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1、Unit 6 Quantity of GoodsKey: I.Here given in the following are short forms for some units of measure and weight. Please give the complete form of each:1)噸 2)盎斯 3)磅 4)品脫 5)碼 6)加侖 7)令 8)公斤 9)克 10)平方米II. Please fill in the blanks with what you have learnt in this unit.1. If the seller delivers a quanti
2、ty of goods greater than that provided for in the contract, the buyer may take delivery or refuse to take delivery of the excess quantity.2. Gross weight refers to the net weight plus the tare weight of the goods.3. There are four ways to calculate tare: by actual tare, by average tare, by customary
3、 tare, by computed tare.4. If the buyer takes delivery of all or part of the excess quantity, he must pay for it at the contract rate.5. Conditioned Weight refers to the kind of weight derived from the process, with which the moisture content of the commodity is removed and standardized moisture add
4、ed both by scientific methods.6. Legal weight is the weight of the goods and the immediate package of the goods.7. A complete more or less term should include three parts: 1) certain proportion; 2) who has the right to decide the more or less term when the goods are delivered; 3) pay attention to th
5、e calculation of more or less clause. 8. At the time of the conclusion of a contract, the quantity clause should be clearly and definitely stipulated so as not to give rise to disputes.III. Please give the following definitions for the names in English.1. Gross weight is the sum of total weight of t
6、he commodity itself and the tare (the package weight). Thats to say it refers to the net weight plus the tare weight of the goods. 2.Net weight is the actual weight of commodity without the addition of the tare. In international trade if the goods are sold by weight, the net weight is often used. 3.
7、 Actual tare: The actual weight of packages of the whole commodities.4. Average tare: In this way, the weight of packages is calculated on the basis of the average tare of a part of the packages.5. Customary tare: The weight of standardized package has a generally recognizer weight which can be used
8、 to represent the weight of such packages.6. Computed tare: The weight of package is calculated according to the tare previously agreed upon by the seller and the buyer instead of actual weighing.IV. 簡答題 1. 答:數(shù)量條款規(guī)定了買賣雙方交貨數(shù)量及與之有關(guān)的權(quán)利和義務(wù),他涉及成交數(shù)量的確定、計(jì)量單位和計(jì)量方法的規(guī)定及數(shù)量機(jī)動(dòng)幅度等內(nèi)容。為訂好數(shù)量條款,應(yīng)依據(jù)政策的規(guī)定和經(jīng)營意圖,根據(jù)需要和可能,
9、按外商資信情況和市場(chǎng)行情變化,正確掌握進(jìn)出口商品的成交數(shù)量,以利于合同的履行。2. 答:(1)大宗農(nóng)、副產(chǎn)品、礦產(chǎn)品及一部分工業(yè)制成品慣于采用按重量計(jì)算,一些貴重商品也慣于采用重量單位。(2)按數(shù)量計(jì)算適用于大多數(shù)工業(yè)制成品,尤其是日用消費(fèi)品、輕工業(yè)品、機(jī)械產(chǎn)品及一部分土特產(chǎn)品。(3)按長度計(jì)算多用于金屬繩索、布匹,綢緞等商品買賣。(4)面積單位可用于玻璃板、地毯、皮革等商品。(5)體積單位僅用于木材、天然氣及化學(xué)氣體的買賣。(6)容積單位中的蒲式耳是美國用來計(jì)量各種谷物的,公升和加侖多用于液體商品。(7)有些國家對(duì)某些商品有自己習(xí)慣的或法定的計(jì)量單位。例如棉花許多國家以"包&quo
10、t;為單位,糖以"袋"為單位。3. 答:(1)毛重。是商品本身加包裝重量。(2)凈重。是商品本身實(shí)際重量,不包括皮重。計(jì)算皮重時(shí)有按實(shí)際皮重、平均皮重、習(xí)慣皮重、約定皮重計(jì)算等四種做法。(3)公量。有些商品因較強(qiáng)的吸濕性導(dǎo)致重量不穩(wěn)定,對(duì)此類商品可用科學(xué)的方法除去其所含實(shí)際水分,然后再加上國際公認(rèn)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)含水量。即公量干量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)含水量。(4)理論重量。對(duì)按固定規(guī)格形狀和尺寸所生產(chǎn)和買賣的商品可從其件數(shù)推算總重量,此總重量即為理論重量。一般只作為計(jì)算實(shí)際重量的參考。(5)法定重量和實(shí)物凈重。法定重量是商品重量加上直接接觸商品的包裝物料的重量,而除去這部分重量所表示出來的純商品重量
11、即為實(shí)物凈重。此方法大多用于海關(guān)征稅。V. True or False. For the false statements, please state the specific reasons.1. ( T )2. ( F ). The commonly used systems in the world are the Metric System, the British System and the U.S. System. 目前國際上通用的度量衡制度有米制、英制和美制。 3. ( F ). It is customary to calculate th
12、e weight by net weight if the contract does not stipulate definitely by gross weight or by net weight. 如果合同中沒有明確規(guī)定是用毛重計(jì)量還是用凈重計(jì)量,按慣例應(yīng)按凈重計(jì)量。 4. ( F ). Net weight is the actual weight of commodity without the addition of the tare. 凈重即貨物自身的實(shí)際重量,不包括皮重。 5. ( F ). Conditioned weight is obtained
13、 with the moisture content of the commodity removed by scientific methods and the standardized moisture added. 公量即用科學(xué)方法抽出商品所含的水分,再加標(biāo)準(zhǔn)水分求的的重量。 6. ( F ) The buyer just can refuse the part which is greater than of the contract. 買方僅可以拒絕超出合同的部分。 7. ( F ). The buyer should pay for it. Under th
14、e “more or less” clause, the payment for the over-load or under-load will be made according to the contract price or at the market price at the time of shipment. 買方需要付款。如簽有溢短裝條款,在溢短裝部分按合同規(guī)定的價(jià)格計(jì)價(jià),或按裝船時(shí)間的市價(jià)計(jì)算價(jià)格。 8. ( F ). The More or Less Clause in a sales contract allows the seller to deliver a
15、s more or as fewer goods as possible within a certain range. 9. ( F ). If without the certain range, The seller may not be paid. 10. ( T ) 11. ( F ). Shipping Marks are to show the capacity and place of origin of the goods in transit. 12. ( T )VI. Case study1Answer: According to Article 11 of
16、CISG: “A contract of sale need not be concluded in, or evidenced by, writing and is not subject to any other requirement as to form. It may be proved by any means, including witnesses.” Though China and the US are both member countries of the CISG, China declared that it wont be bound by Article 11
17、and its related articles. That is to say, any kind of contracts in China must be evidencing by writing. In this case, though both companies agreed orally as to the main terms of the sales contract, there is no writing evidencing the contract. This contract, according to Chinese law, is not effective
18、.2Answer: According to Item 2 of Article 21 of CISG: “If a letter or other writing containing a late acceptance shows that it has been sent in such circumstances that if its transmission had been normal it would have reached the offeror in due time, the late acceptance is effective as an acceptance
19、unless, without delay, the offeror orally informs the offeree that he considers his offer as having lapsed or dispatches a notice to that effect. In this case, in order to avoid unnecessary loss, the Chinese company should telephone or dispatch immediately a notice informing that the acceptance is i
20、neffective as it is late.3. Answer: In international trade, the more or less clause has ample meaning , it means not only the total quantity should be subject to the stipulation, but also the quantity in each type. In this case, though the total quantity has not surpassed the 5%, but the quantity in
21、 each type is far away from the stipulation in the contract. So we consider that the seller has breached the quantity clause. and the importer refuse the goods owing to quantity problems is reasonable.4. Answer:對(duì)方的要求是合理的。賣方交貨的數(shù)量應(yīng)嚴(yán)格按照信用證的規(guī)定執(zhí)行,且應(yīng)按商品的凈重交貨。本案我方用雙線新麻袋包裝貨物,每袋50公斤,但貨物扣除皮重后不足500噸,說明我方短量交貨,買
22、方有權(quán)要求我方退回因短量而多收的貨款,因此,對(duì)方的要求是合理的。5. Answer:賣方避免對(duì)交易貨物的品質(zhì)承擔(dān)雙重?fù)?dān)保義務(wù)(既憑規(guī)格又憑樣品);雖賣方電文中告訴對(duì)方貨物與樣品相似,而不是完全相符,但買方有權(quán)保留所賠的權(quán)利;買出具品質(zhì)比樣品低7%的證明,雖不符合實(shí)情,賣方拿不出留存樣品,故要賠償600英鎊。VII. Calculate and answer questionWe import 20 M/T wool from New Zealand. In the S/C, there indicate “20 M/T”. When we receive the wool, we find t
23、hat the actual regaining rate of water is highly up to 33%. How much do we loss in this transaction? In the S/C, what kind of quantity clause is suitable for us to avoid such un-necessary losses?答: 根據(jù) 損失量=20-20×(1+11%)/1+33%=3.3M/t因此為了避免損失,應(yīng)該采用公量計(jì)重的方法。Unit 7 Packing and Marking of GoodsKe
24、y I. Please state True or False.1.(F) 2.(T) 3.(F) 4.(T) 5.(F) 6.(T) 7.(F) 8.(F) 9.(T) 10.(F)II. Put the following into English:1. consuming taste 2. gift packing3. prettify commodities 4. portable packing5. social customs 6. transparent packing7. creative design 8. suspensible packingIII. Please mak
25、e the best choice from the four choices marked with A, B, C, and D.1.(D) 2. (D) 3. (A) 4. (B) 5. (B) 6. (B) IV. Please give the definition to the followings in English:1 Transport Packing: Transport packing is also called outer packing or big packing. It is used to prevent the packed goods from any
26、damage, easy to store, pilferage-proof, convenient to load and unload and discharge.2 Container: The container is a kind of tool used for transportation which can be thought of as a particular shipping packing of the cargo, usually provided by the ship company to go around.3 Sales packing: Sales pac
27、king (also called inner packing, small packing or immediate packing ) is not only adopted as a form of protection to reduce the risks of goods being damaged in transit and prevent pilferage, but mainly with the purpose of promoting sales. It is now universally recognized as a decisive aid in selling
28、 household consuming goods.4 Neutral packing: The Neutral packing means that there is neither a name of the origin, nor a name and address of the factory/manufacturer, nor a trade mark, a brand, or even any words on the (outer or inner) packing of the commodity and the commodity itself. The purpose
29、of using neutral packing by exporters is to break down the tariff and non-tariff barriers of some countries or regions, or meet the special demand of the transaction (such as entrepot). It may also help the manufacturers in exporting countries to increase the competitiveness of their products, expan
30、d the exports and market profitably in the importing countries.5 Packing mark: Packing mark or recognition mark refers to different diagrams, words and figures which are written, printed, or brushed on the outside of the shipping packing in order that it is easy and convenient for goods loading, unl
31、oading, store, inspection and discharge.6 Shipping mark: Shipping marks are marks of simple designs, some letters, numbers and simple words on packages, often stenciled, that serve as identification of the consignment to which they belong. It is one of the most important elements which are agreed on
32、 by the exporter and the importer in a sales contract.V. 簡答題 1. 簡述國際貿(mào)易中包裝的重要性及約定包裝條件的意義。答:包裝重要性體現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面:(1)是實(shí)現(xiàn)商品價(jià)值和使用價(jià)值的重要手段,是商品生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)之間的橋梁。(2)出口商品需經(jīng)過長距離輾轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)輸,有時(shí)需多次裝卸、搬運(yùn)和存儲(chǔ),包裝可保證商品質(zhì)量和數(shù)量完整,方便貨物裝卸、搬運(yùn)、儲(chǔ)存。(3)商品生產(chǎn)過程,包裝是最后一道工序;在流通領(lǐng)域中,包裝具有保護(hù)商品、美化商品、宣傳商品、提高售價(jià)的重要作用,并可作為對(duì)外競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的重要手段。約定包裝條件的意義在于:(1)不僅起到保護(hù)和美化商品作用,且
33、包裝本身還是貨物說明的組成部分。(2)按一些國家法律解釋,如一方違反了所約定的包裝條件,另一方有權(quán)提出索賠,甚至拒收貨物。2. 國際貿(mào)易中商品運(yùn)輸包裝的要求有哪些?答:(1)必須適應(yīng)商品特性。(2)必須適應(yīng)各種不同運(yùn)輸方式的要求。(3)必須考慮有關(guān)國家的法律規(guī)定和客戶要求。(4)要保證包裝牢固的前提下節(jié)省費(fèi)用,便于各環(huán)節(jié)有關(guān)人員進(jìn)行操作以免使貨物遭受損失。3. 簡述運(yùn)輸包裝的分類情況。答:(1)按包裝方式,可分為單件運(yùn)輸包裝和集合運(yùn)輸包裝,后者又分為集裝包和集裝袋。(2)按包裝造型,可分為箱、袋、桶和捆等方式。(3)按包裝材料,可分為紙制,金屬、木制、麻制品、玻璃制品、陶瓷制品及竹、柳、草制品
34、包裝等。(4)按包裝質(zhì)地,可分為軟性,半硬性和硬性包裝。(5)按包裝程度,可分為全部包裝和局部包裝。4. 國際貿(mào)易中商品銷售包裝的要求有哪些?答:(1)便于陳列展銷,以吸引顧客和供消費(fèi)者選購。(2)便于識(shí)別商品,以便消費(fèi)者了解,看貨成交。(3)便于攜帶和使用,為消費(fèi)者提供方便。(4)要有藝術(shù)吸引力,以便吸引顧客、提高售價(jià)、擴(kuò)大銷路。5. 設(shè)計(jì)和制作銷售包裝時(shí),應(yīng)做好哪些工作?答:(1)包裝的裝潢畫面要美觀大方,富有藝術(shù)吸引力,突出特點(diǎn),圖案和色彩要適應(yīng)有關(guān)國家民族習(xí)慣和愛好,便于擴(kuò)大出口。(2)包裝上的文字說明應(yīng)同裝潢畫面緊密配合,互相襯托,以達(dá)到宣傳和促銷目的,使用文字應(yīng)簡明扼要,并能讓顧客
35、看懂,必要時(shí)可中、外文并用。(3)包裝上標(biāo)簽應(yīng)注意有關(guān)國家的標(biāo)簽管理?xiàng)l例,尤其是食品、藥品、服裝。(4)銷售包裝還應(yīng)注意條形碼技術(shù)的使用問題。6. 影響定牌生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)生的原因有哪些?其具體做法是什么?答:定牌生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)生的原因有:(1)世界許多國家超級(jí)市場(chǎng)、大百貨公司和專業(yè)商店在其經(jīng)營出售商品上標(biāo)有本商店使用的商標(biāo)或品牌,以擴(kuò)大本企業(yè)知名度并顯示該商品身價(jià)。(2)出口廠商為利用買方經(jīng)營能力及商業(yè)信譽(yù)和品牌聲譽(yù),以提高商品售價(jià)和擴(kuò)大銷路,也采用定牌生產(chǎn)。我國出口貿(mào)易中定牌生產(chǎn)具體做法有:(1)在商品或包裝上,打印上外商所指定的商標(biāo)或品牌,而不標(biāo)明生產(chǎn)國別和出口廠商名稱。(2)在商品或包裝上,表明我國的商
36、標(biāo)或品牌,同時(shí)加注國外商號(hào)名稱或表示其商號(hào)的標(biāo)記。(3)在商品或包裝上,采用買方指定商標(biāo)或品牌,同時(shí)注明"中國制造"字樣。7. 聯(lián)合國制定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)運(yùn)輸標(biāo)志的原因是什么?其作用有哪些?答:制定原因?yàn)椋海?)運(yùn)輸標(biāo)志內(nèi)容較多。(2)有時(shí)要加進(jìn)一些不必要項(xiàng)目。(3)各國和各種運(yùn)輸方式之間對(duì)運(yùn)輸標(biāo)志的要求差異較大,不能適應(yīng)國際貨物流動(dòng)量的增加和多式聯(lián)運(yùn)的開展,不利于電子計(jì)算機(jī)在運(yùn)輸和單證流轉(zhuǎn)方面的應(yīng)用。作用有:(1)減少了運(yùn)輸標(biāo)志內(nèi)容,節(jié)省出口成本、時(shí)間和費(fèi)用。(2)提高計(jì)算機(jī)操作和審單效率,加速船舶和資金周轉(zhuǎn)。(3)消除因運(yùn)輸標(biāo)志內(nèi)容過多和繁雜而可能造成的失誤和困難,保證交貨的順利進(jìn)
37、行。8. 買賣雙方制定合同中包裝條款時(shí)應(yīng)注意哪些問題?答:(1)對(duì)包裝要求應(yīng)當(dāng)明確具體,做到明確規(guī)定包裝材料、造型、規(guī)格。除傳統(tǒng)商品外不宜采用"按慣常方式包裝"等含糊包裝術(shù)語。另外,除非買賣雙方對(duì)具體內(nèi)容事先充分交換意見或在長期業(yè)務(wù)往來中就問題取得一致認(rèn)識(shí),包裝條款一定要明確具體。(2)應(yīng)訂明包裝費(fèi)用由何方負(fù)擔(dān)。按慣例,包裝費(fèi)用一般在貨價(jià)之內(nèi),包裝條款中無須另行訂明。若買方堅(jiān)持要求對(duì)原本不需包裝的商品實(shí)施特殊包裝,導(dǎo)致包裝費(fèi)用超出正常,增加產(chǎn)品成本,或包裝物料剛好構(gòu)成產(chǎn)品成本增加時(shí),則需訂明包裝費(fèi)用負(fù)擔(dān)。若賣方同意接受買方提供包裝,包裝條款中還應(yīng)訂明寄送包裝方法,包裝送達(dá)日
38、期,送交包裝延遲責(zé)任及運(yùn)送包裝費(fèi)用負(fù)擔(dān)等內(nèi)容。進(jìn)口合同中對(duì)包裝技術(shù)性較強(qiáng)的商品通常在單價(jià)后注明"包括包裝費(fèi)用",以免發(fā)生糾紛。(3)明確由何方提供運(yùn)輸標(biāo)志。按慣例,運(yùn)輸標(biāo)志可由買方提供,也可由賣方?jīng)Q定。賣方?jīng)Q定時(shí)可不訂入合同,或只訂明"賣方標(biāo)志",由賣方設(shè)計(jì)后通知買方。買方提供時(shí)應(yīng)在合同中規(guī)定買方提供時(shí)間,如超過時(shí)間賣方可提出其他補(bǔ)救方法。(4)明確包裝不良應(yīng)負(fù)的責(zé)任。保險(xiǎn)公司一般不負(fù)責(zé)因包裝不良造成的損失。在包裝條款中,應(yīng)對(duì)包裝不善所造成損失的索賠問題作適當(dāng)規(guī)定,以防止進(jìn)口貨物因包裝不良受到損失,對(duì)儀器、機(jī)器設(shè)備進(jìn)口時(shí)使用的包裝條款,更應(yīng)就索賠問題作出
39、詳細(xì)規(guī)定。VI案例題1、答:(1)外商做法是否合理應(yīng)從兩個(gè)方面來看。(2)一般來講,保險(xiǎn)公司不負(fù)責(zé)因包裝不良所造成的損失。所以在進(jìn)口合同條款中外商應(yīng)對(duì)包裝不善造成的損失的索賠問題做出詳細(xì)規(guī)定。若買方已做出規(guī)定,包裝不良造成損失由賣方負(fù)責(zé),那么外商的做法是合理的。若買方未作具體規(guī)定,則外商做法不盡合理,應(yīng)由雙方協(xié)商解決,或提交仲裁機(jī)構(gòu)解決。2、答:(1)按國際貿(mào)易習(xí)慣,嘜頭由買方提供時(shí)在合同中應(yīng)規(guī)定買方提供時(shí)間。如超過時(shí)間,賣方可提出其他補(bǔ)救辦法,如自行規(guī)定嘜頭。(2)該公司在此情況下應(yīng)致電買方詢問延誤原因,請(qǐng)其快速電告所設(shè)計(jì)嘜頭,否則將由該公司自行規(guī)定。3、答:(1)我方據(jù)此提出拒收或索賠是完
40、全合理的。(2)在國際貨物買賣中,如一方違反了所約定的包裝條件,另一方有權(quán)提出索賠,甚至可以拒收貨物。由此可知,雖然外商交貨數(shù)量與合同規(guī)定數(shù)量相符,但他的行為違反了合同中的包裝條款,已構(gòu)成違約,我方可以提出拒收或索賠。4、答:有些國家的法律,把買賣分為兩類,一種叫憑樣品買賣,一種叫憑說明買賣。后者所包括的范圍很廣,不僅涉及商品品質(zhì)方面的問題,也包括數(shù)量,甚至包括合同中有關(guān)裝運(yùn)期、包裝和貨物花式搭配方面的陳述。按照英國買賣法的規(guī)定,凡合同中一切有關(guān)貨物“說明”的事項(xiàng)都是合同的要件,如有違反,買方有權(quán)拒收貨物,并可以提出索賠。本案例中,英國法認(rèn)為,包裝是屬于“說明”的組成部分,屑于要件,賣方違背合
41、同要件,買方有理由拒收全部貨物,也可以接受合乎規(guī)定部分,拒收不合規(guī)定部分,并提出損害賠償。5、答:海關(guān)處置正確。這實(shí)際上是一個(gè)定牌中性包裝問題,在國際貿(mào)易中對(duì)于中性包裝,尤其是定牌中性包裝,在按照買方的要求注明有關(guān)商標(biāo)、牌號(hào)外,還應(yīng)注明以后因此而產(chǎn)生的侵權(quán)行為或知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)糾紛,由買方承擔(dān)一切責(zé)任和費(fèi)用。6、答:有些國家的法律,把買賣分為兩類,一種叫憑樣品買賣,一種叫憑說明買賣。后者所包括的范圍很廣,不僅涉及商品品質(zhì)方面的問題,也包括數(shù)量,甚至包括合同中有關(guān)裝運(yùn)期、包裝和貨物花式搭配方面的陳述。按照英國買賣法的規(guī)定,凡合同中一切有關(guān)貨物“說明”的事項(xiàng)都是合同的要件,如有違反,買方有權(quán)拒收貨物,并可
42、以提出索賠。本案例中,英國法認(rèn)為,包裝是屬于“說明”的組成部分,屬于要件,賣方違背合同要件,買方有理由拒收全部貨物,也可以接受合乎規(guī)定部分,拒收不合規(guī)定部分,并提出損害賠償。Unit Eight Price of GoodsKeyI、單項(xiàng)選擇題1、C2、B3、D4、A5、B6、A7、C8、D9、A10、B11、B12、D13、CII、多項(xiàng)選擇題1、ABCE2、ABC3、BCD4、ABCDE5、CE6、ABC7、ABCDE 8、ABCE 9、AC10、ABCE11. ABCDEIII、名詞解釋1、 出口總成本:是外貿(mào)企業(yè)為出口商品支付的國內(nèi)總成本。它的構(gòu)成因素有進(jìn)貨成本和國內(nèi)費(fèi)用。如是需繳納出口
43、稅的商品,還應(yīng)包括出口稅。2、 出口換匯成本:指某商品出口凈收入一個(gè)單位的外匯所需要的人民幣成本。是衡量外貿(mào)企業(yè)和進(jìn)出口交易盈虧的重要指標(biāo)。3、 固定價(jià)格:指交易雙方協(xié)商一致的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)合同價(jià)格予以明確、具體的規(guī)定。4、 后定價(jià)格:指在合同中不明確規(guī)定價(jià)格,具體價(jià)格留待以后確定。5、 暫定價(jià)格:在合同中先訂立一個(gè)初步價(jià)格,作為開立信用證和初步付款依據(jù),待雙方確定最后價(jià)格后再進(jìn)行最后清算,多退少補(bǔ)。6、 待定價(jià)格:交易雙方就其他條件達(dá)成一致,合同已成立,但規(guī)定“價(jià)格待定”或合同中沒有明示或默示規(guī)定貨物價(jià)格的情況。7、 價(jià)格調(diào)整條款:在訂約時(shí)只規(guī)定初步價(jià)格,同時(shí)規(guī)定,如原材料價(jià)格和工資等發(fā)生變化,
44、按原材料價(jià)格和工資等的變動(dòng)來計(jì)算合同最終價(jià)格。8、 傭金:指代理人或經(jīng)紀(jì)人為委托人服務(wù)而收取的報(bào)酬。9、 明傭:交易雙方在洽談時(shí)將傭金明確表示出并寫入價(jià)格條款中。10、折扣:是賣方給予買方一定的價(jià)格減讓,一般可在買方支付貨款時(shí)預(yù)先扣除。11、出口成本價(jià)格:是企業(yè)以出口總成本為基礎(chǔ)計(jì)算出來的單位成本價(jià)格。12、出口外匯凈收入:是出口外匯總收入扣除勞務(wù)費(fèi)用等非貿(mào)易外匯后的外匯收入。13、出口盈虧額:是指出口銷售的人民幣凈收入與出口總成本的差額。IV、簡答題1、答:(1)要考慮商品的質(zhì)量和檔次,貫徹以質(zhì)論價(jià)的原則。(2)要考慮運(yùn)輸距離,核算運(yùn)輸成本,做好比價(jià)工作,以體現(xiàn)地區(qū)差價(jià)。(3)要考慮交貨地點(diǎn)
45、和交貨條件,把買賣雙方的責(zé)任、費(fèi)用和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)在價(jià)格中體現(xiàn)出來。(4)要考慮季節(jié)性需求的變化,掌握好季節(jié)性差價(jià),爭(zhēng)取有利價(jià)格。(5)要考慮成交數(shù)量,成交量大時(shí)可給予適當(dāng)優(yōu)惠。(6)要考慮支付條件是否有利和匯率變動(dòng)的趨勢(shì),把利息負(fù)擔(dān)和匯率變動(dòng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也計(jì)入貨價(jià)。(7)要考慮國際市場(chǎng)價(jià)格走勢(shì),注意搜集國際市場(chǎng)信息,對(duì)其價(jià)格及供求狀況進(jìn)行分析和預(yù)測(cè)。(8)要考慮交貨期遠(yuǎn)近、市場(chǎng)銷售習(xí)慣及消費(fèi)者愛好與否等因素。2、答:固定價(jià)格明確、具體、肯定,便于核算和執(zhí)行,是國際市場(chǎng)上常見做法。它的不足之處在于:(1)合同缺乏穩(wěn)定性。行市劇變時(shí),不守信用的商人會(huì)尋找各種借撕毀合同,使我方遭受不應(yīng)有的損失。(2)價(jià)格不穩(wěn)定時(shí),
46、國外商人會(huì)觀望不前,怕承擔(dān)價(jià)格波動(dòng)帶來的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。為使交易順利達(dá)成,提高履約率,減少風(fēng)險(xiǎn),我們采用固定價(jià)格時(shí)應(yīng)注意兩點(diǎn)。(1)必須對(duì)影響商品供求的各種因素細(xì)致研究,并在此基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)價(jià)格走勢(shì)作出判斷,以此作為決定合同價(jià)格依據(jù)。(2)通過各種途徑了解客戶資信情況,慎重選擇訂約對(duì)象。3、答:非固定價(jià)格是一種變通做法,它的有利之處在于:(1)有助于暫時(shí)解決價(jià)格方面的分歧,雙方可先就其他條款達(dá)成協(xié)議,早日簽約,待日后再確定成交價(jià)格。(2)解除客戶對(duì)價(jià)格風(fēng)險(xiǎn)顧慮,使之敢于簽訂交貨期長的合同。有利于鞏固和擴(kuò)大出口市場(chǎng),有利于生產(chǎn)、收購和出口計(jì)劃完成。(3)雖不能完全排除交易雙方的價(jià)格風(fēng)險(xiǎn),但有利于出口方不失時(shí)機(jī)地
47、做成生意,也有利于進(jìn)口方保證一定的轉(zhuǎn)售利潤。非固定價(jià)格的缺點(diǎn)在于:(1)因先訂約后作價(jià),就不可避免的帶來較大的不穩(wěn)定性。特別是待定價(jià)格,萬一雙方作價(jià)時(shí)不能取得一致意見,合同就無法執(zhí)行。(2)如作價(jià)條款規(guī)定不當(dāng),合同還有失去法律效力的危險(xiǎn)。4、答:在實(shí)際業(yè)務(wù)中,如果交易雙方對(duì)傭金雖已達(dá)成協(xié)議,卻約定不在合同中表示出來,約定的傭金由一方當(dāng)事人按約定另行支付,則稱為“暗傭”。國外中間商或買主,為賺取“雙頭傭”,或?yàn)檫_(dá)到逃匯或逃稅的目的,往往提出使用“暗傭”。“暗扣”是指當(dāng)事人出于各種考慮,對(duì)折扣雖已達(dá)成協(xié)議,卻不在合同價(jià)格條款中表示出來,折扣的金額由一方當(dāng)事人按約定另行支付。5、答:傭金的支付要根據(jù)
48、中間商提供服務(wù)的性質(zhì)和內(nèi)容而定。支付方法有兩種:(1)交易達(dá)成時(shí)就向中間商支付傭金。(2)賣方收到全部貨款后,再另行支付傭金。第一種情況下,雖交易已達(dá)成,但萬一合同無法履行,委托人仍要向中間商支付傭金。第二種情況對(duì)委托人比較有利。為避免誤解、除要明確規(guī)定委托人與中間商之間權(quán)利與義務(wù)之外,委托人最好事先與傭金商達(dá)成書面協(xié)議,明確規(guī)定出支付傭金的方法。通常傭金可在合同履行后逐筆支付,也可按月、季、半年,甚至一年匯總支付。折扣的支付一般可在買方支付貨款時(shí)預(yù)先扣除,或采用“暗扣”、“回扣”的方法。6、答:(1)明確規(guī)定作價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。規(guī)定作價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)可減少非固定價(jià)格條款給合同帶來的不穩(wěn)定因素,消除雙方在價(jià)格方面
49、的矛盾。(2)謹(jǐn)慎選擇作價(jià)時(shí)間。它可使出口方安全收匯,保證合同順利履行。時(shí)間的確定可分為裝船前作價(jià)、裝船時(shí)作價(jià)、裝船后作價(jià)三種。(3)充分考慮采用非固定價(jià)格對(duì)合同成立的影響。在實(shí)際業(yè)務(wù)中,商品具體價(jià)格可以不在合同中規(guī)定,只規(guī)定作價(jià)辦法或原則,合同即為有效成立。因此在采用非固定價(jià)格時(shí)應(yīng)盡可能將作價(jià)方法訂得明確具體。7、答:我國進(jìn)出口商品的作價(jià)原則是,在貫徹平等互利的原則下,根據(jù)國際價(jià)格水平,結(jié)合國別(地區(qū))政策,按我方的經(jīng)營意圖確定適當(dāng)?shù)膬r(jià)格。8、答:出口成本價(jià)格是企業(yè)以出口總成本為基礎(chǔ)計(jì)算出來的單位成本價(jià)格。它與出口成交價(jià)格的主要區(qū)別在于出口成本價(jià)格并不涉及有關(guān)國外的任何費(fèi)用;而出口成交價(jià)格則
50、可能包括單位商品的國外費(fèi)用,如國外運(yùn)費(fèi)、保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)、傭金等。9、答:(1)明確規(guī)定作價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。為減少非固定價(jià)格條款給合同帶來的不穩(wěn)定因素,消除雙方在作價(jià)方面的矛盾,明確訂立作價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是一個(gè)重要的必不可少的前提。(2)謹(jǐn)慎選擇作價(jià)時(shí)間。在采用非固定價(jià)格時(shí),作價(jià)時(shí)間的規(guī)定非常重要,為了使出口方安全收匯,保證合同順利履行,應(yīng)謹(jǐn)慎選擇作價(jià)時(shí)間。(3)充分考慮采用非固定價(jià)格對(duì)合同成立的影響。10、答:(1)合理地確定商品的單價(jià),防止偏高或偏低。(2)根據(jù)船源、貨源等實(shí)際情況,選擇適當(dāng)?shù)馁Q(mào)易術(shù)語。(3)爭(zhēng)取選擇有利的計(jì)價(jià)貨幣,必要時(shí)可加訂保值條款。(4)靈活運(yùn)用各種不同的作價(jià)辦法,避免承擔(dān)價(jià)格變動(dòng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。(5)參
51、照國際貿(mào)易的習(xí)慣做法,注意傭金和折扣的合理運(yùn)用。(6)如交貨品質(zhì)、交貨數(shù)量有機(jī)動(dòng)幅度或包裝費(fèi)用另行計(jì)價(jià)時(shí),應(yīng)一并訂立機(jī)動(dòng)部分作價(jià)和包裝費(fèi)計(jì)價(jià)的基本辦法。(7)單價(jià)中的計(jì)量單位、計(jì)價(jià)貨幣和港口名稱,必須書寫清楚,以利于合同的履行。V、計(jì)算題1、解:出口總成本4000×(115)4600(人民幣元)出口外匯凈收入1000(80101000×3)880(美元)出口換匯成本4600÷8805. 227(人民幣元/美元)2、解:CIFC3紐約價(jià)(50060)÷(11.1×0. 83)582. 6(美元)3、解:fob中國岸價(jià)1000×(11.
52、1×0. 85)75915. 65(美元)4、解:CFRC4價(jià)1000÷(14)1041. 7(美元)5、解:出口方單位商品凈收入1000×(12)980(美元)6、解:FOB= CIF × 1-(1 + insurance bonus rate) × premium rate F =2000 × 1-(1+0.4%) × 1+10% 150 =$1841.20 Answer: When the offer converts from CIF into FOB, the price should be $ 1841.20 p
53、er M/T FOB Tianjin.VI. Comprehension questions:Key:1 They are quality, quantity, packing, price, delivery, insurance, terms of payment, inspection, claim and arbitration.2 The price term is the most important term.3 FOB, CIF and CFR are the most often used terms in international trade.4 In the cours
54、e of business negotiation and contract conclusion, appropriate trade terms, reasonable price and favorable money of account should be chosen. Detailed method of pricing should be included in the clause of price, and price adjustment clauses should also be added in the price term if necessary. In add
55、ition, commissions and discounts could be used as a flexible way of motivating the initiatives of the supplier and expanding the sales.Pricing: the following methods of pricing can be used in international sales of goods:1) Fixed pricing 2) Flexible pricing3) Partial fixed pricing & flexible pri
56、cing4) Floating pricing5 The term is CIF when the consignment is delivered with all the charges up to arrival at the port of destination paid by the seller.6 The contract term is CFR whereby the seller undertakes to pay for the cost of transport of the goods to a specified destination.7 The most app
57、ropriate term is FCA (Free Carrier).8 CIP (Carriage and Insurance Paid to) requires the seller to pay for the insurance.Unit Nine Delivery of GoodsKey I. True or false1. T2. F where the goods are to be unloaded must be decided and confirmed by the
58、 buyer at least 48 hours before the ship arrives at the first optional port.3. T4. T5. T6. F a letter of indemnity is issued by the shipper to the shipping company in exchange for a clean-on-board shipped bill of lading.7. F according to article 23 of the UCP NO.500,” IF A Credit calls for a bill of lading covering a port to port shipment, banks wil
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