英語讀寫譯教師講義 浙江農(nóng)林

1、 英語讀寫譯課程教師講義Reading comprehensionPassage 1Questions 1to 5 are based on the following passage.A recent BBC documentary, The Town That Never Retired, sought to show the effects of increasing the state pension age by putting retirees back to work.Although the results were entertaining, they need not ha

2、ve bothered. Away from the cameras, unprecedented numbers of older people are staying in work .Since the start of the recession that began in 2008, the number of 16-to 24-year-olds in work has fallen by 597,000. Over the same period the number of workers over the age of 65 has increased by 240 o000.

3、The graying of the British workforce dates back to around 2001, since when the proportion of older people working has nearly doubled. But it has accelerated since the start of the recession. There are several reasons why. Happily, people are living longer and healthier lives, which makes staying in

4、work less daunting than it was. Less happily, low interest rates, a stagnant stock market and the end of many defined-benefit (固定收益) pension schemes make it a financial necessity. And changing attitudes ,spurred by rules against age discrimination, are making it easier than ever.Most older workers a

5、re simply hanging on at the office: 63% of workers over state pension age have been with their employer for more than ten years. Over two-thirds of them work part-time, mostly doing jobs that they once performed full-time. A big advantage is that they do not pay national insurance contributions effe

6、ctively a second income tax on younger workers.According to Stephen McNair, director of the Center for Research into the Older Workforce, this flexibility explains why older workers have not suffered so much in the slump. Instead of slashing the workforce, as in previous recessions, many firms have

7、halted recruitment and cut working hours. At small businesses in particular, keeping on older workers is cheaper and less risky than training replacements. Over half of workers over state pension age work for businesses with fewer than 25 employees.Christopher Nipper, who owns David Nipper, a women

8、wear manufacturer based in Derbyshire, prizes his semi-retired workers, who can be employed at short notice and do not need to work full-time to survive. Retired machinists can fill in if there is a surge in orders; former sales advisers can work as part-time consultants. As his competitors have mov

9、ed production abroad, depleting the pool of trained labor,retaining older workers and their skills has become even more important.There is scope for the older workforce to expand. Workers over the age of 50 who are made unemployed find it harder to pick up new jobs, which could mean that more oldste

10、rs want to work than are able to. That would be good. The Office for Budget Responsibility, the fiscal watchdog, reported on July 12th that an aging, unproductive population is the biggest long-term threat to Britains economic health.Data from the OECD, a think-tank, shows that employment rates amon

11、g workers approaching retirement age are split in Europe, with old workers hanging on best in the north. Government credit ratings follow a similar pattern. That Britains aging workforce more closely resembles Germanys than Italys could prove the countrys salvation(拯救).1. Which of the following can

12、be inferred from the BBC documentary The Town That Never Retired?A) What it intends to reveal is contrary to the reality.B) It has received good comments from audience.C) It aims to criticize the poor pension provision in the UK.D) It reflects the current phenomenon of retirees coming back to work.2

13、. According to the passage, it ( Line 6, Para. 2 ) refers to_.A) age discriminationB) the changing attitudeC) a financial necessityD) staying in work after retiring3. According to Paragraph 3, which of the following is TRUE about the older workers in the UK?A) Most of them are loyal to their former

14、employers.B) Most of them rarely challenge themselves by seeking new types of jobs.C) They do not have to pay national income tax.D) 63% of them continue to work over the retirement age.4. According to Christopher Nieper, why are semi-retired workers favored in hiring?A) Because they can fill in the

15、 job vacancy in a brief time.B) Because the pool of labor in the UK is drained.C) Because they work harder than the yoking because of economic pressure.D) Because their working hours can be as flexible as they want.5. It can be concluded from the last paragraph that _.A) Britains aging workforce is

16、similar to ItalysB) Britains credit ratings are higher than ItalysC) Britains salvation is better than GermanysD) Britains employment rates of aging workforce are higher than Germanys答案解析： 1A)。定位 由題干中的BBC documentary，The Town That Never Retired定位到第一段第一、二句：A recent BBC documentary，The Town That Never

17、 Retired，sought to show the effects of increasing the state pension age by putting retirees back to workAlthough the results were entertaining，they need not have bothered 詳解 推理判斷題。本題考查有關(guān)紀(jì)錄片永不退休的城鎮(zhèn)的理解。由定位句“英國廣播公司最近推出一部紀(jì)錄片永不退休的城鎮(zhèn)，該紀(jì)錄片旨在表現(xiàn)通過促使退休人員重回工作崗位來提高國家退休年齡這一政策所帶來的影響。片子雖然有趣，但影片制作者們真是杞人憂天了”可知，實(shí)際情況是

18、人們到了退休年齡會(huì)主動(dòng)要求繼續(xù)工作，與這部紀(jì)錄片所要表達(dá)的內(nèi)容相反，故答案為A)。B)“這部紀(jì)錄片得到了觀眾的好評”為過度推斷，該段第二句僅指出“片子雖然有趣”，故排除；C)“這部紀(jì)錄片旨在批評英國糟糕的退休金條款”與D)“這部紀(jì)錄片反映出目前退休職工重返工作的現(xiàn)象”均未在原文中提及，故排除。2D)。定位 由題干定位到第二段最后一句：And changing attitudes，spurred by rules against age discrimination，are making it easier than ever詳解 語義理解題。本題考查代詞it 的指代。定位句提到，而且在禁止年齡

19、歧視規(guī)定的驅(qū)動(dòng)下，人們的態(tài)度在慢慢改變，這也使之較以往更容易。該段主題為英國勞動(dòng)力老齡化及其原因，定位句為勞動(dòng)力老齡化的最后一點(diǎn)原因，故it指代退休后重返工作崗位，故答案為D)。3B)。定位 根據(jù)題干定位到第三段第一、二句：Most older workers are simply hanging on at the office：63% of workers over state pension age have been with their employer for more than ten yearsOver twothirds of them work part-time，most

20、ly doing jobs that they once performed full-time詳解 事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。本題考查英國老年勞動(dòng)者的情況。定位句提到，大多數(shù)老年就業(yè)者還是堅(jiān)守在原來的崗位：在超過國家退休年齡的工作者中，63%的人和雇主共事的時(shí)間已超過十年。這些人中，超過三分之二的人現(xiàn)在從事兼職，主要從事他們?nèi)殨r(shí)曾做過的工作。換言之，年長的工作者大都很少挑戰(zhàn)新類型的工作，故B)為答案。A)“大多數(shù)年長的工作者對之前的老板很衷心”為過度推斷，故排除；C)“年長的工作者不用繳納國家工資稅”，該段最后一句指出“不用再支付國民保險(xiǎn)稅”，而非國家工資稅，故排除；D)“63%的年長工作者超過退休年齡

21、后繼續(xù)工作”是對原文內(nèi)容的曲解，故排除。4A)。定位 由題干中的Christopher Nieper和semi-retired workers定位到第五段第一句：Christopher Nieper，who owns David Nieper，a womenswear manufacturer based in Derbyshire，prizes his semiretired workerswho Can be employed at short notice and do not need to work fulltime to surviveRetired machinists call

22、 fill in if there is a surge in orders詳解 事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。本題考查Christopher Nieper珍視他的半退休員工們的原因。由定位句可知，克里斯多夫很珍視他的半退休員工們，這些人可在短時(shí)間內(nèi)上工而且并不需要全職工作來謀生，A)中的fill in the job vacancy和in a brief time分別對應(yīng)原文的be employed和at short notice，故為答案。B)“因?yàn)橛鴦趧?dòng)力已耗盡”，該段最后一句指出“拋棄了熟練的工人”，而非耗盡了所有的勞動(dòng)力，故排除；C)“由于經(jīng)濟(jì)壓力，他們比年輕的勞動(dòng)力更努力工作”，定位句指出“這些人

23、可在短時(shí)間內(nèi)上工而且并不需要全職工作來謀生”，說明他們經(jīng)濟(jì)壓力不大，與原文不符，故排除；D)“因?yàn)樗麄兊墓ぷ鲿r(shí)間自由，可以隨意安排”為過度推斷，故排除。5B)。定位 由題干提示定位到最后一段：shows that employment rates among workers approaching retirement age are split in Europe，with old workers hanging Oil best in the northGovernment credit ratings follow a similar patternThat Britains agein

24、g workforce more closely resembles Germanys than Italys could prove the countrys salvation詳解 推理判斷題。定位句指出，臨近退休工人的就業(yè)率在歐洲是不平衡的，在北部的老年員工就業(yè)情況最好。政府的信用級別也與此成正相關(guān)。英國的老年勞動(dòng)力更類似于德國而非意大利，這一點(diǎn)可以證實(shí)這個(gè)國家的自救措施在起作用。由此可知，英國的老年勞動(dòng)力的就業(yè)情況好于意大利，所以其政府的信用級別要高于意大利，故答案為B)。A)“英國老齡勞動(dòng)力與意大利類似”與原文不符，故排除；C)“英國的解救措施好于德國”，定位句指出“英國的老齡化勞動(dòng)

25、力更類似于德國”，故無法判斷孰重孰輕，為過度推斷，故排除；D) “英國老齡勞動(dòng)力的就業(yè)率高于德國”與原文不符，故排除。Passage 2Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.Recent reports suggest that tea can cause brittle bones-but youll probably be safe if you drink less than a gallon a day. Do you fancy a cup of tea? We drink, on average, three mu

26、gs a day. But you might want to try another strong alcohol after hearing the case of a 47-year-old woman, published in the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM), who developed brittle bones and lost all of her teeth after drinking too much tea.Tea may not be so great for prostates (前列腺) either. Las

27、t year, research from the University ofGlasgow found that men who drank more than seven or more cups of tea a day had a 50% higher risk ofprostate cancer. And in 2009 a paper in the British Medical Journal showed that drinking very hot tea(70C or more) increased the likelihood of esophageal (食管的) ca

28、ncer.Still gasping for that cup of tea? There is some evidence that tea can be good for you too, withantioxidant properties, so maybe youre not actually drinking enough of the stuff.The poor woman in the NEJM study is not alone. There are a few other cases of people who havedamaged their bones throu

29、gh too much tea. But she (like those in other studies) was drinking excessiveamounts: 100 - 150 tea bags a day to make 12 cups of tea. A liter of tea can contain up to 9mg of fluoride(氟化物), which in excess can cause skeletal fluorosis ( 氟中毒), reducing bone quality and causing pain and stiffening of

30、the ligaments (韌帶). Other studies show you generally need to drink a gallon a day for three decades to develop this condition.You also shouldnt worry about the Glasgow study as it wasnt designed to show that drinking tea actually caused prostate cancer. All it proved was an association and people we

31、re only asked how much tea they drank at the start of the study, which went on for about 28 years.The National Cancer Institute in the U.S. concludes that the evidence isnt good enough to say tea either harms or helps our health. However it does seem sensible in the light of the BMJ study to wait fo

32、r your tea to cool down for a few minutes.Black tea, which makes up 75% of the worlds consumption, may have healthy properties from its plant chemicals called poly phenols (多酚), which are antioxidants. Green tea contains more poly phenols but isnt so nice to dunk digestives into.A review of the evid

33、ence in the European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, sponsored by the Tea Council-which, the authors say, had no part in the study-found the research showed more than three cups of black tea a day reduced heart disease. It found no evidence of harm in amounts typically consumed. So as long as you dri

34、nk less than a gallon of tea a day you should be absolutely fine.6. What can be inferred about tea from Paragraph 3?A) Very hot tea may cause prostate cancer.B) There may be a link between very hot tea and esophageal cancer.C) Over-drinking tea is the cause of prostate cancer.D) Drinking too much te

35、a may worsen esophageal cancer.7. Excessive intake of fluoride mayA) increase the likelihood of heart attackB) cause the bone fractureC) cause fluorosis in the bloodD) weaken the bone quality and hurt the ligaments8. Which of the following instructions is encouraged to practice?A) Drinking less tea

36、in the future.B) Drinking no tea at all.C) Drinking tea that is not too hot.D) Drinking green tea instead of black tea.9. Black tea is considered as healthy drink becauseA) it contains antioxidantsB) it is made from plantC) poly phenols are added to itD) it helps one digest10. What can be inferred f

37、rom the last paragraph?A) Under no circumstance can you drink more than a gallon of tea a day.B) Black tea can be seen as a cure for heart disease.C) Drinking tea does no harm at all, regardless of how much you consume.D) Tea Councils participation into the research may decrease its credibility.答案解析

38、：6B)。定位 由題干提示定位到第三段：Tea may not be so great for prostates eitherLast year，research from the University of Glasgow found that men who drank more than seven or more cups of tea a day had a 50% higher risk of prostate cancerAnd in 2009 a paper in the British Medical Journal showed that drinking very ho

39、t tea(70。C or more)increased the likelihood of esophageal cancer定位 推理判斷題。本題考查讀者對該段意思的準(zhǔn)確理解。定位段指出“飲茶似乎對前列腺也沒有益處。去年，格拉斯哥大學(xué)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)每天飲用超過七杯茶的男性患前列腺癌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)會(huì)高出50%。2009年，英國醫(yī)學(xué)期刊的一篇論文指出飲用過熱的茶(70攝氏度或以上)會(huì)增加患食道癌的可能性”，故答案為B)。A)“過熱的茶可能會(huì)引起前列腺癌”文中未提及，故排除；C)“飲茶過量是前列腺癌的原因”屬于過度推斷，故排除；D)“飲茶過量可能會(huì)使食道癌惡化”文中并未提及，故排除。7D)定位 南題干中的fl

40、uoride定位到第五段第四句：A litre of tea can contain up to 9mg of fluoride，which in excess can cause skeletal fluorosis，reducing bone quality and causing pain and stiffening of the ligaments詳解 事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。本題考查過量攝入氟化物的危害。定位句提到“一升茶水含有9毫克的氟化物，如果氟化物攝入過量，那么會(huì)造成人體骨骼氟中毒，骨質(zhì)下降韌帶疼痛僵硬”，故D)為答案。A)“增加患心臟病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)”與文意不符，故排除；B)“造成骨折”是對原

41、文“骨質(zhì)下降”的曲解，故排除；C)“造成血內(nèi)氟中毒”與文意不符，故排除。8C)。定位 由題干中的instructions is encouraged to practice以及各選項(xiàng)定位到第七段第二句：However it does seem sensible in the light of the BMJ study to wait for your tea to cool down for a few minutes詳解 事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。本題考查作者認(rèn)為讀者應(yīng)采納的建議。定位句指出“但是，鑒于英國醫(yī)學(xué)期刊的研究，等幾分鐘讓茶水放涼一些還是有意義的”，故C)為答案。A)“以后少喝茶”、B)“一點(diǎn)

42、茶也不要喝”和D)“喝綠茶，不要喝紅茶”都是對文意的曲解，故均排除。9A)。定位 由題干中的black tea定位到倒數(shù)第二段第一句：Black tea，which makes up 75% of the worlds consumptionmay have healthy properties from its plant chemicals called poly phenols，which are antioxidants詳解 事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。本題考查紅茶保健的原因。由定位句可知“紅茶，占世界茶類飲用量的75%，可能因其含有植物化合物(即抗氧化的多酚)從而具有保健作用。”故答案為A)。B)“

43、紅茶由植物制成”、C)“紅茶添加了多酚”和D)“紅茶助消化”均與文意不符，故排除。10D)。定位 由題干中的last paragraph定位到原文最后一段：A review of the evidence in the European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, sponsored by the Tea Council-which, the authors say, had no part in the study-found the research showed more than three cups of black tea a day reduce

44、d heart disease. It found no evidence of harm in amounts typically consumed. So as long as you drink less than a gallon of tea aday you should be absolutely fine.詳解 推理判斷題。本題考查堵著對該段意思的準(zhǔn)確理解。由定位段可知“對由茶葉理事會(huì)贊助的歐洲臨床營養(yǎng)學(xué)雜志的一項(xiàng)證據(jù)研究（作者表示茶葉理事會(huì)并未參與到研究中）發(fā)現(xiàn)，每日飲用三倍以上紅茶可以減少患心臟病的概率，且沒有標(biāo)明飲用特訂立的茶水會(huì)對人體有害。只要你每天音超不超過一加侖，那

45、么絕對沒有問題”。原味特別指處茶葉理事會(huì)未參與到研究中，可以推知或許會(huì)因?yàn)椴枞~理事會(huì)的立場，會(huì)導(dǎo)致研究結(jié)果可信度下降，故答案為D）。A）“無論何時(shí)每日飲茶量絕對不超過一加侖”屬于過度推斷，故排除；B）“紅茶可以治療心臟病”屬于過于推斷，故排除；C）“無論飲用量為多少，茶完全無害”與原文邏輯不符，故排除。Passage 3Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.Yet with economies in free fail, managers also need up-to-date information about what

46、 is happening to their businesses, so that they can change course rapidly if necessary. Cisco, an American network-equipment giant, has invested over many years in the technology needed to generate such data. Frank Caideroni, the firms CFO, says that every day its senior executives can track exactly

47、 what orders are coming in from sales teams around the world, and identify emerging trends in each region and market segment. And at the end of each month, the firm can get reliable financial results within four hours of closing its books. Most firms have to wait days or even weeks for such certaint

48、y.Admittedly, Ciscos financial results have not made happy reading recently because, in common with many other large technology companies, it has seen demand for its products decline in the downturn. In early February it announced that its fiscal second-quarter revenues of $ 9.1 billion were 7.5% lo

49、wer than the same period in 2008 and that its profit had fallen by 27%, to $1.5 billion.In response to hard times, Cisco plans to cut $1 billion of costs this year by, among other things, making use of its own video-conferencing and other communications technologies to reduce the amount its executiv

50、es travel. It is also using these facilities to relay information from employees on the ground to its senior managers, and to get instructions from Ciscos leaders back out to its 67,000 staff. A rapid exchange of information and instructions is especially valuable if the company wants to alter cours

51、e in stormy times.If everybody in a company can rapidly grasp what they have to do and how it is changing, they are more likely to get the job done. But some firms are reluctant to share their goals with the wider world. Unilever, a big Anglo-Dutch consumer-goods group, has decided against issuing a

52、 2009 financial forecast to investors, arguing that it is difficult to predict what is going to happen, given the dangerous state of the world economy. Were not just going to provide numbers for the sake of it, explains James Allison, the companys head of investor relations. Other companies that hav

53、e decided not to provide annual earnings estimates for 2009 include Costco, a big American retailer, and Union Pacific, an American railway company.Some firms, such as Intel, seem to have chosen to take things quarter by quarter. The giant chipmaker(芯片制造商) said in January that it would not issue an

54、official forecast for the first quarter of 2009 after its fourth-quarter 2008 profit decreased by 90%. Several retail chains have also stopped providing monthly sales estimates because they cannot see what the future holds. Retailers, chipmakers and firms in many other industries may have a long wai

55、t before the economic fog finally lifts.11. What can we learn about Cisco from the passage?A) It will keep a record of the orders from sales teams.B) It cuts $1 billion cost by solely relying on its own technologies.C) Unlike other technology companies, its financial reports are encouraging.D) Only

56、employees can use the video-conferencing to pass information.12. According to the author, the staff can perform better by_.A) getting instructions from their senior managersB) seizing what to do at hand and what to do nextC) having a financial forecast as a goalD) sharing their goals with others13.

57、What is important in the unstable time ff a company wants to change strategies?A) To issue companys financial reports faster.B) To obtain the up-to-date information of companys business.C) To predict what is going to happen in the future.D) To wait until the economic fog finally lifts.14. The reason

58、 Unilever plans not to issue financial forecast in 2009 lies in_.A) its reluctance to share its goal with othersB) its rapid grasp of changes in the marketsC) the unstable economic situationD) its reduction in the cost of prediction15. What can we know about the giant chipmaker, Intel in the passage?A