語言學練習題

1、Chapter 1 I.1. BIntroductions to Linguistics Choose the best answer. (20%)Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for humanA. relation 2.crash3. C isB.D. communityWhich of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. tree B. typewriterD. bangThe function of the sentence“Water boils at 1

2、00 degrees Centigrade.contactcommunicationC.C.A.informative4. C present are likely to say which they believes feelA.PerformativeIn ChineseinterrogativeD. performative when someone breaks “碎碎(歲歲)平安” might affect theirInterpersonalD. RecreationalB.directiveC.a bowl or a plate the host or the as a mean

3、s of controlling the forces lives. Which functions does it B. Emotivepeopleperform?C.Which of the following property of language enables language users to the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation?A

4、. Transferability B.Displacement D. ArbitrarinessovercomeDualityC.Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language? A nice day, isn t it? Right! I really enjoy the sunlight. A. Emotive B. Performative D. Interpersonal7. A _ refers to the actual realizat

5、ionuser sknowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.A. Performance B.Langue D. ParolePhaticC.of the idealCompetencelanguageC.8. CWhen a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for somethingor at someone that exists hear and now. It couldn t be sorrowful for some lost or lost bone. This in

6、dicates the design feature of _A. cultural transmission displacement D. dualityloveB.productivityC.9. A _ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our firstlanguage.A. PsycholinguisticsC. Sociolinguistics10. C education.linguisticsD. Applied linguisticsdeals with language application to o

7、ther fields, particularlyA. Linguistic theory B. Practical linguisticsC. Applied linguistics D. Comparative linguisticsII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%) Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the11.26. descriptivethe linguist tries to discoverModer

8、n linguistics is _ in the sense thatwhat language is rather than lay down some rulespeople to observe.27. speech One general principle primacy of over writing.of linguisticanalysis isforthe28. diachronic linguistic through time is a _ study.The description of a language as it changescommunication wa

9、y used by the deaf-mute is not language.12.FLanguage change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary.13.TSpeaking is the quickest and most efficient way of the humancommunication systems.14.FLanguage is written because writing is the primary medium forall languages.15.FWe were all born with the ability t

10、o acquire language, whichmeans the details of any language system can be genetically transmitted.16.FOnly human beings are able to communicate.17.FF. de Saussure, who made the distinction between langue andparole in the early 20th century, was a French linguist.18.FA study of the features of the Eng

11、lish used in Shakespeare stime is an example of the diachronic study of language.new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed _.23.metalingual functionLanguage has many functions. We can uselanguage to talk about itself. This functi

12、on is _.24.yo-he-ho Theory that primitive manmadeinvoluntary vocal noises while performing heavy work has been called the _ theory.25.scientificLinguistics is the _ study of language.19.FSpeech and writing came into being at much the same time in humanhistory.20.FAll the languages in the world today

13、 have both spoken and writtenforms.III.Fill in the blanks. (10%)21.verbalLanguage, broadly speaking, is a means of _communication.22. productivityIn any language words can be used in new ways to mean29. langue refers to the abstract petenceand Chomsky s _Chapter 2 I.1. imposed onSaussure put forward

14、 two important concepts. _system shared by all membersof a speech community. languelinguisticLinguistic potential is similar to SaussureSpeech SoundsChoose the best answer. (20%)APitch variation is known as _sentences.A.when its patterns areintonationpronunciation2. CB.D. voiceis put in slashes (/ /

15、).B.toneC.phoneme3. DConventionally a _A. allophoneD. morphemeAn aspirated p, an unaspirated of the p phoneme.A. analoguesphoneC.B.and an unreleasedtagmemesp areC.morphemes4. A6. D phones7. B sounds?phonetics8. A articulation?D. allophonesThe opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to

16、asA. glottisB.vocal cavityCpharynxD. uvula5. AThe diphthongsthat are made witha movement ofthe tonguetowardsthe center are known as _diphthongs.A.wideB.closingCnarrowD. centeringA phoneme is a group of similar sounds called _.A. minimal pairs B. allomorphs C. D. allophonesWhich branch of phonetics c

17、oncerns the production of speechA. Acoustic phonetics B. ArticulatoryC. Auditory phonetics D. None of the above Which one is different from the others according to places ofA.nB.mC b D. p9. BWhich vowel is differentfromthe others accordingto thecharacteristics of vowels?A.i:B. u C. eD. i 10.BWhat ki

18、nd ofsounds canwe make when the vocal cords arevibrating?A.VoicelessB. Voiced C.GlottalstopD. ConsonantII.Decide whetherthe followingstatements are true or false.(10%)11. TSuprasegmental phonology refers to the study of phonologicalproperties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllabl

19、e, word and sentence.12. TThe air stream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number ofmodification to acquire the quality of a speech sound.13. TTwo sounds are in free variation when they occur in the sameenvironment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not prod

20、uce a different word, but merely a different pronunciation.14.Fp is a voiced bilabial stop.15.FAcoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speechsounds.16.TAll syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables containan onset and a coda.17.TWhen pure vowels or monophthongs are pronounce

21、d, no vowel glidestake place.18.TAccording to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation,vowels can be divided into tense vs. lax or long vs. short.19. FReceived Pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by mostpeople.20. F The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to whe

22、re to place a consonant, it is put into the coda rather than the onset.continually show the influence of their neighbors. 29.Phonemesair stream patterns30. produce from the lungs. Chapter 3 Lexicon I.1.of sound._ is the smallest linguistic unit.Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to Th

23、ese movements have an effect on the _coming2.calledboundChoose the best answer. (20%)Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as _.A. lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function words D. form wordsAMorphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are_ morpheme.A. inflectionalD. derivati

24、onalB.freeC.3.There areA. threemorphemes in the word denationalization. B. fourC.five4.D. sixIn English- ise and - tion are calledA.prefixesB.suffixesC.infixes5.A.infixThe three subtypes of affixes derivational affix B. D. back-formationare: prefix, suffix andinflectional affixC.6. existingBwordsins

25、ertion7.initialism8._ is a way in which new words may be formed from already by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.A. affixationB.D. additionThe word TB is formed in the way of _A. acronymyB.D. blendingback-formationC.clippingC.The words like comsat and sitcom are forme

26、d by _A.blendingB.clippingC.III.Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. voiced,voiceless,voicedConsonant sounds can be either_ or _, while all vowel sounds are _.22.frictionConsonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speechin the mouth are brought close together so that the air is pushed out between t

27、hem, causing .23.tongueThe qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the_ and the lips.24.heightOne element in the description of vowels is the part ofthe tongue which is at the highest point in the mouth. A second element is the to which that part of the tongue is raised.25.obstruction Conson

28、ants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without .26.minimal pairs In phonological analysis the words fail / veil are distinguishable simply because of the two phonemes /f/ - /v/. This is an example for illustrating .27.diphthongs In English there are a number of _, which areproduced

29、by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.28.Co-articulation _ refers to the phenomenon of soundsD. stemschange the meaning of thebase whereas15.Ta word.16.Fof a word.17. T of onomatopoeia.18.19.20.III.21. while an22.23.A.back-formationD. acronymy9. DThe stem of disa

30、greements is _A. agreementB.agreeC.disagreeD. disagreement10. BAll of them are meaningful except for _A. lexemeB.phonemeC.morphemeD. allomorphII.Decide whether the followingstatements are true orfalse.(10%)11. FPhonetically, the stress ofa compound always fallson thefirstelement, while the second el

31、ement receives secondary stress.12. TFore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme.13. FBase refers to the part of the word that remains when allinflectional affixes are removed.14.T In most cases, prefixes suffixes change the word-class of the base.Conversion from noun to verb is the mo

32、st productive process ofReduplicative compoundis formed by repeating the same morphemeThe words whimper, whisper and whistle are formed in the wayF In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes.FBack-formation is a productive way of word-formations.FInflecti

33、on is a particular way of word-formations.Fill in the blanks. (20%)initialism, acronym An _ is pronounced letter by letter,_ is pronounced as a word.vocabulary Lexicon, in most cases, is synonymous with _solid, hyphenated, open Orthographically, compounds are writtenin three ways: _, _ and _24.morph

34、emeAll words may be said to contain a root _.25.close, openA small set of conjunctions, prepositions andpronouns belong to _ class, while the largest part of nouns, verbs,adjectives and adverbs belongs to _ class.26.back-formation _ is a reverse process of derivation,and therefore is a process of sh

35、ortening.27.conversion _ is extremely productive, because Englishhad lost most of its inflectional endings by the end of Middle English period, which facilitated the use of words interchangeably as verbs or nouns, verbs or adjectives, and vice versa.28.morphemeWords are divided into simple, compound

36、 and derivedwords on the _ level.29.derivative, compoundA word formed by derivation is called a_, and a word formed by compounding is called a _.30.affix, bound root Bound morphemes are classifiedinto two types:_ and _.Chapter 4 SyntaxI.Choose the best answer. (20%)1.D The sentence structure is _onl

37、yB.onlyC. complex linear and hierarchicalA.coordinatorB.particleprepositionD. subordinator6. APhrase structure rules have _ properties.socialA.recursiveD. functionalB.grammaticalC.C.linearhierarchicalgrammatical sentences.A.lexical B. morphological C.linguistic D. combinational4.D A sentence is cons

38、idered _ when it does not conform to the grammati?calknowledge in the mind of native speakers.A.right B. wrong C. grammatical D. ungrammatical5.D A _ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word thatintroduces the embedded clause.D. all of the above.8. DThe head of the phrase“ the city Rom

39、e ” is _A.the cityB. RomeC.cityD. the city Rome9. BThe phrase“ on the shelf ” belongs to _ _ construction.A.endocentric B.exocentricC.subordinateD. coordinate10. AThe sentence“ They were wanted to remainquiet and not toexposethemselves.” ” is a _ sentence.A.simple B.coordinateC.compoundD. complexII.

40、Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. T Universally found in the grammars of all humanlanguages, syntactic rulesthat comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker are known as linguistic competence.12.T The syntactic rules of any languag

41、e are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.13.T In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.14.T Constituents that can be substituted for one another without

42、loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.15.F Minor lexical categories are open because these categories are not fixed and new members are allowed for.The syntactic rules of any language are _2. CA.largeB._ in number.smallCfiniteD. infiniteD. both3. D The _ rules are the rules th

43、at group words and phrases to form7. DPhrase structure rules allow us to better understand _A. how words and phrases form sentences.B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of wordsC. how people produce and recognize possible sentencesC. GeoffreyThis statementconceptualistB. namingthe16.F I

44、n English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.17.T In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.18.F What is actually internaliz

45、ed in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge.19.T A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.20.T It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of

46、D-structure.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21.simple A _ sentence consists of a single clause which contains asubject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.22.sentence A _ is a structurally independent unit that usuallycomprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question

47、or command.23.subject A _ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usuallyprecedes the predicate.24.predicateThe part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verbphrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called _plex A _ sentence contains two, or more, clau

48、ses, one of whichis incorporated into the other.26.embedded In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called an _ clause.27.open Major lexical categories are _ categories in the sense thatnew words are constantly added.28.Adjacency _ condition on case assignment sta

49、tes that a caseassignor and a case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.29.Parameters _ are syntactic options of UG that allow generalprinciples to operate in one wayor another and contribute to significantlinguistic variations between and among naturallanguages.30.CASE The theory of _ condi

50、tion explains the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.Chapter 5 Meaning Mainly taken from IxmlOOOw s exercises. - icywarmteaI.Choose the best answer. (20%)1.A The naming theory is advanced by _.A. PlatoB. BloomfieldLeechD. Firth2.B“We shall know a word by the company i

51、t keeps.represents _.A.theviewcontexutalism C.theoryD. behaviorism3.D Which of the following is NOT true?A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.C. Sense is abstract and decontextualized.D. Sense is

52、the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interestedB. Componential analysisD. Grammatical analysisgradable B.D.to the phenomenon that words having differentin.4.D“ Can I borrow your bike? ” _ “ You have a bike. ”A. is synonymous with B. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes5.B _ is

53、a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected intomeaning components, called semantic features.A. Predication analysisC. Phonemic analysis6.C“ Alive ” and “ dead” areA.antonymsrelational antonymsC. complementary antonymsNone of the aboveA. Polysemy B. Synonymy C. Homonymy D. Hyponymy9.DWords

54、 that are close in meaning are called _.A. homonyms B. polysemies C. hyponyms D. synonyms10.A The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _.A. grammatical rulesB. selectional restrictionsC. semantic rulesD. semantic featuresII.Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11.F

55、Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.12.F Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and th

56、e non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.13.T Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.14.F In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relati

57、on to the physical world of experience.15.T Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts.16.T Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it cal

58、ls forth in the hearer.17.F The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components.18.T Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of formality.7. A_ deals with the relationshipbetween the linguisticthe non-

59、linguistic world of experience.A.ReferenceB.ConceptSemanticsD. Senseelement andC.8. C _ refersmeanings have the same form.C.inthe1960slateD. in the19.T“It is hot. ” is a no-place predication because it contains noargument.20.T In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but

60、in semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.III.Fill in the blanks. (20%)21.Semantics _ can be defined as the study of meaning.22.direct The conceptualist view holds that there is no _ link betweena linguistic form and what