副詞性從1(狀語從句)

1、.副詞性從句（狀語從句） 狀語從句在復合句中做狀語可修飾主句中的動詞、形容詞、和副詞等。狀語從句有從屬連詞引導，與主句相接。狀語從句的位置可放在句首或句末。放在句首時，其后常用逗號，放在句末時，其前一般不用逗號。狀語從句根據(jù)它們的含義一般可分為十大類，分別表示時間、地點、原因、目的、結果、條件、讓步、比較、方式和程度狀語從句。一、時間狀語從句常用的連詞有：before, after, when, as(當，一邊一邊), while(在期間), whenever (無論何時，每當)，since(自從以來)，as soon as/hardly when/no sooner than (一就)，ti

2、ll /until。如果主句是一般將來時，狀語從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時。since所引導的從句一般要用非延續(xù)性動詞，主句用完成時態(tài)。1. while, when, whenever和 as的用法比較(1) while常表示一段較長的時間或一個過程，強調主句的動詞和從句的動詞所表示的動作或狀態(tài)是同時發(fā)生的。她不能表示一時性或暫時性的動作。 Dont talk so loud while others are working. While he was eating, I asked him to lend me 2 dollars(2) when 引導的時間狀語從句可以指時間的一點,也可以指一段時間,

3、從句的謂語動詞可用終止性動詞,也可用延續(xù)性動詞.when引導的從句表示具體的時間,從句的動作和主句的動作可以同時也可以先于主句的動作.whenever指任何一個不具體的時間. It was raining when we arrived.(動作同時,指時間點) When you read the poem a second time, the meaning will become clearer to you. (動作有先后,指時間點,不能用while)(3) as 用as時主句和從句的動作往往同時發(fā)生,具有延伸意義,一般同延續(xù)性動詞連用,有時可譯作“一邊一邊” As time went o

4、n, his theory proved to be correct. As we walked, we talked.2. since 和 before 的用法比較 兩者均可用于“ It be since/before+從句”的句型.區(qū)別在于since 表示“自從以來”,所在主從句的謂語動詞的時態(tài)關系是：It is /has been sometime since sb. did sth. 而before的含義是“(過了多久)才”主從句的謂語動詞的時態(tài)關系是: It was /had been sometime before sb. did sth. 表過去和將來時,兩者相應的句型分別是:

5、It was some time since sb had done sth. 和It will be some time before sb does sth. It is 30 years since he joined the revolution. It was three days before he came back.二 地點狀語從句 常用的從屬連詞有:where, wherever(無論哪里), everywhere(在每一個地方). After the war, a new school building was put up where there has once bee

6、n a theatre. She found her calculator where she lost it . Everywhere they went ,the distinguished guests were warmly welcomed. Sit wherever you like. 三 原因狀語從句原因狀語從句一般由because(因為),since(既然),as(由于),now that(既然,因為)等連詞引導.1. because ,since ,as 和now that (1) because Because 表示直接的原因或理由,表示原因的語氣最強,常表示必然的因果關系

7、.回答以 引起的特殊疑問句,只能用because. Jane wore a raincoat because it was raining. He is absent today because he is ill(2) since since表示對方已經知曉,無須加以說明的原因和事實,語氣比because 稍弱. Ill do it for you since you are busy. Since you have seen both fighters, who do you think will win?(3)as as表示的往往是十分明顯的原因,聽者或讀者已經知道或能看得出來,語氣較弱

8、,只起附帶說明,比較口語化. We had better hurry as its getting dark. As you object, Ill change the plan.(4) for for是并列連詞,引導的分句不表示直接的原因,而是用來附帶解釋和說明前面一句的情況.for引導的分句常位于第一分句,之間用逗號隔開. It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning. The day breaks, for the birds are singing.(5) now that Now that意為“

9、既然”，與since 同義，但更突出事實本身。 Now that youve got a chance, you might as well make full use of it. Now that everyone is here, lets begin our meeting.四、目的狀語從句 目的狀語從句由that, so that, in order that等引導。從句中的謂語動詞前常有情態(tài)動詞may, might, can, could, will, would等。 John shut everybody out of the kitchen so that he could p

10、repare his grand surprise for the party. These men risk their lives in order that we may live more safely.辨析： in order that 引導的狀語從句可以放在句首與句尾，而so that引導的只能放在句尾。如果從句主語與主句主語一致，都可以轉換成不定式。 She went downtown so that /in order that she would buy some clothes. =She went downtown so as to /in order to buy so

11、me clothes. In order that he could make himself understood, he explained it again. =In order to make himself understood, he explained it again.五、 結果狀語從句1. so that, so that, such that引導結果狀語從句 He worked hard so that he passed the exam. The film was so wonderful that we wanted to see it again. He spoke

12、 for such a long time that people began to fall asleep.2. sothat與 suchthat 的區(qū)別 這兩種結構都可以引導結果狀語從句. so是副詞，后接形容詞或副詞;such 是形容詞，后接名詞。（1）單數(shù)名詞 在so that和 such that 中間出現(xiàn)的是單數(shù)名詞，且該名詞前有形容詞修飾時，這兩種結構可互換，但要注意它們的詞序不同：such+a/an+形容詞+名詞= so+形容詞+a/an+名詞。 She is such a good teacher that all of us love her.=She is so good

13、 a teacher that all of us love her.（2）不可數(shù)名詞或復數(shù)可數(shù)名詞 如果被修飾的是不可數(shù)名詞或復數(shù)可數(shù)名詞時，一般須用such that He made such rapid progress that before long he gegan to write articles in English. They are such interesting books that we all want to read them.（3）名詞前有many, such, little, few修飾時 如果不可數(shù)名詞或復數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前有many, such, little

14、, few修飾時，則用so that Ive so many falls that Im black and blue all over. George had so little money that he had to get a job. They are so little children that they cant do anything.3. 如何判斷so .that 引導的目的狀語從句與結果狀語從句（1） 當表達的含義是“為了”，“以便”時，為目的狀語從句；當表達的是“以至于”，“因此”含義時，為結果狀語從句。 If you do know, answer in a loud

15、 enough voice so that all the class may hear.（目的狀語從句） It rained hard the day before yesterday, so that she had to stay at home.（結果狀語從句）（）當從句的謂語動詞有情態(tài)動詞can, could, may, might等時，是目的狀語從句；當從句里沒有情態(tài)動詞，且謂語動詞是一般現(xiàn)在時（過去時）、現(xiàn)在完成時等時態(tài)時，是結果狀語從句。 We stopped at Salt Lake City so that we could(might) visit the monumen

16、t for the seagulls.（目的狀語從句） They have walked a long way, so that we are all tired.（結果狀語從句）（）當從句之前的so that 可用in order that代替時，是目的狀語從句；反之，是結果狀語從句 We now study hard so that we may work well in the future.(=We now study hard in order that we may work well in the future.)（目的狀語從句）（）當so that 之前有逗號時，是結果狀語從句

17、；反之，是目的狀語從句 The story is very interesting, so that I like it very much.（結果狀語從句）六、比較狀語從句比較狀語從句一般由as. as（和一樣）,not as/so as（與不一樣），than（比），the more.the more（越越）引導。 The director gave me a better offer than he gave Dick. In recent years travel companies have succeeded in selling us the ideas that the furt

18、her we go, the better our holiday will be. John plays football as well as, if not better than, David. I cant run as/so fast as he can.七、讓步狀語從句讓步狀語從句由though, although, as, even if(though), however, whatever, whoever, whenever, no matter+ wh-, 等引導。 Even if, even though, although, though 這四個詞（詞組）都有“雖然、

19、即使、盡管”的意思。Even if 和even though帶有較強的意味，語氣比although和though強；though 比although通俗，但不如although正式，都不能和but連用，但可以和yet, still或nevertheless連用，可以放在主句前面或后面；even if, even though所接的句子常用虛擬語氣。 Although journalism seems like a good profession, I would prefer to be a teacher. Although he is considered a great writer,

20、his works are not widely read. We wont give up even if we should fail ten times.as或though引導讓步狀語從句形容詞副詞動詞分詞名詞as/though主語謂語（）引導讓步狀語從句用倒裝語序。 Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone whos as capable as John. Proud as these nobles are, he is afraid to see me.（）表語為單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞時，名詞不帶冠詞。 Twelve-year-old

21、girl as she is, she has had a good command of English. （）如果句中謂語包含情態(tài)動詞或助動詞，則將實義動詞放在as之前。 Try as I might ,I couldnt lift the stone. raised as he was, he remained modest.（）如果句中謂語盡有實義動詞，則將實義動詞（原形）放在as之前，并在主語后面加助動詞do ,does, did 或will. Torture her as they did, the enemy got nothing out of her. Fail as he

22、did, he would never give up.No matter+wh-和疑問詞+ever引導No matter+wh-引導，表示“不管，無論”；由疑問詞+ever引導，表示“不管，不論”。這類詞有：whatever, whichever, whoever, however,whenever,wherever等,相當于no matter+what (which, who, how, when,where,),都不能與but, so ,and等并列連詞同時使用。 . We will have to finish the job, however(no matter how )long

23、it takes. No matter what(whatever)you do, dont tell him that I told you this. No matter how pure the water looks, I prefer not to drink it. No matter where(wherever)you go, I would keep you company.4. 由whether.or引導讓步狀語從句 由whether.or引導讓步狀語從句表示“不論.還是”，提供兩種對比的情況。 I shall go, whether you come with me or

24、 stay at home. Whether we like a particular piece of news or not, all we have to do is sit in front of the tube and “l(fā)et it happen”.八、條件狀語從句 條件狀語從句可以位于主句前面或后面。.由if, unless引導， if表示正面的條件，意為“如果”；unless表示反面的條件，意為“除非，如果不”(if not) You will be late unless you leave immediately. The WTO cannot live up to its name if it does not include a country that is home to one fifth of mankind.2. 由suppose, supposing, as/so long as, providing, provided, on condition that,和in case等引導。 這類連詞（詞組）意思相近，有“如果、假設、即使、在.條