論文寫作格式

1、1Chapter 3 The Structure of a Research PaperlA research paper has 3 main parts:(1) The front matter (前頭部分；前面部分)(2) The text (正文)(3) The back matter (后頭部分；后面部分)lEach main part may consist of several sections, as shown on Page 41 of our coursebook.23.1 The front matterlThe front matter of a paper incl

2、udes:The title page (標(biāo)題頁(yè))The outline page (大綱頁(yè))The abstract in both English and in ChineseAcknowledgements (致謝詞)Table of contents (目錄)List of tables (表格清單)List of figures (插圖清單)33.1.1 Title pagelMost universities and colleges have their own style of title page for graduation papers. The title page s

3、hould provide the following information:The title of the paper (bilingual)The label of the paperThe university where you write the paperThe students nameThe instructors name and his/her academic titleThe date when the paper was written43.1.1 Title pagelWe have an example to see in Appendix B in our

4、coursebook, page 215.lPlease note:The title should be specific rather than general, as we discussed in Chapter 2.Delete those unnecessary words or phrases.53.1.2 Outline pagelThe outline page presents a topic, sentence, or paragraph outline, and sometimes includes your thesis statement. It functions

5、 to make your reader have a quick glimpse of what your paper has discussed.lWe have a pair of examples in our coursebook to see, pp. 216-17.lHowever, the Department of English of Haida does not require its graduating students to include this section in their papers.63.1.3 Abstract in EnglishlThe abs

6、tract of your paper is a summary of your study. It should be coherent (連貫的) by itself.lAn abstract makes readers quickly determine the content of a work and decide if the full text should be consulted.73.1.3 Abstract in EnglishlA well-written abstract provides the following items of information:The

7、purpose of the studyThe research questions to be addressedThe subjects involvedThe instruments used to collect the dataThe procedures for collecting and analyzing the dataThe findingsThe confusions or limitations83.1.3 Abstract in EnglishlWhen you write the abstract, you may use the following items

8、as a checklist:(1) Motivation(2) Problem statement (If you have a clear-cut and interesting problem to present, state the problem first)(3) Approach(4) Results(5) Conclusions93.1.3 Abstract in EnglishlAbstracts can be descriptive (描述性的) or informative (信息性的). The informative abstract is preferable.

9、A comparisonA descriptive abstract, which is normally short, merely identifies the areas to be covered in the paper.It includes the purpose, methods, and scope of the research.It introduces the subject to the reader, and the reader must then read the paper to find out the authors results, conclusion

10、s, or recommendation.It summarizes the entire report and gives the reader an overview of the facts that will be laid out in detail in the paper.It includes the purpose, methods, and scope of the paper, and provides the results, conclusions, and recommendations.103.1.3 Abstract in EnglishlPlease make

11、 a comparison of the two examples on pp. 44-45 in our coursebook.11123.1.4 Abstract in ChineselAs a rule, the content of the abstract in Chinese should be the same as that in English.lAccording to the editor of our coursebook:Now lets stop to discuss this statement. What do you think of it?A literal

12、 translation of the English version is definitely unsatisfactory.133.1.4 Abstract in ChineseMy opinion:Students should achieve sentence-by-sentence matching. They can make some adjustments within a sentence.lI believe that most faculty members of this Department have the same wish. 143.1.4 Abstract

13、in ChineselThe length of your abstract is varied. It should be neither too long nor too short.153.1.4 Abstract in ChineseNow lets compare the additional example and judge if it is excessively short.163.1.4 Abstract in ChineseSupplementary topic:lLu Daofu puts forward some guidelines for isolating ke

14、y words (關(guān)鍵詞). 173.1.5 Acknowledgments (致謝詞)lThe topic word acknowledgment should be always in its plural form when it is in actual use.lIn your Acknowledgments, you usually give thanks to:(1) Your instructor(2) The teachers and classmates who once gave you suggestions or advice on your research183.

15、1.5 Acknowledgments(3) Those who helped you correct data and do proof-reading(4) Those who gave you physical and mental support(5) Those who kindly permitted you to use their research instruments or materials193.1.5 AcknowledgmentslIn addition, you can express your heartfelt gratitude to your parent

16、s. 203.1.5 AcknowledgmentslThe heading Acknowledgments appears only on the first page of the part and should be in uppercase (首字母大寫) and centered (居中) over the text.213.1.5 AcknowledgmentslAcknowledgments should be expressed simply and tactfully. The statements of thanks should not be general or abs

17、tract you should provide the information about the way you have been helped. 223.1.5 AcknowledgmentslWhen you want to thank many people or many groups of people, you should try to vary (多樣化) your sentence patterns to avoid monotony.lNow please read again the example in your coursebook, page 46. Plea

18、se read an additional example. lLu Daofu (2009: 48-49) in his book proposes some ways of composing acknowledgments and provides many such sentences.233.1.6 Table of contents (目錄)lThe table of contents list all the parts of the paper except the title page. 243.1.6 Table of contentsNormally, subheadin

19、gs only from Level 1 to Level 3 within the chapters are included in the contents, as we previously discussed in Chapter 2. Now please take a look at Appendix Sample 3 on page 218. An additional example.253.1.7 List of figures (插圖清單)lPlease note: Normally, we use the terms tables (表) and figures (圖)

20、most often when we write our papers. We rarely use the word illustration as the heading word. An example.lIn a list of figures, the figure numbers are given in Arabic numerals followed by a period.263.1.8 List of tables (表格清單)lIn a list of tables, the table numbers (in Arabic, followed by a period)

21、are placed in a column flush left (左對(duì)齊) under the heading “List of Tables”, and the page numbers are listed flush right.273.1.9 List of abbreviations (縮略語(yǔ)清單)lYou should give a list of abbreviations if you devise abbreviations instead of using those that are commonly used.lA list of abbreviations sho

22、uld be arranged alphabetically (按照字母順序) by the abbreviation itself, not the spelled-out term (拼寫出的完整術(shù)語(yǔ)).283.2 The text (正文)lThe text part should include:IntroductionBodyConclusion293.2.1 IntroductionlThe introduction should do 2 main things:Providing background informationStating the thesis303.2.1.1

23、 Background informationlA good way to begin an academic paper is to provide general background information on the subject.lBy including background information you make the reader aware of the context surrounding your topic.313.2.1.2 Thesis statementlThe thesis statement tells your readers in brief w

24、hat you are going to tell them at greater length in the body of your paper.lThe thesis statement directs the readers attention to your major points. It is often the last statement in your introduction.lPlease note: You should write a number of paragraphs for your introduction.Please have a look at t

25、wo additional examples. 323.2.2 BodylThe body of the paper usually consists of several chapters. lI think that an undergraduate student should write 3 to 4 chapters for the body of his papers. And each chapter should have at least 3 levels.333.2.2 BodylIn the body of his paper, the student should ma

26、ke a detailed analysis of his data. lHere he will partially complete the circle of raising an argument, supporting the argument with appropriate evidence, and concluding from his preceding studies.343.2.3 ConclusionlThe conclusion does one or both of the following:Summarizing the main points covered

27、 in a paperAnswering the question “So what?”lYou sometimes might feel that arriving at a proper conclusion is a difficult job to do. So you need to learn those common strategies for drawing a conclusion.353.2.3.1 Summarizing the main points lYour conclusion serves to help your reader to put the part

28、s together, to see things all at once.lYour conclusion is not a simple repetition of what you have said in your Introduction.lAgain, your conclusion should consist of several paragraphs. It should not be overly short. 363.2.3.2 Answering the question “So what?”lEven when your reader comes to the end

29、 of your paper, he may not have had a clear idea of what your main argument is or which side you take. lSo you may conclude by considering the implications of the points you have discussed in your paper.lLu Daofu (2009: 46-47) raises some suggestions on how to write a forceful conclusion.373.3 The r

30、eference matterlThe reference matter contains 2 sections:ReferencesAppendices383.3.1 ReferenceslListing references at the end of your paper is important, because it allows you to avoid plagiarism as a final step.lA list of references is also called a bibliography. But in a strict sense, there is a d

31、ifference between a bibliography and a reference list:39A reference list contains only those works that you referred to in your paper, while a bibliography may include works that you have consulted during your research but you did not cite in your paper in the end.403.3.1 ReferenceslResearch paper w

32、riting usually requires a reference list rather than a bibliography.lYou should keep the style of your references consistent throughout your list. So use only one system of documentation throughout your paper.413.3.1 ReferenceslYou should avoid a common problem in students papers: The reference list includes the works that were not cited in the text while the cited works are excluded.423.3.2 Appendi