ChapterAgricultureAgreementPPT教學(xué)課件

1、Content Introduction Basic principles on agricultural products Specific commitments relative to trade of agricultural products Special safeguard measures of agricultural products Case 第1頁(yè)/共37頁(yè)1.Introduction The volume of world agriculture exports has substantially 大體上increased over recent decades. A

2、gricultural trade remains in many countries an important part of overall economic activity and continues to play a major role in domestic agricultural production and employment. Although agriculture has always been covered by the GATT, prior to WTO there were several important differences with respe

3、ct to關(guān)于 the rules that applied to agricultural primary products as opposed to industrial products.第2頁(yè)/共37頁(yè) In the aftermath余波 of the second world war, many governments were concerned primarily with increasing domestic agricultural productions so as to feed their growing populations. In the lead-up t

4、o the Uruguay Round烏拉圭回合 negotiations, the causes起因 of disarray混亂 in world agriculture went beyond超越 import access problems which has been the traditional focus of GATT negotiations. 第3頁(yè)/共37頁(yè) The agricultural negotiations in the Uruguay Round were by no means絕不 easy. The agreement on agriculture and

5、 the agreement on the application of sanitary and phytosanitary measures 衛(wèi)生與動(dòng)植物檢疫措施were negotiated in parallel并列的. The WTOs agriculture agreement was negotiated in the 1986-1994 Uruguay Round and came into force生效 on January 1, 1995. 第4頁(yè)/共37頁(yè) The Uruguay Round produced the first “multilateral agreem

6、ent” dedicated to the sector. It was a significant first step towards order, fair competition and a less distorted sector. 第5頁(yè)/共37頁(yè)Relationship with other WTO agreements In principle, all WTO agreements and understandings諒解，協(xié)議 on trade in goods apply to agriculture. However, where there is any confl

7、ict between these agreements and the agreement on agriculture, the provisions of the agreement on agriculture prevail.第6頁(yè)/共37頁(yè)P(yáng)roduct coverage The agreement defines in its Annex 1 agriculture products by reference to the HS of product classification. The definition covers not only basic agricultural

8、 products such as wheat and animals, but also the products derived from them such as bread, butter and meat, as well as all processed加工的 agricultural products such as chocolate and sausages香腸. Fish and fish products are not includes, nor are the forestry林業(yè) products.第7頁(yè)/共37頁(yè)Rules and commitments The

9、agreement on agriculture establishes a number of generally applicable rules with regard to trade-related agricultural measures, primarily in the areas of market assess市場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)入, domestic support 國(guó)內(nèi)支持and export competition出口競(jìng)爭(zhēng). These rules related to country-specific國(guó)別的 commitments are contained in the in

10、dividual country schedules of the WTO members.第8頁(yè)/共37頁(yè)Implementation period The implementation period for the country-specific commitments is the six-year period commencing開(kāi)始 in 1995. However, developing countries have the flexibility to implement commitments over a period up to 10. The Uruguay Roun

11、d agreement included a commitment to continue the reform through new negotiations. These were launched in 2000, as required by the Agriculture Agreement.第9頁(yè)/共37頁(yè)Committee on agriculture The agreement established a committee委員會(huì) on agriculture. The committee usually meets four times per year. Special

12、meetings can be convened召集 if necessary. Agreement on Agriculture is divided into 13 parts, 21 articles and 5 annexes.第10頁(yè)/共37頁(yè)2. Basic principles on agricultural products Establish a fair and market-oriented 以市場(chǎng)為導(dǎo)向的agricultural trading system. Provide for substantial progressive reductions in agric

13、ultural support and protection, correct and prevent restrictions and distortions扭曲 in world agricultural markets. Achieve specific binding有約束力的 commitments in the area of market assess, domestic support and export competition.第11頁(yè)/共37頁(yè) Provide for a greater較大的 improvement of opportunities and term o

14、f assess for agricultural products of particular interest to developing countries. Pertinent 相關(guān)的commitments should be made in an equitable公平的 way among all members, having regard to non-trade concerns非貿(mào)易關(guān)注, including food security and the need to protect the environment and to special and differenti

15、al差別 treatment for developing countries.第12頁(yè)/共37頁(yè)3.Specific commitments relative to trade of agricultural products The original GATT did apply to agricultural trade, but it contained loopholes漏洞. For example, it allowed countries to use some non-tariff measures such as import quotas, and to subsidiz

16、e. Agricultural trade became highly distorted扭曲的, especially with the use of export subsidies which would not normally have been allowed for industrial products. 第13頁(yè)/共37頁(yè)3.1 The Agriculture Agreement: new rules and commitments The objective 目標(biāo)of the Agriculture Agreement is to reform trade in the s

17、ector and to make policies more market-oriented. This would improve predictability可預(yù)測(cè)性的 and security for importing and exporting countries alike. The new rules and commitments apply to: market access市場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)入 various trade restrictions confronting imports domestic support subsidies and other programmes,

18、including those that raise or guarantee farmgate prices and farmers incomes export subsidies and other methods used to make exports artificially人為地 competitive. 第14頁(yè)/共37頁(yè)3.2 Market access: tariffs only, please The new rule for market access in agricultural products is “tariffs only”. Before the Urug

19、uay Round, some agricultural imports were restricted by quotas and other non-tariff measures. These have been replaced by tariffs that provide more-or-less equivalent levels of protection. If the previous policy meant domestic prices were 75% higher than world prices, then the new tariff could be ar

20、ound 75%. “Tariffication關(guān)稅化”: Converting the quotas and other types of measures to tariffs in this way 第15頁(yè)/共37頁(yè) The newly committed受約束的 tariffs and tariff quotas, covering all agricultural products, took effect in 1995. Uruguay Round participants agreed that developed countries would cut the tariff

21、s (the higher out-of-quota rates in the case of tariff-quotas) by an average of 36%, in equal steps over six years.第16頁(yè)/共37頁(yè) Developing countries would make 24% cuts over 10 years. Least-developed countries do not have to cut their tariffs. (These figures do not actually appear in the Agriculture Ag

22、reement. Participants used them to prepare their schedules i.e. lists of commitments. It is the commitments listed in the schedules that are legally binding.)第17頁(yè)/共37頁(yè) For products whose non-tariff restrictions have been converted to tariffs, governments are allowed to take special emergency actions

23、 (“special safeguards”) in order to prevent swiftly很快的 falling prices or surges in imports from hurting their farmers. But the agreement specifies指定 when and how those emergency actions can be introduced (for example, they cannot be used on imports within a tariff-quota).第18頁(yè)/共37頁(yè)The applying of SSG

24、 A member ever taking such kinds of measures on the importation of its agricultural products as minimum import prices, discretionary import licensing有差別的進(jìn)口許可, voluntary export restraints 自動(dòng)出口限制and otherwise which have been converted into an ordinary customs duty普通關(guān)稅 may implement special safeguard m

25、easures. The products bound are marked in the members schedule with the symbol “SSG” as being the subject of a market assess concession.第19頁(yè)/共37頁(yè)Satisfy one of the following conditions: Condition I: the volume of imports of that product during any year exceeds a trigger觸發(fā)水平 level. i.e. imports as a

26、percentage of corresponding相當(dāng)?shù)?domestic consumption during the three preceding year 之前的三年for which data are available, which relates to the existing market access opportunity.第20頁(yè)/共37頁(yè)Satisfy one of the following conditions: Condition II: The CIF import price, expressed in terms of its domestic curr

27、ency, of that product falls bellow a trigger price equal to the average 1986-1988 reference price for the product concerned. 第21頁(yè)/共37頁(yè) Four countries used “special treatment” provisions to restrict imports of particularly sensitive products (mainly rice) during the implementation period (to 2000 for

28、 developed countries, to 2004 for developing nations), but subject to 遭受strictly defined conditions, including minimum access for overseas suppliers. 第22頁(yè)/共37頁(yè) The four were: Japan, Rep. of Korea, and the Philippines for rice; and Israel以色列 for sheepmeat羊肉, whole milk powder and certain cheeses. Jap

29、an and Israel have now given up this right, but a new member, Chinese Taipei, has joined Rep. of Korea and the Philippines with special treatment for rice.第23頁(yè)/共37頁(yè)3.3 Domestic support: some you can, some you cant The main complaint about policies which support domestic prices, or subsidize producti

30、on in some other way, is that they encourage over-production. This squeezes out排除 imports or leads to export subsidies and low-priced dumping on world markets. The Agriculture Agreement distinguishes between support programmes that stimulate production directly, and those that are considered to have

31、 no direct effect.第24頁(yè)/共37頁(yè)“Amber box黃箱補(bǔ)貼” subsidy Amber box: a reference to the amber colour of traffic lights, which means “slow down”. Domestic policies belong to “amber box” do have a direct effect on production and trade have to be cut back. WTO members calculated how much support of this kind

32、they were providing per year for the agricultural sector (using calculations known as “total aggregate measurement of support” or “Total AMS”) in the base years of 1986-88. 第25頁(yè)/共37頁(yè)Aggregate Measurement of Support, AMS Aggregate Measurement of Support (AMS, 綜合支持量) means the annual level of support,

33、 expressed in monetary terms, provided for an agricultural product in favor of 有利于agricultural producers.第26頁(yè)/共37頁(yè)Total AMS （綜合支持總量） Total AMS means the sum of all domestic support provided in favor of agricultural producers, calculated as the sum of all aggregate measurements of support.第27頁(yè)/共37頁(yè) D

34、eveloped countries agreed to reduce these figures by 20% over six years starting in 1995. Developing countries agreed to make 13% cuts over 10 years. Least-developed countries do not need to make any cuts. 第28頁(yè)/共37頁(yè)“Green Box” Subsidy Measures with minimal impact on trade can be used freely they are

35、 in a “green box” (“green” as in traffic lights). They include government services, such as research, disease control, infrastructure 基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施and food security. They also include payments支付 made directly to farmers that do not stimulate production, such as certain forms of direct income support, assista

36、nce to help farmers restructure agriculture, and direct payments under environmental and regional assistance programmes.第29頁(yè)/共37頁(yè)“Blue Box” Subsidy Blue box subsidy, also permitted, are certain direct payments to farmers where the farmers are required to limit production . It is permitted that certa

37、in government assistance programmes to encourage agricultural and rural development in developing countries, and other support on a small scale when compared with the total value of the product or products supported (5% or less in the case of developed countries and 10% or less for developing countr

38、ies).第30頁(yè)/共37頁(yè)3.4 Export subsidies: limits on spending and quantities The Agriculture Agreement prohibits export subsidies on agricultural products unless the subsidies are specified in a members lists of commitments. Where they are listed, the agreement requires WTO members to cut both the amount o

39、f money they spend on export subsidies and the quantities of exports that receive subsidies. 第31頁(yè)/共37頁(yè) Taking averages for 1986-90 as the base level, developed countries agreed to cut the value of export subsidies by 36% over the six years starting in 1995 (24% over 10 years for developing countries

40、). Developed countries also agreed to reduce the quantities of subsidized exports by 21% over the six years (14% over 10 years for developing countries). Least-developed countries do not need to make any cuts. During the six-year implementation period, developing countries are allowed under certain conditions to use subsidies to reduce the costs of marketing and transporting銷售和運(yùn)輸 exports.第32頁(yè)/共37頁(yè)Export subsidies the provision by governments or their ag