英漢對(duì)比研究MotivationforWords

1、 Chapter 3 Motivation for Words3.1 Introduction老 板 工 頭雷達(dá) 激光甭 卷心菜 boss light water mountainworker workshop Chapter 3 Motivation for Words3.2 Motivation and Non-motivation of words 1）The principle of modern linguistics: non-motivation / tri: / 共時(shí)性共時(shí)性 歷時(shí)性歷時(shí)性 泛時(shí)性泛時(shí)性 樹(shù)樹(shù) / arbr / (arbre) 2）Form-meaning co

2、nnection Stephen Ullmann: opaque word （含糊的，不透明的） transparent wordChapter 3 Motivation for Words 3.3 Types of motivation Stephen Ullmann: 1) phonological（語(yǔ)音體系的）（語(yǔ)音體系的） 相同或相似相同或相似 英語(yǔ)英語(yǔ) 漢語(yǔ)漢語(yǔ) 貓叫聲 miao /mew 喵 撞擊聲 bang 砰 紙、干葉聲 rustle 沙沙 不同不同 英語(yǔ)英語(yǔ) 漢語(yǔ)漢語(yǔ) 水滴聲 drip-drop 滴滴答答 水流聲 murmur /bubble 涓涓，潺潺 青蛙叫聲 croak

3、 呱呱 馬嘶聲 neigh 瀟瀟 Chapter 3 Motivation for Words2) morphological (形態(tài)學(xué)的形態(tài)學(xué)的) 德語(yǔ)德語(yǔ) 英語(yǔ)英語(yǔ) 法語(yǔ)法語(yǔ) 漢語(yǔ)漢語(yǔ)Schillschuh（雪橇-鞋） skate patin 冰鞋Schnittlaunch（劈開(kāi)的-蔥） chive cive 細(xì)香蔥 Fingerhut（手指-帽） thimble de 頂針Handschuh（手-鞋） glove gant 手套Erdteil（土地-部分） continent continent 大陸Scheidung（“離別“的分詞） divorce divorce 離婚Ehelosi

4、gheit婚姻+否定后綴+名詞后綴 celibacy celibacy 獨(dú)身Ursache（起源的） cause cause 原因anfangen（著手于） begin commencer 開(kāi)始 one free morpheme（詞素，形態(tài)素） - one word one free morpheme + affix - derivation（派生） two free morphemes - compoundChapter 3 Motivation for Words 3）semantic a gleam of hope - 一線希望 storm of grief the notes of

5、a distant song 鵝卵石 冰糖 木耳 蜂擁 毛毛雨 月牙 （metaphorical) 千里眼 千層餅 （hypoberbole) 3.4 Difference in motivation of Chinese & English words neoclassical compounds 德語(yǔ)德語(yǔ) 英語(yǔ)英語(yǔ) 法語(yǔ)法語(yǔ) 漢語(yǔ)漢語(yǔ) sprachwissenschaft （語(yǔ)言+科學(xué)） linguistics linguistique 語(yǔ)言學(xué) lautlehre (聲音+知識(shí)) phonetics phonetique 語(yǔ)音學(xué) formenlehre(形式+知識(shí)) morphol

6、ogy morphologie 形態(tài)學(xué) bedeutungslehre(意義+知識(shí)) semantics semantique 語(yǔ)義學(xué)Chapter 3 Motivation for Words王力：王力：“漢字是屬于表意體系的文字，字型和意義有密切的關(guān)系，分漢字是屬于表意體系的文字，字型和意義有密切的關(guān)系，分析字型有助于對(duì)本義的了解。析字型有助于對(duì)本義的了解。”財(cái)財(cái) 貨貨 賄賄 資資 贈(zèng)贈(zèng) 賞賞 賜賜 貸貸 債債 賒賒 貪貪 貴貴 賤賤語(yǔ)語(yǔ) 談?wù)?請(qǐng)請(qǐng) 許許 諾諾 諷諷 謀訪謀訪 讀讀 訓(xùn)訓(xùn) 誨誨 論論 議議 誹誹 謗謗 諫諫 誣誣 讒讒謹(jǐn)謹(jǐn) 謙謙 誠(chéng)誠(chéng) 諒諒1) English ： cor

7、e extension - affixation Chinese : plane extension 2) attitude towards foreign words schlock chutzpah coup detat /ku det:/苦迭打苦迭打 德律風(fēng)德律風(fēng) 狄克推多狄克推多 德謨克拉西德謨克拉西 伯理璽天德伯理璽天德 普羅列塔利亞普羅列塔利亞政變政變 電話(huà)電話(huà) 專(zhuān)政專(zhuān)政 民主民主 總統(tǒng)總統(tǒng) 無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)Chapter 3 Motivation for Words 3. 1 Affixation internationalization internationalize int

8、ernationalist internationality international internationalism internationallyinternationally international nation nationhood nationwide nationally national nationalize nationalizer nationality nationalization nationalism nationalist nationalistic nationalisticallyChapter 3 Motivation for Words 3.5 T

9、ypes of differences in motivation 1) Naming Some white meat, please. And just a sliver of dark. 2) Word image 3.6 Cause of motivation difference 1) Natural environment 2) Economic factorChapter 3 Motivation for Words 3.7 Language and reality （王寅 p327） arbitrary, conventional - nominalism （唯名論） motiv

10、ted - naturalism （唯實(shí)論）1）phonological level gr- -ish sl- rising tone and falling tone p3362) lexical level T-shirt V-belt Hedge3) structural level distance iconicityChapter 3 Motivation for Words If the meaning of form A affects the meaning of form B, then, the CLOSER form A is to form B, the STRONGE

11、R will be the effect of the meaning of A on the menaing of B. Only I want to two apples. I only want two apples. I want only two apples. He is not right. I think he is not right. I dont think he is right. He is not pleased. He is displeased.Chapter 3 Motivation for Words hear sb. / sth. hear of sb.

12、/ sth. know sb. / sth/ know of sb. / sth. I poured him a drink. I poured a drink to him. I geve him a book. I gave a book to him. She talked to Tom, then to John, then to Geoge. She talked to Tom, John and Geoge. I found that the chair was comfortable. I found the chair comfortable. They saw the cottage which iwas under the trees. They saw the