2008年考研英語一真題(附答案)

1、2008年考研英語（一）試題sectioniuseofenglishdirections:readthefollowingtext.choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarka,b,cordonanswersheet1.(10points)theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.butgregorycochranis1tosayitanyway.heisthat2bird,a

2、scientistwhoworksindependently3anyinstitution.hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfections,whicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested.5he,however,mighttrembleatthe6ofwhatheisabouttodo.togetherwithanothertwoscientists,heispublishingapaperwhic

3、hnotonly7thatonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothers,butexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.thegroupin8areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentraleurope.theprocessisnaturalselection.thisgroupgenerallydowelliniqtest,912-15pointsabovethe10valueof100,andhavecontributed11totheintellectualan

4、dculturallifeofthewest,asthe12oftheirelites,includingseveralworld-renownedscientists,13heyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseases,suchasbreastcancer.thesefacts,14avepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.theformerhasbeen15socialeffects,suchasastrongtraditionof16ucation.thelatterwa

5、sseenasa(an)17geneticisolation.dr.cochransuggeststhattheintelligenceanddiseasesareintimately18isargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19emtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20ateofaffairs.1.aselectedbpreparedcobligeddpleased2.auniquebparticularcspecialdrare3.aofbwithcindagai

6、nst4.asubsequentlybpresentlycpreviouslydlately5.aonlybsocevendhence6.athoughtbsightccostdrisk7.aadvisesbsuggestscprotestsdobjects8.aprogressbfactcneeddquestion9.aattainingbscoringcreachingdcalculating10.anormalbcommoncmeandtotal11.aunconsciouslybdisproportionatelycindefinitelydunaccountably12.amissi

7、onsbfortunescinterestsdcareers13.aaffirmbwitnesscobservedapprove14.amoreoverbthereforechoweverdmeanwhile15.agivenupbgotoverccarriedondputdown16.aassessingbsupervisingcadministeringdvaluing17.adevelopmentborigincconsequencedinstrument18.alinkedbintegratedcwovendcombined19.alimitedbsubjectedcconverted

8、ddirected20.aparadoxicalbincompatiblecinevitabledcontinuoussectioniireadingcomprehensionpartadirections:readthefollowingfourtexts.answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosinga,b,cord.markyouranswersonanswersheet1.(40points)text1whilestillcatching-uptomeninsomespheresofmodernlife,womenappeartobewayahead

9、inatleastoneundesirablecategory.womenareparticularlysusceptibletodevelopingdepressionandanxietydisordersinresponsetostresscomparedtomen,accordingtodr.yehuda,chiefpsychiatristatnewyorksveteransadministrationhospital.studiesofbothanimalsandhumanshaveshownthatsexhormonessomehowaffectthestressresponse,c

10、ausingfemalesunderstresstoproducemoreofthetriggerchemicalsthandomalesunderthesameconditions.inseveralofthestudies,whenstressed-outfemaleratshadtheirovaries(thefemalereproductiveorgans)removed,theirchemicalresponsesbecameequaltothoseofthemales.addingtoawomansincreaseddoseofstresschemicals,areherincre

11、asedopportunitiesforstress.itsnotnecessarilythatwomendontcopeaswell.itsjustthattheyhavesomuchmoretocopewith,saysdr.yehuda.theircapacityfortoleratingstressmayevenbegreaterthanmens,sheobserves,itsjustthattheyredealingwithsomanymorethingsthattheybecomewornoutfromitmorevisiblyandsooner.dr.yehudanotesano

12、therdifferencebetweenthesexes.ithinkthatthekindsofthingsthatwomenareexposedtotendtobeinmoreofachronicorrepeatednature.mengotowarandareexposedtocombatstress.menareexposedtomoreactsofrandomphysicalviolence.thekindsofinterpersonalviolencethatwomenareexposedtotendtobeindomesticsituations,by,unfortunatel

13、y,parentsorotherfamilymembers,andtheytendnottobeone-shotdeals.thewear-and-tearthatcomesfromtheselongerrelationshipscanbequitedevastating.adelinealvarezmarriedat18andgavebirthtoason,butwasdeterminedtofinishcollege.istruggledalottogetthecollegedegree.iwaslivinginsomuchfrustrationthatthatwasmyescape,to

14、gotoschool,andgetaheadanddobetter.later,hermarriageendedandshebecameasinglemother.itsthehardestthingtotakecareofateenager,haveajob,paytherent,paythecarpayment,andpaythedebt.ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck.noteveryoneexperiencesthekindsofseverechronicstressesalvarezdescribes.butmostwomentodayarecopingwi

15、thalotofobligations,withfewbreaks,andfeelingthestrain.alvarezsexperiencedemonstratestheimportanceoffindingwaystodiffusestressbeforeitthreatensyourhealthandyourabilitytofunction.21.whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs?awomenarebiologicallymorevulnerabletostress.bwomenarestillsuff

16、eringmuchstresscausedbymen.cwomenaremoreexperiencedthanmenincopingwithstress.dmenandwomenshowdifferentinclinationswhenfacedwithstress.22.dr.yehudasresearchsuggeststhatwomenaneedextradosesofchemicalstohandlestress.bhavelimitedcapacityfortoleratingstress.caremorecapableofavoidingstress.dareexposedtomo

17、restress.23.accordingtoparagraph4,thestresswomenconfronttendstobeadomesticandtemporary.birregularandviolent.cdurableandfrequent.dtrivialandrandom.24.thesentenceilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck.(line6,para.5)showsthataalvarezcaredaboutnothingbutmakingmoney.balvarezssalarybarelycoveredherhouseholdexpenses

18、.calvarezgotpaychecksfromdifferentjobs.dalvarezpaidpracticallyeverythingbycheck.25.whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?astrainofstress:nowayout?bresponsestostress:genderdifferencecstressanalysis:whatchemicalssaydgenderinequality:womenunderstresstext2itusedtobesostraightforward.ateamofre

19、searchersworkingtogetherinthelaboratorywouldsubmittheresultsoftheirresearchtoajournal.ajournaleditorwouldthenremovetheauthorsnamesandaffiliationsfromthepaperandsendittotheirpeersforreview.dependingonthecommentsreceived,theeditorwouldacceptthepaperforpublicationordeclineit.copyrightrestedwiththejourn

20、alpublisher,andresearchersseekingknowledgeoftheresultswouldhavetosubscribetothejournal.nolonger.theinternet-andpressurefromfundingagencies,whoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromgovernment-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit-ismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality.theorganizat

21、ionforeconomicco-operationanddevelopment(oecd)hasjustissuedareportdescribingthefar-reachingconsequencesofthis.thereport,byjohnhoughtonofvictoriauniversityinaustraliaandgrahamvickeryoftheoecd,makesheavyreadingforpublisherswhohave,sofar,madehandsomeprofits.butitgoesfurtherthanthat.itsignalsachangeinwh

22、athas,untilnow,beenakeyelementofscientificendeavor.thevalueofknowledgeandthereturnonthepublicinvestmentinresearchdepends,inpart,uponwidedistributionandreadyaccess.itisbigbusiness.inamerica,thecorescientificpublishingmarketisestimatedatbetween$7billionand$11billion.theinternationalassociationofscient

23、ific,technicalandmedicalpublisherssaysthattherearemorethan2,000publishersworldwidespecializinginthesesubjects.theypublishmorethan1.2millionarticleseachyearinsome16,000journals.thisisnowchanging.accordingtotheoecdreport,some75%ofscholarlyjournalsarenowonline.entirelynewbusinessmodelsareemerging;three

24、mainoneswereidentifiedbythereportsauthors.thereistheso-calledbigdeal,whereinstitutionalsubscriberspayforaccesstoacollectionofonlinejournaltitlesthroughsite-licensingagreements.thereisopen-accesspublishing,typicallysupportedbyaskingtheauthor(orhisemployer)topayforthepapertobepublished.finally,therear

25、eopen-accessarchives,whereorganizationssuchasuniversitiesorinternationallaboratoriessupportinstitutionalrepositories.othermodelsexistthatarehybridsofthesethree,suchasdelayedopen-access,wherejournalsallowonlysubscriberstoreadapaperforthefirstsixmonths,beforemakingitfreelyavailabletoeveryonewhowishest

26、oseeit.allthiscouldchangethetraditionalformofthepeer-reviewprocess,atleastforthepublicationofpapers.26.inthefirstparagraph,theauthordiscussesathebackgroundinformationofjournalediting.bthepublicationroutineoflaboratoryreports.ctherelationsofauthorswithjournalpublishers.dthetraditionalprocessofjournal

27、publication.27.whichofthefollowingistrueoftheoecdreport?aitcriticizesgovernment-fundedresearch.bitintroducesaneffectivemeansofpublication.citupsetsprofit-makingjournalpublishers.ditbenefitsscientificresearchconsiderably.28.accordingtothetext,onlinepublicationissignificantinthataitprovidesaneasieracc

28、esstoscientificresults.bitbringshugeprofitstoscientificresearchers.citemphasizesthecrucialroleofscientificknowledge.ditfacilitatespublicinvestmentinscientificresearch.29.withtheopen-accesspublishingmodel,theauthorofapaperisrequiredtoacoverthecostofitspublication.bsubscribetothejournalpublishingit.ca

29、llowotheronlinejournalstouseitfreely.dcompletethepeer-reviewbeforesubmission.30.whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthemainideaofthetext?atheinternetisposingathreattopublishers.banewmodeofpublicationisemerging.cauthorswelcomethenewchannelforpublication.dpublicationisrenderedeasierbyonlineservice.text3i

30、ntheearly1960swiltchamberlainwasoneofonlythreeplayersinthenationalbasketballassociation(nba)listedatoversevenfeet.ifhehadplayedlastseason,however,hewouldhavebeenoneof42.thebodiesplayingmajorprofessionalsportshavechangeddramaticallyovertheyears,andmanagershavebeenmorethanwillingtoadjustteamuniformsto

31、fitthegrowingnumbersofbigger,longerframes.thetrendinsports,though,maybeobscuringanunrecognizedreality:americanshavegenerallystoppedgrowing.thoughtypicallyabouttwoinchestallernowthan140yearsago,todayspeople-especiallythoseborntofamilieswhohavelivedintheu.s.formanygenerations-apparentlyreachedtheirlim

32、itintheearly1960s.andtheyarentlikelytogetanytaller.inthegeneralpopulationtoday,atthisgenetic,environmentallevel,weveprettymuchgoneasfaraswecango,saysanthropologistwilliamcameronchumleaofwrightstateuniversity.inthecaseofnbaplayers,theirincreaseinheightappearstoresultfromtheincreasinglycommonpracticeo

33、frecruitingplayersfromallovertheworld.growth,whichrarelycontinuesbeyondtheageof20,demandscaloriesandnutrients-notably,protein-tofeedexpandingtissues.atthestartofthe20thcentury,under-nutritionandchildhoodinfectionsgotintheway.butasdietandhealthimproved,childrenandadolescentshave,onaverage,increasedin

34、heightbyaboutaninchandahalfevery20years,apatternknownastheseculartrendinheight.yetaccordingtothecentersfordiseasecontrolandprevention,averageheight-59formen,54forwomen-hasntreallychangedsince1960.geneticallyspeaking,thereareadvantagestoavoidingsubstantialheight.duringchildbirth,largerbabieshavemored

35、ifficultypassingthroughthebirthcanal.moreover,eventhoughhumanshavebeenuprightformillionsofyears,ourfeetandbackcontinuetostrugglewithbipedalpostureandcannoteasilywithstandrepeatedstrainimposedbyoversizelimbs.therearesomerealconstraintsthataresetbythegeneticarchitectureoftheindividualorganism,saysanth

36、ropologistwilliamleonardofnorthwesternuniversity.geneticmaximumscanchange,butdontexpectthistohappensoon.clairec.gordon,senioranthropologistatthearmyresearchcenterinnatick,mass.,ensuresthat90percentoftheuniformsandworkstationsfitrecruitswithoutalteration.shesaysthat,unlikethoseforbasketball,thelength

37、ofmilitaryuniformshasnotchangedforsometime.andifyouneedtopredicthumanheightinthenearfuturetodesignapieceofequipment,gordonsaysthatbyandlarge,youcouldusetodaysdataandfeelfairlyconfident.31.wiltchamberlainiscitedasanexampletoaillustratethechangeofheightofnbaplayers.bshowthepopularityofnbaplayersintheu

38、.s.ccomparedifferentgenerationsofnbaplayers.dassesstheachievementsoffamousnbaplayers.32.whichofthefollowingplaysakeyroleinbodygrowthaccordingtothetext?ageneticmodification.bnaturalenvironment.clivingstandards.ddailyexercise.33.onwhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthormostprobablyagree?anon-ameri

39、cansaddtotheaverageheightofthenation.bhumanheightisconditionedbytheuprightposture.camericansarethetallestonaverageintheworld.dlargerbabiestendtobecometallerinadulthood.34.welearnfromthelastparagraphthatinthenearfutureathegarmentindustrywillreconsidertheuniformsize.bthedesignofmilitaryuniformswillrem

40、ainunchanged.cgenetictestingwillbeemployedinselectingsportsmen.dtheexistingdataofhumanheightwillstillbeapplicable.35.thetextintendstotellusthatathechangeofhumanheightfollowsacyclicpattern.bhumanheightisbecomingevenmorepredictable.camericanshavereachedtheirgeneticgrowthlimit.dthegeneticpatternofameri

41、canshasaltered.text4soin1784,fiveyearsbeforehebecamepresidentoftheunitedstates,georgewashington,52,wasnearlytoothless.hehiredadentisttotransplantnineteethintohisjaw-havingextractedthemfromthemouthsofhisslaves.thatsafardifferentimagefromthecherry-tree-choppinggeorgemostpeoplerememberfromtheirhistoryb

42、ooks.butrecently,manyhistorianshavebeguntofocusontherolesslaveryplayedinthelivesofthefoundinggeneration.theyhavebeenspurredinpartbydnaevidencemadeavailablein1998,whichalmostcertainlyprovedthomasjeffersonhadfatheredatleastonechildwithhisslavesallyhemings.andonlyoverthepast30yearshavescholarsexaminedh

43、istoryfromthebottomup.worksofseveralhistoriansrevealthemoralcompromisesmadebythenationsearlyleadersandthefragilenatureofthecountrysinfancy.moresignificantly,theyargthatmanyofthefoundingfathersknewslaverywaswrong-andyetmostdidlittletofightit.morethananything,thehistorianssay,thefounderswerehamperedby

44、thecultureoftheirtime.whilewashingtonandjeffersonprivatelyexpresseddistastefoslavery,theyalsounderstoodthatitwaspartofthepoliticalandeconomicbedrockthecountrytheyhelpedtocreate.foronething,thesouthcouldnotaffordtopartwithitsslaves.owningslaveswaslikehavingalargebankaccount,sayswiencek,authorofanimpe

45、rfectgod:georgewashington,hisslaves,andthecreationofamerica.thesouthernstateswouldnothavesignedtheconstitutionwithoutprotectionsforthepeculiarinstitution,includingaclausethatcountedaslaveasthreefifthsofamanforpurposesofcongressionalrepresentation.andthestatesmenspoliticallivesdependedonslavery.theth

46、ree-fifthsformulahandedjeffersonhisnarrowvictoryinthepresidentialelectionof1800byinflatingthevotesofthesouthernstatesintheelectoralcollege.onceinoffice,jeffersonextendedslaverywiththelouisianapurchasein1803;thenewlandwascarvedinto13states,includingthreeslavestates.still,jeffersonfreedhemingsschildre

47、n-thoughnothemingsherselforhisapproximately150otherslaves.washington,whohadbeguntobelievethatallmenwerecreatedequalafterobservingthebraveryoftheblacksoldiersduringtherevolutionarywar,overcamethestrongoppositionofhisrelativestogranthisslavestheirfreedominhiswill.onlyadecadeearlier,suchanactwouldhaver

48、equiredlegislativeapprovalinvirginia.36.georgewashingtonsdentalsurgeryismentionedtoashowtheprimitivemedicalpracticeinthepast.bdemonstratethecrueltyofslaveryinhisdays.cstresstheroleofslavesintheu.s.history.drevealsomeunknownaspectofhislife.37.wemayinferfromthesecondparagraphthatadnatechnologyhasbeenwidelyapplied