最新生物化學(xué) 緒論 PPT課件.

1、一、生物化學(xué)發(fā)展簡(jiǎn)歷一、生物化學(xué)發(fā)展簡(jiǎn)歷二、生物化學(xué)的基本內(nèi)涵二、生物化學(xué)的基本內(nèi)涵三、生物化學(xué)在專業(yè)學(xué)習(xí)中的地位與作用三、生物化學(xué)在專業(yè)學(xué)習(xí)中的地位與作用四、如何學(xué)好生物化學(xué)四、如何學(xué)好生物化學(xué)五、學(xué)習(xí)本課程的基本要求五、學(xué)習(xí)本課程的基本要求 是研究生命活動(dòng)過程中是研究生命活動(dòng)過程中物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ) 及其及其化學(xué)反應(yīng)規(guī)律化學(xué)反應(yīng)規(guī)律的一門科學(xué)。的一門科學(xué)。1)1) functional groupsfunctional groups are clusters of atoms with characteristic structure and functions. 2)2) most bio

2、moleculesmost biomolecules contain more than one functional group. 3) different families of organic compounds result when hydrogen atoms on organic molecules are replaced by different functional groups.4)4) the distinct chemical propertiesthe distinct chemical properties of each functional group con

3、tribute to the behavior of any molecule that contains it.單糖、雙糖單糖、雙糖甘油、脂肪酸甘油、脂肪酸氨基酸氨基酸核苷酸核苷酸葡葡 萄萄 糖糖單單 糖糖雙雙 糖糖fatty acidsstructure of an amino acid 多多 糖：淀粉、糖原、纖維素等糖：淀粉、糖原、纖維素等蛋白質(zhì)：結(jié)構(gòu)蛋白、酶、轉(zhuǎn)錄因子等蛋白質(zhì)：結(jié)構(gòu)蛋白、酶、轉(zhuǎn)錄因子等核核 酸：酸：dna、rna、dsrna etcstarchglycogen cellulose structure of cellulose as it occurs in a plan

4、t cell wall lipids are composed of three fatty acids (usually) covalently bonded to a 3-carbon glycerol. v functions: long-term energy storage; structural components; hormones; insulators and cushions.structure of a phospholipid, phospholipids and glycolipids are important structural components of c

5、ell membranes. phospholipids are modified so that a phosphate group (po4-) is added to one of the fatty acids. the addition of this group makes a polar head and two nonpolar tails. proteins are very important in biological systems as control and structural elements. the building block of any protein

6、 is the amino acids. hiv p17 protein and similarities of its structure to gamma interferon. formation of a covalent bond between two hydrogen atoims. formation of covalent bonds in methanetable salt crystal formation of a crystal of sodium chloride. each positively charged sodium ion is surrounded b

7、y six negatively charged chloride ions; likewise each negatively charged chloride ion is surrounded by six positively charged sodium ions. the overall effect is electrical neutrality. ionic bondformation of a hydrogen bond between the hydrogen side of one water molecule and the oxygen side of anothe

8、r water molecule. the presence of polar areas in the amino acids that makeup a protein allows for hydrogen bonds to form, giving the molecule a three-dimensional shape that is often vital to that proteins proper functioning. electrostatic interactions electrostatic interactions occur between opposit

9、ely charged atoms or groups. an important aspect of all electrostatic interactions in aqueous solution is the hydration of ions. because water molecules are polar, they are attracted to charged ions. as ions become hydrated, the attractive force between them is reduced, and the charged species disso

10、lves in the water. dissolution of an ionically bonded compound, sodium chloride, by water molecules. van der waals forces van der waals forces are relatively week, transient electrostatic interactions. they occur between permanent and / or induced dipoles. they may be attractive or repulsive, depend

11、ing on the the distance between the atoms or groups involved. there are three types of van der waals forces: dipole dipole interactions dipole induced dipole interactions induced dipoles induced dipoles interactions.the mean van der waals diameter of water is identical with that of isoelectronic neo

12、n (2.82 ). hydrophobic interactionsas soon as nonpolar substances are mixed with water, they coalesce into droplets because water-water interactions are stronger than water-nonpolar substance interactions. this process results from hydrophobic interactions.功能基團(tuán)化學(xué)鍵構(gòu)件分子生物大分子化學(xué)鍵化 學(xué) 鍵氫鍵（hydrogen bond）離子

13、鍵（ionic）靜電作用力（electrostatic interaction）范氏作用力（van der waals forces）疏水作用力（hydrophobic interactions）共價(jià)鍵（covalent bond）非共價(jià)鍵（non-covalent bond） 生命活動(dòng)過程是由數(shù)千化學(xué)反應(yīng)生命活動(dòng)過程是由數(shù)千化學(xué)反應(yīng)組成的，相關(guān)聯(lián)的化學(xué)反應(yīng)形成組成的，相關(guān)聯(lián)的化學(xué)反應(yīng)形成代謝途徑，不同的代謝途徑連接代謝途徑，不同的代謝途徑連接形成代謝網(wǎng)絡(luò)。形成代謝網(wǎng)絡(luò)。chemical reactionsmetabolic pathwaysmetabolic networksab, bc,

14、cd, ce, efabcdcefabcd ef 生物化學(xué)反應(yīng)是由酶催化的，反應(yīng)的生物化學(xué)反應(yīng)是由酶催化的，反應(yīng)的基本原理是相同的?；驹硎窍嗤?。氧化還原反應(yīng)氧化還原反應(yīng)親核反應(yīng)親核反應(yīng)異構(gòu)化反應(yīng)異構(gòu)化反應(yīng)水解反應(yīng)水解反應(yīng)合成反應(yīng)合成反應(yīng)etc 生物化學(xué)反應(yīng)實(shí)現(xiàn)了生命必須的物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)生物化學(xué)反應(yīng)實(shí)現(xiàn)了生命必須的物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)換、能量傳遞和信息交流的統(tǒng)一。換、能量傳遞和信息交流的統(tǒng)一。物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)換物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)換生化反應(yīng)的表現(xiàn)形式生化反應(yīng)的表現(xiàn)形式生命平臺(tái)生命平臺(tái)能量傳遞能量傳遞生化反應(yīng)的催化動(dòng)力生化反應(yīng)的催化動(dòng)力生命活力生命活力信息交流信息交流生化反應(yīng)的目標(biāo)實(shí)現(xiàn)生化反應(yīng)的目標(biāo)實(shí)現(xiàn)生命意義生命意義 生物化學(xué)反應(yīng)發(fā)生在細(xì)胞中，生物化學(xué)反應(yīng)發(fā)生在細(xì)胞中，體現(xiàn)出生命的系統(tǒng)性。