詞作定語時放在所修飾名詞前a running boythe girl sta ndi ng there（分詞短語作定語，故置于

21、所修飾名詞之后）并且一般都可以轉(zhuǎn)化為一個進(jìn)行時的定語從句女0:a boy who is runninga girl who issta ndingthere注意：某些現(xiàn)在分詞作定語時，已不再表示動作，已經(jīng)從分詞變?yōu)榱诵稳菰~詞性。如：anin teresti ng story, an exciti ngmatch 。這些也可以屬于現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，但是不能轉(zhuǎn)化為相應(yīng)的定語從句。但是可以有三級變化（原級、比較級、最高級）和被某些副詞如very修飾。6. 作賓語補(bǔ)語只有兩類動詞可以加現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)1）感官動詞或心理狀態(tài)的動詞：see, hear, watch , feel , notice , obs

22、erve , find , listento， look at2）表示致使意義的動詞:make, have , get, catch , leave , keep, letto注意：但是并不代表這些動詞后的賓補(bǔ)形式都要用現(xiàn)在分詞（有些后面可以加不帶 的不定式作賓補(bǔ)）eg.I saw him singing now.禾n I saw him sing in the house.注意：賓語與作賓補(bǔ)的現(xiàn)在分詞之間存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，即賓語是現(xiàn)在分詞動 作的發(fā)出者。7.作狀語分詞作狀語時的邏輯主語（即分詞動作的發(fā)出者）一般要與句中主語保持一致。若邏 輯主語和分詞動作之間為主動，用主動。反之，用被動。

23、A）作時間狀語當(dāng)我在街上走時，我看到他了女0: .Walk ing in the streetsaw him.可以轉(zhuǎn)化為一個時間狀語從句:Whe n/While I was walk ing in the streetsaw him.注意：當(dāng)我要強(qiáng)調(diào)正在進(jìn)行的動作時 我們可以在分詞前面加上when / while 那么上面的例句就可以改寫為When/While walki ng in the street,I saw him.（其實(shí)這是省略了從句中的 I was,因?yàn)閺木涞闹髡Z和主句一致）如果句子為：當(dāng)他走在街上，我看到他了。When/While he was walk ing in the

24、street,I saw him.這里，由于從句主語和主句主語不一致，故不可省略。B）作條件狀語女口： Work ing hard,you will succeed. 可以轉(zhuǎn)換為if引導(dǎo)的狀語從句。即:（只要）努力工作，你就會成功。If you work hard, you will succeed.C）作原因狀語女0:Being ill,she stayed at home.注意 being是常用來作原因狀語的 這句可以轉(zhuǎn)換為相應(yīng)的原因狀語從句：個為）生病，她留在家里Because/As she was ill, she stayed at home.D）作讓步狀語女 口. Having f

25、ailed many times,he did nt lose heart.=Although he had failed many times, he did nt lose heart.有很多次失敗，他沒有灰心。E）作結(jié)果狀語女0:His friend died,leavi ng Tom a lot of money,了很多錢。=His friend died, so he left Tom a lot of mon ey.他的朋友死了，（所以）給湯姆留F）作方式狀語女0: Please an swer the questi on using ano ther way.請用另一種方式回答這

26、個問題G）作伴隨狀語，表示現(xiàn)在分詞的動作正在進(jìn)行中。如：He sat on the chair, singing son gs.They left the shop, satisfied.The worked for a whole day, exhausted.They watchi ng TV in the livi ng room, I was cook ing in the kitche n.8.現(xiàn)在分詞的獨(dú)立主格（1 ）獨(dú)立主格，又叫獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，在句中作狀語。它沒有主語和謂語，只有邏輯上的 主語，因此，它在句法上不是句子，而是一個獨(dú)立于句子成分之外的獨(dú)特結(jié)構(gòu)形式。（2 ）獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)可置于句首、句