德國(guó)留學(xué)APS審核英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)復(fù)習(xí)資料-語(yǔ)言類(lèi)中英文對(duì)照2015版本

1、語(yǔ)言類(lèi)：英語(yǔ)筆譯，英語(yǔ)口譯，英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作，高級(jí)英語(yǔ)，綜合英語(yǔ)，英語(yǔ)視聽(tīng)說(shuō)，基礎(chǔ)英語(yǔ)，英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力，英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)，商務(wù)英語(yǔ)，商務(wù)英語(yǔ)閱讀、商務(wù)溝通、商務(wù)英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作，專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)，英語(yǔ)國(guó)家概況英語(yǔ)筆譯：Introduction to TranslationIn this unit, students are expected to learn the definition of translation; the scope of translation; translation criteria; literal translation and free translation. What Is Translati

2、on?Linguistic view on translation:Translation is “the replacement of textual material in one language (source language) by equivalent textual material in another language (target language). ” (Catford, 1965:20)Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalen

3、t of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Nida & Taber 1969:12)所謂翻譯，是指在譯語(yǔ)中用最貼切而又自然的對(duì)等語(yǔ)再現(xiàn)原文的信息，首先在語(yǔ)義上，其次在文體上。 (E. A 奈達(dá), 1969)Communicative views on translation:This approach views translation as a communicative process which takes place within a

4、social context. The translator attempts to produce the same effect on the target language readers as was produced by the original on the source language readers. (Newmark, 1982:22) 翻譯是一種跨文化的信息交流與交換的活動(dòng)，其本質(zhì)是傳播。 （呂俊，1997）【例】 She was born with a silver spoon in her mouth, and can do what she likes. She

5、is really a lucky dog.她生長(zhǎng)在富貴之家，凡事都可以隨心所欲，真是個(gè)幸運(yùn)兒。Every dog has its day. 人人皆有得意日 a lucky dog 幸運(yùn)兒Love me, love my dog.愛(ài)屋及烏help a dog over a stilt助人度過(guò)難關(guān) as faithful as a dog 形容人的忠誠(chéng) . Scope of Translation 1.按語(yǔ)言分類(lèi)：語(yǔ)內(nèi)翻譯（intralingual translation）語(yǔ)際翻譯（interlingual translation）2. 按活動(dòng)形式分類(lèi)：筆譯（translation）口譯（ora

6、l interpretation）：交替?zhèn)髯g（consecutive translation）和同聲傳譯（simultaneous translation）3. 按翻譯材料的文體分類(lèi)：應(yīng)用文體翻譯 科技文體翻譯論述文體翻譯新聞文體翻譯藝術(shù)文體翻譯4. 按處理方式分類(lèi)：全譯 節(jié)譯 編譯. Translation Criteria 嚴(yán)復(fù)(1853-1921): Triple Principle of Translation 信 (faithfulness):忠實(shí)準(zhǔn)確 達(dá) (expressiveness):通順流暢 雅 (elegance):文字古雅By faithfulness/accuracy,

7、 we mean being faithful not only to the original contents, to the original meaning and views, but also to the original form and style. By smoothness, we mean not only easy and readable rendering, but also idiomatic expression in the target language.Criteria in the West Alexander Fraser Tytler, (1747

8、-1814)the famous English scholar proposed the three principles of translation：（1）A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. （譯文應(yīng)完全復(fù)寫(xiě)出原作的思想）（2）The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original. (譯文的風(fēng)格和筆調(diào)應(yīng)與原文的性質(zhì)相同)（3）A trans

9、lation should have all the ease of the original composition. (譯文應(yīng)和原作同樣流暢). Translation Strategies 1. Literal translation or free translation? In the practice of translation, we may find that now and then some words in their usual senses are very difficult to deal with because of the disparity betwee

10、n the English and the Chinese languages. In this case, we have to resort to some special means of translation. Literal translation and free translation are two alternative approaches to tackle this problem. 1）直譯：在基本保持原文的語(yǔ)言形式（詞語(yǔ)、句子結(jié)構(gòu)、修辭手法等）的同時(shí)，完整而準(zhǔn)確地把意思表達(dá)出來(lái)，且譯文流利曉暢。直譯是不同于硬譯、死譯的重要翻譯方法之一。2）意譯：為了完整而準(zhǔn)確地把

11、意思表達(dá)出來(lái)，拋棄原文的語(yǔ)言形式，按譯入語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣重新遣詞造句。意譯是不同于亂譯的重要翻譯方法之一。無(wú)論直譯、意譯，都要符合“忠實(shí)、通順”的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（許淵沖 1984:5）。當(dāng)譯文的形式和原文的形式一致的時(shí)候，就無(wú)所謂直譯、意譯。e.g. Disaster never come single. “禍不單行”，內(nèi)容和形式都忠實(shí)于原文，既可以說(shuō)是直譯也可以說(shuō)是意譯。 當(dāng)譯文的形式和原文的形式不一致的時(shí)候，就有直譯或意譯的問(wèn)題，而且直譯可以有程度不同的直譯，意譯也可以有程度不同的意譯。e.g. He had about as much chance of getting a job as of being

12、 chosen mayor of Chicago. 進(jìn)入21世紀(jì)，麥當(dāng)勞的反對(duì)團(tuán)體由集合到一面共同的旗幟之下 反對(duì)全球化。Upon the entering of 21 century, the anti-Macdonalds groups have again rallied under a common banner of anti-globalization. （采用直譯、生動(dòng)形象，且意思完全可以為英語(yǔ)讀者接受）2. Foreignizing Translation(異化翻譯) and Domesticating Translation(歸化翻譯) While literal trans

13、lation and free transaltion mainly deal with linguistic reproduction, foreignizing translation and domesticating translation are concerned more with cultural, linguistic and aesthetic considerations. Foreignization is a strategy in which a target text is produced which deliberately breaks target con

14、ventions by retaining something of the foreignness of the original. 異化譯法是偏離民族主義的，對(duì)譯入語(yǔ)文化價(jià)值施加壓力，使其關(guān)注外語(yǔ)文本的語(yǔ)言和文化差異，把讀者帶入外國(guó)情景，體驗(yàn)外國(guó)人的閱讀感受（Venuti 1995:20）。換言之，異化譯法要求譯者向原文作者靠攏，采取原文作者使用的表達(dá)方式傳達(dá)原文的內(nèi)容。e.g.to kill two birds with one stone:一石二鳥(niǎo)All roads lead to Rome :條條大路通羅馬Domestication is a strategy in which a

15、transparent, fluent style is adopted in order to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for target language readers. 歸化譯法采取民族中心主義的態(tài)度，使外語(yǔ)文本符合譯入語(yǔ)的文化價(jià)值觀(guān)，把原作者帶入譯入語(yǔ)文化。(Venuti 1995: 20)換言之，歸化譯法要求譯者向譯文讀者靠攏，采取譯文讀者習(xí)慣的譯語(yǔ)表達(dá)方式傳達(dá)原文的內(nèi)容。e.g. to kill two birds with one stone: 一箭雙雕、一舉兩得to grow like mushrooms:

16、雨后春筍All roads lead to Rome: 殊途同歸英語(yǔ)口譯：InterpretingA Course to Develop An Understanding and Basic Skills of InterpretingAfter studying this unit, you should be able to:understand what and how to prepare for the interpreting tasks in the long run.find ways to improve your interpreting skills and perfor

17、mance.master the basic words and expressions about protocol routine.know some cultural background knowledge about protocol routine.I. Course IntroductionDuration: 2 termsModules: -Preparing (譯前準(zhǔn)備) training-Long-term and short-term-Decoding (聽(tīng)入解碼) training-Active listening-Discourse analysis-Note tak

18、ing-Memorizing (短期記憶) training-Retelling -Encoding (編碼輸出)training-Coordinating (任務(wù)協(xié)調(diào))training-Sight interpreting-Shadowing -Packaging (譯后總結(jié)) training-Quality assessment1. Interpreting definedA communicative activityMultiple participants: speaker, audience, interpreterMultiple tasking: listening, ana

19、lyzing, note-taking, understanding, restructuring, productionConveyance of messages from the source language to the target language2.1 CriteriaAccuracy vs. fidelity Fluency vs. fluencyEfficiency vs. elegance2.2 Working environment2.3 Method2.4 Feedback3. Classification of interpretingBy delivery mod

20、el: consecutive interpreting，simultaneous interpretingWhispering，relay interpretingBy occasion and content: Conference interpreting, business interpreting, court interpreting, media interpreting, community interpreting, telephone interpretingSimultaneous interpretingInterpret while the speaker is ma

21、king speechSpecial facility required, including: floor, booth, SI equipment (control, interpreting console, receiver)Three types: Conference interpreting, sight interpreting, whisperingno facility required for whispering)4. Interpreting Process5. Basic Requirements for Interpreters-Strong sense of d

22、uty-High level of linguistic proficiency-Encyclopedic and subject knowledge-Good master of interpreting skillsActive listeningDiscourse analysisNote takingRetellingPublic speakingParaphrasing Figures interpretingIdioms interpretingFuzzy interpretationCross-cultural communicationCoping tactics6. 3P M

23、odel for Interpreter Training 7. Professional Codes of Conduct 1)confidentiality（保密） 2)impartiality（公正） 3)accuracy（準(zhǔn)確） 4)objectiveness（客觀(guān)） 5)competence（勝任）商務(wù)英語(yǔ)，商務(wù)英語(yǔ)閱讀、商務(wù)溝通、專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)商務(wù)英語(yǔ)-BEC advantage 根據(jù)商務(wù)工作的實(shí)際需要，從聽(tīng)、說(shuō)、讀、寫(xiě)四個(gè)方面對(duì)學(xué)生在商務(wù)和一般生活環(huán)境下使用英語(yǔ)的能力進(jìn)行培養(yǎng)，達(dá)到BEC初級(jí)考試要求水平make students to get familiar with the BEC

24、 VantageAccording to the actual needs of commercial work, listening, speaking, reading and writing four aspects of students' ability to use English in business and general living environment and cultured reach BEC junior level exam requirements.How to study BEC Vantage 1. business words and phra

25、ses 2. read more business background 3. listening more BEC 4. accumulative more business topic 5. often go on line with good websitescompany benefits, A. an impressive job title n B. training and staff development n C. a good salary n D. a pension n E. flexible working hours n F. opportunities to tr

26、avel n G. opportunities for promotion n H. parental leave n I. days off and long holidays n J. a company car.advertising-Types of advertising n 1. word of mouth n 2. mailshot 郵寄廣告 n 3. TV commercials n 4. spam 垃圾電子郵件 n 5. banners / streamer 橫幅 n 6. newspaper adverts n 7. brochures n 8. sample; recru

27、itment 商務(wù)英語(yǔ)閱讀-本課程的教學(xué)目的是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生掌握閱讀和理解商務(wù)英語(yǔ)文章的基本技能，獲取商務(wù)信息的基本能力，為畢業(yè)后成為適應(yīng)社會(huì)需要的應(yīng)用型涉外商務(wù)工作者打下堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。通過(guò)學(xué)習(xí)有關(guān)的商務(wù)活動(dòng)的實(shí)用語(yǔ)言材料，學(xué)生應(yīng)熟悉主要的商務(wù)英語(yǔ)文章類(lèi)型；高閱讀商務(wù)文章的能力，懂得一般的商務(wù)表達(dá)，學(xué)會(huì)分析商務(wù)文章的特點(diǎn)，并懂得一些國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)文章中常用詞匯，了解國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)的知識(shí)；能基本讀懂英文原版商務(wù)教科書(shū)有關(guān)章節(jié)的大意，能基本讀懂主要英語(yǔ)報(bào)刊，雜志有關(guān)的商務(wù)活動(dòng)的難度較低的報(bào)道和評(píng)論文章；能將一般性英語(yǔ)商務(wù)材料譯成漢語(yǔ)，進(jìn)一步提高專(zhuān)業(yè)基本的聽(tīng)、說(shuō)、讀、寫(xiě)、譯的技能。Purpose of this cou

28、rse is to train students to master reading and understanding the basic skills of business English articles, the ability to acquire basic business information, after graduation to become to meet the social needs of application-oriented foreign business workers, and lay a solid foundation. By learning

29、 about the business activities of practical language material, students should be familiar with the main types of business English texts; to understand the expression of general business, learn to analyze the characteristics of a business article, and understand some of the articles in the internati

30、onal economic vocabulary , understand the international knowledge economy; can basically read the original English version of the relevant sections of the business textbook. Can basically read major English newspapers and magazines related to the business activities of reports and articles; capable

31、of translating general business materials English into Chinese, further enhance the professional basic listening, speaking, reading, writing and translation skills.1、 美國(guó)生活方式 2、 商務(wù)習(xí)俗 3、 購(gòu)物與顧客 4、 領(lǐng)導(dǎo)風(fēng)范 5、 生活態(tài)度 6、 網(wǎng)絡(luò)商務(wù) 7、 銀行與信貸 8、 禮儀 9、 商務(wù)職業(yè)生涯 10、 產(chǎn)品與促銷(xiāo) 11、 名人 12、 美容產(chǎn)業(yè) 1 American way of life, 2 business

32、 practices 3, shopping and customer 4,leadership style, 5, attitudes 6,E-commerce, 7,banking and credit 8,etiquette, 9 business career 10, promotional products, 11 celebrity 12,beauty industry商務(wù)溝通-Business CommunicationThe Importance of CommunicationØ Communication skills can help you acquire a

33、 first job or a better job.Ø On the job, poor communication skills can be harmful.Ø Having good communication skills can give you an edge over other job candidates.3. The Process of CommunicationØ Sender and Source（發(fā)出者和信息源） Participants in the communication process who communicate mes

34、sages to an audience are called senders. Ø Message（信息）A message is the written, oral, or nonverbal communication that sender transmits to an audience.信息一般通過(guò)符號(hào)表示。這些符號(hào)代表一定的意義，并可分為語(yǔ)言符號(hào)和非語(yǔ)言符號(hào)兩大類(lèi)。語(yǔ)言符號(hào)是代表特定事物或觀(guān)點(diǎn)的字、詞、句。除語(yǔ)言符號(hào)之外，非語(yǔ)言符號(hào)也是重要的交流方式，比如，身體語(yǔ)言，包括面部表情、手勢(shì)、姿勢(shì)、聲調(diào)、外表等等。不同文化中，非語(yǔ)言符號(hào)涵義有所不同。比如，不直視某人在某些文化

35、中表示對(duì)他人的尊重，而在另外一些文化中，則表示不誠(chéng)實(shí)、企圖隱瞞事實(shí)。Ø Encoding（編碼） The activity of the sender choosing certain words or nonverbal methods to send an intentional message is called encoding. （編碼指發(fā)出者輸出信息前，選擇語(yǔ)言和非語(yǔ)言信息的過(guò)程，亦即制造符號(hào)(creating symbol)的內(nèi)心活動(dòng)，這一過(guò)程可長(zhǎng)可短。）Ø Channel（渠道）Every message is transmitted through a c

36、hannelthe medium through which the message sender and the message receiver communicate.Table 1-1: Three Typical Communication ChannelsTwo-way, face-to-faceInformal conversations, interviews, oral reports, speeches, and teleconferencesTwo-way, not-face-to-faceTelephone conversations and intercompany

37、announcementsOne-way, not-face-to-faceWritten documents such as letters, memos, reports, and press release prepared traditionally or sent electronically (electronic mail, facsimile, voice mail)溝通的渠道是人們表達(dá)信息的手段，是傳遞被編碼信息的途徑。信息傳遞的路徑多種多樣：可以是書(shū)面形式的，如報(bào)紙和雜志等；可以是非紙介的電子形式，如電子郵件、手機(jī)短信等；也可以通過(guò)電波、光波和聲波等形式，如電話(huà)、廣播、電視

38、等；既可以是平面化的，如信札、照片等，也可以是立體的，如可視電話(huà)、網(wǎng)絡(luò)視頻等。Ø Receiver（接收者）Receivers are the audience to whom messages are directed.Ø Decoding（解碼）The activity of the receiver attaching meaning to the words or symbols that the sender sends is called decoding.接收者在反饋信息之前，接收發(fā)出者發(fā)出的信息并賦予意義的過(guò)程被稱(chēng)為解碼。影響賦予符號(hào)意義的因素很多，諸如生活

39、經(jīng)驗(yàn)、宗教信仰、性別年齡、社會(huì)角色與文化差異等。其中又以文化差異的影響最為顯著。Ø Feedback（反饋）Feedback consists of messagesverbal and nonverbalthat convey a reaction to the communicators message.正常情況下，接收者收到發(fā)出者發(fā)出的信息之后，會(huì)對(duì)信息作出反應(yīng)(response)，然后向發(fā)出者回送信息，這一回復(fù)信息的過(guò)程稱(chēng)之為反饋。正是因?yàn)橛辛朔答?，溝通才能顯現(xiàn)出雙向、持續(xù)的動(dòng)態(tài)性特征。Ø Noise（干擾）It refers to all the factors

40、that interfere with the exchange of messages.干擾是阻礙人們準(zhǔn)確理解信息的因素。干擾可以分為內(nèi)部干擾(internal noise)、外部干擾(external noise)和語(yǔ)義干擾(semantic noise)。外部干擾來(lái)自于環(huán)境，可能阻礙信息的接收或理解，比如，課堂附近的建筑工地發(fā)出的各種噪音會(huì)直接影響授課、聽(tīng)課效果等。內(nèi)部干擾出現(xiàn)在發(fā)出者和接收者的內(nèi)心，使發(fā)出者和接收者關(guān)注的不是當(dāng)前的交流而是其他事情。例如，一個(gè)學(xué)生放不下對(duì)丟失錢(qián)包的思慮，注意力根本不在課堂上，聽(tīng)課效果必然大打折扣。語(yǔ)義干擾是指所用詞匯含有幾種不同意義，可能會(huì)干擾接收者對(duì)信

41、息的理解。Ø Context（語(yǔ)境）The communication context refers to the situation in which communication takes place and to every factor affecting its transmission。語(yǔ)境是指溝通發(fā)生的場(chǎng)所和情景。語(yǔ)境可以分為物理語(yǔ)境(physical context)、社會(huì)語(yǔ)境(social context)和人際語(yǔ)境(interpersonal context)。物理語(yǔ)境是指交際發(fā)生的真實(shí)客觀(guān)環(huán)境，即交際互動(dòng)是發(fā)生在室內(nèi)或是室外，是公共場(chǎng)合還是私人聚會(huì)，周?chē)h(huán)境喧鬧

42、還是安靜，燈光明亮或是昏暗等等。社會(huì)語(yǔ)境是指在不同的社交場(chǎng)合人們對(duì)他人不同的行為期待，例如，人們?cè)谠岫Y上的交際活動(dòng)就有別于私人聚會(huì)。人際語(yǔ)境也是一種溝通環(huán)境。從人際語(yǔ)境可以看出溝通雙方之間的關(guān)系，如師生、朋友、對(duì)頭、上下級(jí)等，以及不同文化背景的兩者相互交流等。4. The Flow of CommunicationØ Upward Communication（向上溝通）Messages flowing from subordinates to superiors are called upward communication. Upward communication conveys

43、 four types of messages:² What subordinates are doing² Unsolved work problems² Suggestions for improvement² How subordinates feel about each other and the job向上溝通是指信息從較低層次向較高層次傳遞的過(guò)程。如下級(jí)、被管理者通過(guò)一定的渠道，與上級(jí)、管理決策層所進(jìn)行的信息交流。下級(jí)、被管理者通過(guò)向上溝通可向上級(jí)管理者提供反饋、匯報(bào)各種信息，并告知當(dāng)前存在的問(wèn)題。上級(jí)、管理者也可通過(guò)溝通了解某些不足之處。

44、向上溝通可采取面對(duì)面交談、較正式的會(huì)議或情況介紹等形式，也可通過(guò)書(shū)面的形式傳遞。Ø Downward Communication（向下溝通）Downward communication occurs whenever superiors initiate messages to their subordinates. There are four types of downward communication:² Job instructions² Job rationale² Procedures and practices² Feedbac

45、k向下溝通是指信息從較高層次向較低層次傳遞的過(guò)程，即信息的傳遞是從高級(jí)主管到中層主管，再到基層主管，最后到工作執(zhí)行人員。例如，上層管理者給下屬布置工作，進(jìn)行工作指導(dǎo)，告知政策與程序等，通常采取向下溝通的模式。由于向下溝通可用來(lái)傳達(dá)組織內(nèi)部管理所需的規(guī)章制度、工作程序和日常信息，因而向下溝通具有權(quán)威性，可能包括下達(dá)正式的書(shū)面文件、介紹日常工作情況和布置工作或上下級(jí)之間單向的面對(duì)面交談。Ø Horizontal Communication（水平溝通）Horizontal communication consists of messages between members of an or

46、ganization with equal power. Horizontal communication serves five purposes:² Task coordination² Problem solving² Sharing information² Conflict resolution² Building rapport向上溝通和向下溝通屬于跨越不同層級(jí)的溝通，因此，可視為垂直溝通。當(dāng)溝通發(fā)生在同一工作群體的成員之間，同一等級(jí)的工作群體成員之間，同一等級(jí)的管理者之間以及任何等級(jí)相同的人員之間時(shí)，這種溝通模式就被稱(chēng)為水平溝通或

47、橫向溝通。5. Internal and External CommunicationØ Internal Communication（內(nèi)部溝通）Internal communication involves communicating back and forth within the organization through such written and oral channels as memos, reports, proposals meetings, oral presentations, speeches, and person-to-person and tele

48、phone conversation.Ø External Communication（外部溝通）External communication refers to communication with an organizations major audiencesthe general public, customers, vendors and other businesses, and government officials.6. Communication and CultureØ High-Context Culture（高語(yǔ)境文化）High-context c

49、ultures prefer to use high-context messages in which most of the meaning is either implied by the physical setting or presumed to be part of the individuals internalized belief, values, and norms; very little is provided in the coded, explicit, transmitted part of the message.Communicators in these

50、societies learn to discover meaning from the context in which a message is delivered: the nonverbal behaviors of speakers, the history of the relationship, and the general social rules that govern interaction between people.Ø Low-Context Culture（低語(yǔ)境文化）Low-context cultures prefer to use low-cont

51、ext messages, in which the majority of the information is vested in the explicit code.To low-context communicators, the meaning of a statement is in the words spoken.7. Communication ChannelThe oral channel includes media such as face-to-face conversation, telephone calls, speeches, presentations, a

52、nd meetings. The most common written media are letters, memos, and reports.Oral channel also includes voice mail, audiotape and videotape, teleconferencing and videoconferencing, closed-circuit television, and many more. Written media also include e-mail, faxing, computer conferencing (with groupwar

53、e), websites, instant messaging, and more. General Sites of Rhetorical Contrasts in Business Communication 4.1 Translation 涉外商務(wù)翻譯要求信息必須準(zhǔn)確、無(wú)誤地進(jìn)行傳達(dá)，其遵循的翻譯理論應(yīng)該是美國(guó)著名翻譯家尤金·奈達(dá)所提出的“功能對(duì)等” (Functional Equivalence)理論。該理論強(qiáng)調(diào):翻譯的預(yù)期目的主要是原文和譯文在信息內(nèi)容、說(shuō)話(huà)方式、文體、文風(fēng)、語(yǔ)言、文化、社會(huì)因素諸方面達(dá)到對(duì)等，從而使原文讀者的反應(yīng)與譯文讀者的反應(yīng)達(dá)到對(duì)等。（1） 專(zhuān)業(yè)專(zhuān)業(yè)性

54、，是商務(wù)英語(yǔ)的一個(gè)重要特點(diǎn)。商務(wù)英語(yǔ)的詞匯具有比較明顯的專(zhuān)業(yè)特征，其語(yǔ)境制約著部分詞匯具有其特殊的商務(wù)語(yǔ)義。如，普通英語(yǔ)中“balance，liability，quote，draft”的通常含義分別為“平衡、責(zé)任、引用、草稿”，但在商務(wù)語(yǔ)境中，它們卻有著特殊的含義。例如: 此公司債臺(tái)高筑，不得不破產(chǎn)了。Heavy liabilities forced the firm into bankruptcy. （二）莊重商務(wù)英語(yǔ)具有正式、嚴(yán)肅、莊重的文體特征。例如：欣寄樣品一份。I have pleasure in forwarding this sample to you. 以上句中have ple

55、asure, forward在各自的上下文中分別可用簡(jiǎn)單口語(yǔ)詞匯來(lái)代替，但文體意義有所不同，原文使用了書(shū)面語(yǔ)言，句子更正規(guī)莊重。（三）明確普通英語(yǔ)常大量使用代詞指代前面的名詞，以避免不必要的重復(fù)。而商務(wù)英語(yǔ)則一反普通英語(yǔ)的這種一般趨勢(shì)，為防止指代可能產(chǎn)生的模糊性，經(jīng)常采用重復(fù)名詞或語(yǔ)句的手段，以準(zhǔn)確嚴(yán)密的語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)確保商務(wù)信息傳遞的明確性和完整性。 我方會(huì)盡快發(fā)貨。We will deliver your things soon.The 200 cassettes you ordered on July 21st will be delivered on August 1st.（四）簡(jiǎn)潔簡(jiǎn)潔是商

56、務(wù)英語(yǔ)的另一文體特征，這從其格式用語(yǔ)的使用即可見(jiàn)一斑，其格式有“if+ 形容詞(或過(guò)去分詞)”或“as+過(guò)去分詞”等用法。如“if available，if possible，if necessary，if practicable”或“as agreed，as required”等。 4.2 Illustrations Graphics play an important role in international communication because they convey meaning without depending on words. It is important to bear in mind that different cultures have different levels of visual literacy and often have different associations for what they see.4.3 Numbers Differences in Numerical RepresentationsCountry Sample date formats United States March 1, 2000 France 1 mars 2000 Germany (official format) 1.Mar