馬斯洛需求層次理論外文翻譯

1、馬斯洛需求層次理論外文翻譯 本科畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計)外 文 翻 譯原文:maslows hierarchy of needs maslows hierarchy of needs is a valuable assessment tool that is used in many different professions, particularly those in the fields of education and health care. the ideas of needs are addressed in order, as the body resolves the most ba

2、sic needs for survival before moving on to more complex needs. many educational programs in the health care field teach maslows hierarchy in order to address the needs of patients and where they are in their life from a psychological perspective, simply because it helps identify and address the need

3、s of those particular patients. the idea of using a hierarchy pyramid helps us to lay out the stages of need, starting with the base of the pyramid, which looks at physiological needs. as we work our way up the pyramid, the needs start to become more complex, and include safety needs, social needs,

4、esteem needs, and finally, at the very top, we have self-actualization. this article explores the theories of abraham maslow in detail, as well as addresses the controversies that have been questioned in his theory. this article will also evaluate the impact of these theories on human behavior and a

5、ssess each of the components comprised within maslows hierarchy pyramid. physiological needs physiological needs are influenced generally through the cravings that we have. if a person is thirsty, he or she finds a drinking fountain. similarly, if the individual is hungry, he or she will find food.

6、if the body is being deprived of oxygen, it will surely react. if there is a vitamin deficiency, the body has subtle ways of fulfilling that need.one example of how the body regulates itself on a physiological level is by homeostasis. homeostasis simply means to regulate. a part of the human brain,

7、called the hypothalamus, plays an important role in keeping the body regulated by controlling the bodys thermostat, which is controlled by the release of several hormones called gonadotropins. another prime example is the release of the “fight or flight” hormones that are secreted by the adrenal med

8、ulla of the adrenal glands. if there is a need for the body to defend itself, these hormones will surge into action to prepare the body for fight or flight. these hormones, although they play an important role, are kept in compliance by regulatory mechanisms within the brain. throughout life, the id

9、ea of physiological needs remains consistent. the need to maintain adequate physiological balance will always be essential, and may kick into action in very different ways at various different times, whether the individuals experiencing it are aware of it or not. for example, how would anyone ever g

10、et a good nights sleep if they had to literally think about their breathing pattern, heart rate or blood pressure on a conscious level? sure some people may have to get up during the night to use the restroom or grab a glass of water, but remember that this is all part of how the body regulates itse

11、lf. the notion that physiological needs tie into other, more complex needs of the hierarchy is very relevant. maslow believed that once the physiological needs are met in sufficient detail, people move on to address these more complex needs. safety and security make up the next platform of the pyram

12、id. safety needs much like physiological needs require maintenance throughout life, so does the need to feel secure. this need is more psychological. with that being said, safety needs may be different for each individual, depending on where he or she is in life. for a child, this need may manifest

13、as the need for a safe family environment. there has to be security in the home, with warmth and love. when a family is dysfunctional, it makes it difficult for that child to move up to the next level of social needs because fear is often present. for adults, this need may be economic in nature. if

14、a person loses his or her job, for example, fear and anxiety will have an impact on that persons social life, and may cause him or her to regress. additionally, adults are not immune to the need of safety. in some parts of the world, where there is chaos, people are stuck at this level of needing to

15、 feel safe. the goal of consistently meeting the need for safety is to have stability in ones life. it is the idea of being able to walk around the block at night without the worry of being mugged belonging needs advancing up the hierarchy pyramid, the next level represents the need to belong on a s

16、ocial level. the social level generally becomes the priority only after the physiological and safety needs have been sufficiently met and maintained. a sense of belonging can be felt when an individual becomes more focused on the desire to build relationships with others. this includes the desire fo

17、r a romantic partner, to have close friends, and maybe to get married and have children. a sense or a need to belong, at any stage, is influenced by several factors. some of these influences, for example, are socio-economic influences: the education level of parents and family, the neighborhood in w

18、hich the child grows up and the type of schools where they are educated, as well as the children who attend those schools. whatever type of behavior is learned and accepted, based on these variables, is likely the behavior that will form a particular individuals character and self-esteem. the level

19、of belonging must be established because of its effect on ones self-esteem. if the level of belonging in the hierarchy model is low, or an individual is viewed negatively by peers in that group, he or she may develop social anxiety and may withdraw toward a level of people in which he or she fits in

20、 socially. if a child grows up in a neighborhood where there are street gangs, and attends schools in that neighborhood with the families of those street gangs, then the likelihood of the child to adapt and take on that form of character becomes more likely. according to maslow, the reason for this

21、behavioral pattern is likely due to the peer groups that the child grew up with. this is not meant to imply that all children who grow up in this type of neighborhood will join a gang, simply that there is a higher likelihood of that outcome. on the other hand, if a child is brought up in a more aff

22、luent neighborhood, it is likely that the parents will also be more educated. in this scenario, it is more likely that the child will develop and adapt to the peer groups in which education is more of a priority. the influence in a childs upbringing starts with a home and family that secures the pre

23、vious levels of maslows hierarchy by meeting and maintaining the foundation levels of needs. relieving any anxiety or fear will help put more emphasis on social development, and with this will come a healthier self-esteem. esteem needs once the needs of physiology, safety and belonging have been met

24、, the individual will now move on to the needs of their self-esteem. self-esteem, like all the prior needs, must also be maintained. this is the highest platform in the category of deficit needs. self-esteem begins to establish itself in life as early as age two. maslows hierarchy addresses two leve

25、ls of self-esteem. one of those is a lower level and the other is a higher level. the lower form of self-esteem is directly related to an individuals ego, meaning that there is a strong need to be respected by others. within this lower form, the individual still remains focused on acceptance by othe

26、rs. this lower form of self-esteem is met when an individual has established a level of status, recognition, fame, reputation and appreciation, just to name a few. they may also require some reinforcement or validation of some kind in order for this lower form of self-esteem to be maintained. the hi

27、gher form of self-esteem that maslow addresses is that of self-respect. this higher form of self-esteem requires less maintenance because through accomplishment, it becomes a permanent part of who the individual is. we can say that once a person has gained respect for himself or herself, it is much

28、harder to lose that respect or to have it taken away. the idea of confidence in ability, the mastery of something, or the competence that is established in what these people do, supports this higher form of self-esteem. these forms of self-esteem should not be confused with an individual having high

29、 or low self-esteem. individuals with low self-esteem often have a low opinion of themselves and their self-image. as a result, inferiority complexes are present in the individual. with this idea in mind, maslow contends that the majority of peoples psychological problems are due to low self-esteem.

30、 the realism here is that if a person dont like himself or herself, or who he or she is or what he or she has accomplished, then that person will be more critical of himself or herself. through that process, negative self talk is born, and can create a barrier to achieving personal success. self-act

31、ualization self-actualization is defined by maslow as the single component of being within the hierarchy model. being, in this sense, means not being a part of the deficit needs as they appear within the lower chain of the hierarchythis need is independent?there must be some accomplishment of all th

32、e other deficit needs, which are best defined as what we appear to be, according to the standards of society. self actualization is the internal dialogue that everyone establishes at some point in their lives. in order to do that, there must be some establishment or satisfaction of the prior needs.

33、once all of the previous needs have been met, an individual can direct his or her focus toward a true calling. usually when a person is hungry, or they dont feel safe, or they feel unloved, the focal point leans towards resolving those issues, therefore disrupting the focus on self-actualizing. with

34、 self-actualization, being able to pinpoint how one truly feels about something is often a little more challenging to figure out, or it can be the determining factor of how well he or she is connected with his or her self and abilities. people who are self-actualizers are focused on what matters mos

35、t in defining who they are. once self-respect is gained, the individual can take a more proactive approach to bettering themselves, as well as being able to remain focused on resolving any dilemmas that may arise regarding the deficit stages. in other aspects, it can also appear to be spiritual. loo

36、king at ones life as to who he or she is in the universe is a good example. once a person is able to come to terms with who they are, and they are ultimately satisfied with that, then they have truly reached the point of being able to self-actualize. with this level of intuition comes a sense of pea

37、ce, which in turn serves as a motivator to focus on more advanced tasks in life, such as supporting the moral and ethical standards in life. there is a more in-depth focus on bettering oneself and expanding ones knowledge and talents. the real definition to self-actualizing is getting to know onesel

38、f, while being okay and unconditionally accepting of whatever it is that he or she discovers. the question every individual must face is, do you like and accept who you are? once that question is answered, then self-respect is gained. once an individual establishes that respect for his or herself, n

39、o one can take that away. in this context, abraham maslow is justified in establishing self-actualization in a category by itself that quantifies the need of being separately from the need of deficit.source:bob poston,cst. maslows hierarchy of needsj.the surgical technologist.20098.pp:347-353.譯文:馬斯洛

40、需求層次理論 馬斯洛的需求層次理論是一個有價值的評估工具,用在許多不同的行業(yè),尤其是那些在教育和醫(yī)療等領(lǐng)域。馬斯洛需求層次理論按層次劃分需求,當(dāng)人們最根本的生存需求層次得到滿足時才會轉(zhuǎn)向更復(fù)雜的需求層次。 很多在醫(yī)療領(lǐng)域的教育計劃要求學(xué)習(xí)馬斯洛層次理論是為了解決患者的需要和從心理上的角度來看他們生活中所處的位置,簡單地說因為它能幫助識別和解決那些特別需要的病人。 馬斯洛層次理論運(yùn)用金字塔型幫助我們了解需求的層次,從金字塔的基層開始,是生理需求。越往金字塔上層,需求就越復(fù)雜,包括安全需求,社會需求,尊重需求,最后,在金字塔的最頂端,是自我實(shí)現(xiàn)需求。本文詳細(xì)探討了亞伯拉罕?馬斯洛的理論,以及解決了

41、一直在他的理論中提出質(zhì)疑的爭議。本文也將評估這些理論對人類行為的影響,并評估馬斯洛層次理論的每個層次。 生理需求 生理需要一般受我們的渴望影響。如果一個人渴了,他會找到一個喝水的地方。同樣地,如果一個人餓了,他會找到食物。如果一個人被剝奪氧氣,肯定會作出反應(yīng)。如果缺少一種維生素,身體會有非常微妙的方式履行這一需求。例如身體如何通過內(nèi)穩(wěn)態(tài)調(diào)節(jié)自身生理水平。簡單地說內(nèi)穩(wěn)態(tài)就是調(diào)控的手段。人類大腦的一部分,稱為下丘腦,在通過身體恒溫器保持身體平衡中有非常重要的作用,它被幾種激素控制并釋放促性腺激素。 另一個典型的例子是釋放“打架或逃跑”激素,是由腎上腺的腎上腺髓質(zhì)分泌的。如果有需要身體進(jìn)行自衛(wèi),這些

42、激素將上升為行動,以準(zhǔn)備戰(zhàn)斗或逃跑的身體。這些激素,盡管他們發(fā)揮了重要作用,也要保持遵守大腦內(nèi)的監(jiān)管機(jī)制。 在整個生活中,生理需求的想法是一致的。保持足夠的生理平衡需要永遠(yuǎn)是必要的,不管它是不是個人經(jīng)歷所意識到的,在不同的時間總以非常不同的方式行動。舉個例子,如果人們總是有意識的去想他們的呼吸模式,心率或血壓,那一個人將如何獲得良好的睡眠呢?當(dāng)然有些人可能不得不在半夜起來上洗手間或喝水,但請記住,這些都是身體調(diào)節(jié)自身平衡的一部分。 有種觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為生理需求對其他更復(fù)雜的層次需求是非常相關(guān)的。馬斯洛認(rèn)為,一旦生理需要得到足夠的滿足,人們就會轉(zhuǎn)移到解決那些更復(fù)雜的需求,即金字塔的下一個層次是安全需求。

43、 安全需求 安全需求就像生理需求一樣在整個生活中需要維護(hù)。這個需求更多的是心理上的需求。就是說,每一個人的安全需要可能不同,這取決于他們在生活中的地位。對于孩子來說,這種需求表現(xiàn)為一個安全的家庭環(huán)境。這種安全的家庭環(huán)境是指一個家中必須有安全,溫暖和愛。當(dāng)家庭失去這個功能,對于孩子來說就很難移動到下一個社會需要水平,因為恐懼常常存在。 對于成年人來說,這種需求可能是經(jīng)濟(jì)性質(zhì)的。如果一個人失去他的工作,那么,恐懼和焦慮就有可能影響他的社會生活,并可能使他退步。此外,成年人也不能幸免于安全需要。在世界上,那些混亂地區(qū)的人們都停留在這種安全需要的水平。持續(xù)滿足安全需要的目標(biāo)是一個人的生活穩(wěn)定。它是指能

44、夠在夜間走動而不擔(dān)心被搶劫的想法。 社會需要 推進(jìn)金字塔層次,下一個階段代表需要屬于一個社會層面。社會層面的需求,只有在生理和安全需要得到充分滿足和保持之后才會被優(yōu)先考慮。當(dāng)一個人變得更加側(cè)重于渴望與他人建立關(guān)系的時候可以感到一種歸屬感。這種歸屬感包括對一個充滿愛意的伙伴的渴望,密切朋友的渴望,甚至可能是結(jié)婚生子的渴望。 某種意義上或歸屬的需要,在任何階段,受幾個因素影響。其中的一些影響,例如,社會經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響,父母和家庭的教育水平,鄰居孩子的成長和他們所受教育的學(xué)校的類型,以及誰的孩子參加這些學(xué)校。無論行為是學(xué)習(xí)和接受,在這些變量的基礎(chǔ)上,這些行為有可能形成一種特定的個人特征和自尊。 社會需求層次必須建立,因為影響了一個人的自尊。如果社會需求層次在層次結(jié)構(gòu)模型中處較低的位置,或者個人在群體中被視作消極的同伴,他們可能產(chǎn)生社會焦慮,并可能離開回到他們所適應(yīng)的社會水平。如果一個孩子成長的社區(qū)有街頭幫派,或者跟社區(qū)的這些街頭幫派的家屬一起上學(xué),那么孩子為了適應(yīng)這個環(huán)境,會形成一種做形式的性格。根據(jù)馬斯洛,此行為模式形成的原因可能是跟孩子一起長大的團(tuán)體。 這并不意味著暗示所有在這個類型的社區(qū)長大的孩子都將會加入一個幫派,只是說有這種結(jié)果的可能性更大。另一