英國歷史簡介英文

1、The beginning of BritainThe beginning of Britain l The Early settlers (-55B.C.) l Roman Britain (55B.C.-410A.D.) l Anglo-Saxon Britain (410- 871) l Viking Britain (871-1042) l Norman Conquest (1066) The Early Settlers (-55 B.C.)The Early Settlers (-55 B.C.) l8,000 years ago l Great Britain became an

2、 island lNatives of Britain l Iberians (3000BC-2000BC) l The first settlers of Britain from the Mediterranean area l Stonehenge in Southwest England l Built between 3000 BC and 1000 BC l The most famous prehistoric monument and tourist attraction The Celts began to arrive Britain about 700 BC. l tal

3、l and golden-haired l from Central Europe l farmers l warlike people Roman Britain (55 B.C.-Roman Britain (55 B.C.- 410410) lBritish recorded history begins with the Roman invasion. For nearly 400 years, Britain was under the Roman occupation, though it was never a total occupation. Roman InvasionRo

4、man Invasion InvasionTimeInvaders 155 and 54 B.C Roman General Julius Caesar 243 A.D.Roman Emperor Claudius Roman CivilizationRoman Civilization l The month “July” is named after Julius Caesar himself. l Christianity to Britain l Extraordinary achievement in building roads “All Roads Lead to Rome” l

5、 Hadrians Wall Englands great wall 2000 years ago lRoman influence on Britain was Roman influence on Britain was limited. limited. First, the Romans always treated the Britons as a subject people of slave class. Second, never during the 4 centuries did the Romans and Britons intermarry. Third, the R

6、omans had no impact on the language or culture of ordinary Britons. lAnglo-Saxon Britain (410-871)Anglo-Saxon Britain (410-871) Basis of Modern English race: the Anglo- Saxons lThe Angle, Saxon, and Jute tribes invaded in 5th and 6th centuries lThe Anglo-Saxons left their home in northern Germany an

7、d Denmark. lThe Heptarchy: seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria contended for hegemony lSt. AugustinSt. Augustin l The first Archbishop of Canterbury in 601 l He built the Canterbury Cathedral. l He introduced Christianity to England. l The fou

8、nder of the English church lKing ArthurKing Arthur lThe best-known English legend lThe 5th century l Story l King Arthur united the British lHis famous round table knights lDrove the Saxons back with his magical sword lA hero of British, who leads the defense against the Anglo-Saxon invaders in the

9、early 6th century Viking(871-1042)Viking(871-1042) l Invasion time l In the late 8th century l From Denmark l Norsemen, “people from the North” l From 1017 to 1041 l England was ruled by Danish kings. lAlfred the GreatAlfred the Great l The king of Wessex l The father of British navy l A capable mil

10、itary leader land administrator lWestminster AbbeyWestminster Abbey l In 1042 l By Edward, King of England, a faithful Christian l One of the oldest buildings in London l A living monument to British history l Almost all English kings have been crowned there. lInfluences of the Danish InvasionInflue

11、nces of the Danish Invasion l Many Danish words became a part of the British vocabulary. Such as: sky, they, their, them, bank, gate, guess etc. l British system of counting was adopted from the Danes. Like: dozen, penny, foot. l Many names of English towns are borrowed from the Danes. lNorman Conqu

12、estNorman Conquest l The last foreign invasion in England l The best-known event in English history l Duke William of Normandy, from northern France lWilliam is often referred to as William the Conqueror. lOn October 14, 1066 lWilliam and his army defeated the English army in the battle of Hastings.

13、 lWilliam was crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey, known as William I of England. lThis invasion is called Norman Conquest. lInfluences of Norman ConquestInfluences of Norman Conquest l Language l- French replaced English as the language of the ruling classes. l-The period of Middle English

14、 began. l Architecture l The Tower of London (The most famous castle) l England became a land of castles lDoomsday Book l- the base for future taxation l- a useful source of information for the monarchs lRobin HoodRobin Hood l Englands best-loved legend l Heroic Saxon lnoblemen oppressed by the Norm

15、ans l “Merry men” robbed from the rich to give to the poor. lBritish Invasion History Invasion TimeInvaders 43 A.D.The Romans 5th centuryThe Angles and Saxons 8th centuryThe Viking 1066The Normans lPart II The Feudal Britain Part II The Feudal Britain (1066- 1485) lKey Points: l1. Common Law l2. The

16、 Magna Carta l3. The beginning of Parliament l4. The decline of feudalism lFeudal BritainFeudal Britain l Norman Conquest marked the establishment of feudalism in England l1. After the Norman Conquest, feudalism was established in England. l2. The nobility gradually gained power. l3. State mechanism

17、 was gradually established such as the parliamentary system and the common law. lThe succession of monarchsThe succession of monarchs lKings: lWilliam I(1066-1154)-(grandson)- lHenry II(1154-1189)-(son)- lRichard I(1189-1199)-(brother)- lKing John(1199-1216)-(son)- lHenry III(1216-1272)- lEdward III

18、- lAchievements: lNorman conquest-the common law- crusades-the Magna Carta-the beginning of parliament- the establishment of parliamentary system. lThe beginning of the The beginning of the parliamentparliament l When? l-1264, The nobles defeated the king l Who? l-Simon de Monfort VS Henry III lHow?

19、 lSimon de Monfort made changes in the formation of the Great Council l- added some commoners into the council l Significance? l- laid the foundation for the development of the English parliament lThe decline of FeudalismThe decline of Feudalism lRoot: lthe foundation of the manor system was shaken

20、lSeveral events shook the foundation of the feudal society. lThe Hundred Years War lThe Black Mouth lTylers Rebellion lThe War of the Roses lThe Hundred Years WarThe Hundred Years War lTime: 1337-1453 l Event l A series of wars between England and France l Unexpected benefits l The ruling Normans be

21、gan to regard England as their home. l English was reestablished as the official language. lJoan of ArcJoan of Arc l A famous peasant girl l Under Joan of Arc, French won a number of victories. l Regarded as a national French heroine. T The War of the Roseshe War of the Roses A series of civil wars

22、between supporters of Lancaster and York. l The badges l a red rose Vs. a white one l Reason l In 1455 the Duke of York tried to ldisplace the Lancaster king, Henry VI. l Result l In 1485, Henry Tudor, as Henry VII, lfounded the Tudor Monarchy. The Beginning of the Modern The Beginning of the Modern

23、 WorldWorld lFrom the 16th to the 20th century Ruling HousesRuling Period House of Tudor1485-1603 House of Stuart1603-1649 House of Stuart (restored) 1660-1714 House of Hanover1714-1910 Part III Part III House of Tudor lKey points: l The Enclosure Movement l Geographical Discovery l The Renaissance

24、l The Reformation l Henry VIII l Bloody Mary l The Elizabethan Age l1.The Enclosure Movement1.The Enclosure Movement In the 16th century, the development of textile industry pushed up the price of wool. Landlords began to turn large areas of arable land into sheep grazing land. l2. Geographical Disc

25、overy2. Geographical Discovery l Why? l- A shortage of gold l2 Towns grew rapidly and became the source of the nations wealth. l3 Mechanization destroyed the livelihood of those who could not invest in it . The working men worked and lived in a appallingconditions. l4 The industrial revolution creat

26、ed the industrial working class, the proletariat, and it later led to trade unionism. lThe Glorious RevolutionThe Glorious Revolution l When? 1688 l Why? l-The parliament did not want a Catholic succession after the Kings death. l What? l- The parliament invited Mary and William to rule England toge

27、ther l-in 1689, the Bill of Rights became law lSignificance? l- a new system, the Constitutional lMonarchy, was born l- the political struggle between the king and the parliament came to an end l- the end of the divine right of the king l- the Act of Succession in 1701, no Catholic monarch lQueen Vi

28、ctoriaQueen Victoria l The Grandmother of Europe” l The longest reign (1837-1901) l Victorias Time lBritain became the most powerful and richest country in the world. lBritish Empire reached its highest point and was called “the Empire on which the sun never sets”. lBritain in World War IBritain in

29、World War I l Result l- Victorious l- A huge national debt l- Lost her sea supremacy l- Overtaken by the lUnited States lBritain in World War IIBritain in World War II lBorrowed large amounts of debt from the United States and Canada. lOver 1,000 million pounds of overseas investments were sold. lEc

30、onomy slid from the 2nd largest economy to lthe 6th in the world. The Celts began to arrive Britain about 700 BC. l tall and golden-haired l from Central Europe l farmers l warlike people lInfluences of Norman ConquestInfluences of Norman Conquest l Language l- French replaced English as the language of the ruling classes. l-The period of Middle English began. l Unexpected benefits l The ruling Normans began to regard England as their home. l English was reestablish