語言學補充練習(1

1、第一章語言學入門知識:1. 名詞解釋1 cultural transmission (as a defining property of language)Answer: While human capacity for language has a genetic basis, the details of any language system are not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned An English speaker and a Chinese speaker are both

2、 able to use a language, but they are not mutually intelligible. This shows that language is culturally transmitted. It is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than by instinct. In contrast, animal call systems are genetically transmitted. They are born wit

3、h the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species 2. descriptive linguistics vs. prescriptive linguisticsAnswer: A linguistic study is descriptive if it describes and analyses facts observed; it is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for correct” behavior. Linguistic studie

4、s before the 204 century are largely prescriptive whereas modem linguistic is mostly descriptive.II.判斷正誤(T for True and F for False)1. When language is used to get information, it serves an informative functio n.Answer: F (It serves an interrogative function).2. Most animal communication systems lac

5、k the primary level of articulatio n.Answer: F (The primary units in these systems cannot be further divided into elements So what they lack is the secondary level of articulation.)3. Descriptive linguistics are concerned with how languages work, not with how they can be improved.Answer: TIII. 填空題1

6、By saying thatMlanguage is arbitrary*1, we mean that there is no logical connection between meaning andAnswer: sounds2. The distinction between langue and parole is made by the Swisslinguist E de Saussure. The distinction between competence and performance is made by the American linguistAnswer: Noa

7、m Chomsky3. An approach to linguistic study which attempts to lay down rules ofcorrectness as to how language should be used isAnswer: prescriptiveIV. 選擇題1 Unlike animal communication system, human language is A. stimulus freeB stimulus boundC. under immediate stimulus controlD. stimulated by some o

8、ccurrence of communal interestAnswer： A2.has been widely accepted as the forefather of modem linguisticsa. Chomsky b. Saussure c. Bloomfield d. John LyonAnswer: bV.問答題1. Is language productive or not? Why?Answer: Firstly, Language is productive or creative. This means that language users can underst

9、and and produce sentences they have never heard before Secondly, Productivity is unique to human language Most animal communication systems have a limited repertoire, which is rapidly exhausted, making any novelty impossible. Thirdly, The productivity or creativity of human language originates from

10、its duality. Because of duality, the speaker can combine the basiclinguistic units to form an infinite set of sentences The productivity of language also means its potential to create endless sentences This is made possible by the recursive nature of language.2. Comment on the following statement: T

11、d linguistics, clanguageonly means what a person says or said in a given situation.Answer: This statement is incorrect. In linguistics, Ulanguage,r has several layers of meaning: firstly, the whole of a personas language, e.g. Shakespeares language; secondly, a particular variety or level of speech

12、or writing, e.g. scientific language, literary language, colloquial language; thirdly, an abstract system underlying the totality of the speech/writing behavior of a community, e.g. the English language, the Chinese language; lastly, there is an even more abstract sense of language”, referring to th

13、e common features of all human languages that distinguish them from animal communication systems or any artificial language.3. Point out three ways in which linguistics differs from traditional grammar Answer: Firstly, most linguistic analyses today focus on speech rather than writing. Secondly, mod

14、em linguistics is mostly descriptive while traditional grammar is largely prescriptive. Thirdly, a third difference is the priority of synchronic description over the traditional diachronic studies.4. What is the major difference between Saussure1 s distinction between langue and parole and Chomskys

15、 distinction between competence and performance?Answer: Saussures langue is social product, a set of conventions for a speech community. Chomsky regards competence as a property of the mind of each individual Saussure studies language more from a sociological point of view while Chomsky studies it m

16、ore from a psychological point of view.第二章語音學和音位學1. 名詞解釋1 narrow transcriptionAnswer: There are two ways to transcribe speech sounds. One is the broad tianscriptionthe transcription with letter-symbols only, and the other is “narrow transcription-一the transcription with letter-symbols accompanied by

17、 the diacritics which can help bring out the finer distinctions than the letters alone may possibly do.2. Illustrate the tenn allophone with at least one appropriate exampleAnswer: Allophones are the different members of a phoneme, sounds which are phonetically different but do not make one word dif

18、ferent from another in meaning For example, in English, the phoneme /l/ is pronounced differently in let, play and tell. The first /l/ is made by raising the front of the tongue to the hard palate, while the vocal cords are vibrating; the second /l/ is made with the same tongue position as the first

19、, but the vocal cords are not vibrating; and the third /!/ is made by raising not only the front by also the back of the tongue while the vocal cords are vibrating II 判斷正誤(T for True and F for False)1. /o/ is a mid-high front rounded vowel.Answer: F. (/o/ is a mid-high BACK rounded vowel.)2. A phone

20、me in one language or one dialect may be an allophone in another language or dialect.Answer: T.Ill.填空題：1. The three cavities in the articulatory apparatus are、,and.Answer: pharynx, the nasal cavity, the oral cavity2. By the position of thepart of the tongue, vowels and classified asfront vowels, cen

21、tral vowels and back vowelsAnswer: highest.3refers to the change of a sound as a result of the influence of anadjacent soundAnswer: Assimilation.4. You are required to fill in the blanks below abiding by the instance given beforehand.Example: /p/: voiced bilabial stop/s/:/g/:/tJ7：/t/:/f/:Answer:/s/:

22、 voiceless alveolar fricative/g/: voiced velar stop/t7: voiceless alveo-palatal/post-alveolar affricate/1 /: voiced dental fricative/f /: voiceless labiodental fricative5. Which of the following words would be treated as minimal pairs andminimal sets?pat, pen more, heat, tape, bun, fat, ban, chain,

23、tale, bell, far, meal, vote,bet, heel, ten, men, pit, main, hit, eat, manAnswer:pat, fat; pat, pit; pit, hit;pen, ten; ten, men;heat, eat; heat, heel;tape, tale;bun, ban;chain, main;bell, bet;meal, heel;man, men, main.IV.選擇題1. All syllables contain a(n).a. nucleusb. codac. onsetAnswer: a2. is one of

24、 the supersegmental features.a. Stopb. Voicingc. Deletiond. ToneAnswer: d3. Which of the following consonants does not exist in English?a. dental stopb. bilabial stopc. alveolar stopd. velar stopAnswer: a4. is not an English consonant.a. Labiodental plosiveb. Alveolar nasalc. Velar stopd. Dental fri

25、cativeAnswer: aV.辨音選擇1. What are the distinctive features that group the following sounds in these sets?1) /f, V ,s/2) /p, f, b/3) /g, z, b/4) /k, g, w/5) /m, n, y/Answer: 1) fricative 2) obstruent 3) voiced 4) velar5) nasal2. There is one segment that does not belong to the natural class in each of

26、 the following groups of speech sounds You are required to identify that segment and label the natural class, using a descriptive term as specific as possiblea) /m/, /n/, /w/, /ij /b) /v/, /w/, /z/, /t/c) /n/, /f/, /l/, /s/, /”, /d/, /z/Answer:1) /w/ is a semi-vowel, and the others are all nasals.2)

27、 /t/ is voiceless, and the others are voiced3) /f/ is labiodental, and the rest are alveolarVI.問答題1 Circle the words that contain a sound as required:1) a low vowel: pipe, gather, article, leave, cook2) a bilabial consonant: cool, lad, leap, bomb, push3) an approximant: luck, boots, word, once, tabl

28、e4) a front vowel: god, neat, pit, lush, cook5) a velar: god, fast, chat, lake, quick2. Exemplify the relationship between phone, phoneme and allophone.Answer: Firstly, a “phone” is a phonetic unit or segment Tlie speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones Phone

29、s may or may not distinguish meaning. Secondly, a phoneme” is a phonological unit that is of distinctive value As an abstract unit, a phoneme is not any particular sound It is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context. Thirdly, the phones representing a phoneme are cal

30、led its allophones11. How a phoneme is represented by a phone, or which allophone is to be used, is determined by the phonetic context in which it occurs But the choice of an allophone is not random but mle-governed in most cases3. When we are pronouncing the following phrases, how do we actually ar

31、ticulate the nnn sound in the word ten”？ Do we still pronounce it as /n/?1) ten houses 2) ten teachers 3) ten colleges 4) ten pupils 5) ten buildings6) ten classesAnswer: l)/n/2) /n/3) /ij/4) /m/5) /m/6) /ij/4. How many functions do the vocal cords have in the production of speech sounds?Answer: The

32、y have three functions: to make a glottal stop, to produce a voiced sound and to produce a voiceless sound.第三章形態(tài)學1. 名詞解釋1 morphemeAnswer: The morpheme is the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit which cannot be divided without destroying or drastically alteri

33、ng its meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical. For instance, the word HbarksH in ”The dog barks” consists of two moiphemes 一 nbarkH and n-sn, neither of which can be further divided into other smaller meaningful units.2. lexemeAnswer: The term lexeme” is postulated to reduce the ambiguity of

34、the term MwordM. It is the abstract unit underlying the smallest unit in the lexical system of a language, which appears in different grammatical contexts. For example, HwriteH is the lexeme of the following set of words: writes, wrote, writing, “written.3. inflectional morphemesAnswer: Inflectional

35、 moiphemes are also called inflectional affixes. They manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree and case. In English, all inflectional morphemes are suffixes, e.g. -(e)s, -ing, -(e)d, -estII.判斷正誤 1 A root is not always a free fomrAnswer: T (There

36、are such bound roots as -ceive：)III. 填空題1 Polymoiphemic words other than compounds have two parts: the roots and theAnswer: affixes2. On, before and together arewords 一 they are words which donot take inflectional endingsAnswer: grammatical (functional/form)IV. 選擇題1. Radar is a/an.a. acronymb. blend

37、ingc. coinaged. clippingAnswer: a2. Compound words consist ofmorphemes a. boundb. freec. both bound and freeAnswer: bV.匹配題Match each expression under A with the one statement under B thatcharacterizes it.1. a noisy crowa. compound noun2. eat crowb. root morpheme plus derivational prefix3. scarecrowc

38、. phrase consisting of an adjective plus noun4. the crowd. root morpheme plus inflection affix5. crowlikee. root morpheme plus derivational suffix6. crowsf. grammatical morpheme followed by lexical morphemeg. idiomAnswer: 1 c 2. g 3. a 4. f 5. e 6 dVI.問答題1. Divide the following words into Roots, IA

39、(inflectional affix) and/orDA (derivational affix).3) destructive4) geese5) misledAnswer:1) trans- (DA) form (Root) -ation (DA) s (IA)2) loose (Root) leave (Root) s (IA)3) de- (DA) struct (Root) -ive (DA)4) geese (IA)5) mis- (DA) led (IA)2. Label the morphological category of the moiphemes underline

40、d in each of the English expressions.a) T ve been here.b) transformc) oxend) recurAnswer: a) bound morpheme b) derivational prefix c) inflectional suffix d) bound root3. Each of the following Persian words is poly-morphemic You are required to match each of the notions given below with a morpheme in Persian. (Note that xar means buy” and -id designates the past tense), xaridiYou (singular) bought.naxaridamI did not buy.namixar