跨文化交際名詞術語解釋

1、Globalization is con sidered as a process of increasi ng involvment in inter national busi ness operati ons.經濟學視角中的全球化表現為不斷增加的國際商務往來過程。2. Macroculture :The term macroculture implies losing ethnic differences and forming one large society.宏觀文化意味著種族差異的消失和一個大社會的形成。3. Melting pot means a sociocultural a

2、ssimilation of people of different backgrounds and n ationlities.熔爐:不同背景和國籍的人們之間的社會文化的同化。4 Microcultures:cultures within cultures>微觀文化：文化中的文化5. Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose culture perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communic

3、ation event跨文化交際:指擁有不同文化認知和符號體系的人文之間進行的交際。6. Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs,values,and norms,which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people文化是習得的一套關于信仰，價值觀，規(guī)范的公認的解釋，這些信仰，價值觀，規(guī)范對相 當大人類群體的行為產生影響。7. Culture identity refers to one's sense of belongi

4、ng to a particular culture or ethnic group文化身份：指有意識地把自己歸為某一特定文化或種族群體。8. Subculture are formed by groups of people possessing characteristic traits that set apart and distinguish them from others within a larger society or dominant culture亞文化:具有能在更大的一個社會范圍內或主流文化中使自己有別于他人的特點的人類群 體所形成的文化。9. Subgroup ar

5、e groups with the dominant culture does not agree and with which it has communication problems.亞群體:與主流文化不一致，并與主流文化有交際障礙的交際群體。10. Rules may refers to socially agreedon behavior or to individual guidelines for behavior.規(guī)則:社會認同的行為或行為的個體原則。u. Norms are culturally ingrai ned principles of correct and in

6、correct behaviors which, if broken carry a form of overt or covert penalty.規(guī)范指的是正確和不正確行為根深蒂固的文化原則，這種不正確的行為一旦發(fā)生，就意味 著一種顯性或隱性的處罰。13. Enculturation is the socialization process you go through to adapt to your society.社會文化適應：人們學習適應自己所在社會的文化的社會化過程。14. Acculturation refers to an individual's learning

7、and adopting the norms and values of the new host culture.文化適應：人們學習適應新文化的社會規(guī)范和價值觀的過程。15 分隔和隔離 separation and segregation refer to maintaining one's original culture and not participating in the new culture在文化適應過程中保留了原有文化，完全沒有接受和習得新文化。16. 融合 Integration takes place when individuals become an inte

8、gral part of the new culture while maintaining their cultural integrity integration ensures a continuity of culture.在文化適應中人們成為新文化的一部分，同時乂保留了自己文化的完整性。17. 同化 Assimilation is the degree to which an in dividual relinquishes an origi nal culture for another when individuals are assimilated into a mainstr

9、eam culture,they lose their previous culture 人們放棄原有文化，接受新文化的程度一旦被主流文化同化，人們就失去了原有的文化。18. 邊緣化 Marginalization or deculturation, refers to losing ones cultural identity and not having any psychological contact with the larger society.人們不僅失去自己原有的文化身份，而且與 廣大社會失去了心理聯系。19. 文化震蕩 Culture shock refers to the

10、traumatic experie nee that an in dividual may en cou nter when entering a different culture.人們在進入一種新文化環(huán)境時，遭遇的痛苦和難忘的經歷。20. |21. 信，息源 source is the person with an idea he orshe desires to communicate是具有交際需要和愿望的具體的人。22. 編碼 encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol.是指將思想轉換成代碼的行為過程。23. 信息m

11、essage is the resulting object.交流的內容,編碼的結果O24. 渠道channel是信息傳遞的手段。25. %血 干擾noise指任何會曲解信息源所要表達的信息的事情。27.解碼decoing信息接收者在積極參與交流的過程中對所接收到的符號信息賦予意義的過28.29.30.31.32.33.34.35.36.37.38.39.40.41.程。反饋feedback指信息接收者的反應被信息源所了解的那一部分反應。情境context交際發(fā)生的環(huán)境并且有助于解釋交際內容的含義。人際交際 interpersonal communication: a small n umbe

12、r of individuals who are in teracting exclusively with one another and who therefore have the ability to adapt their messages specifically for those others and to obtain immediate interpretaions from them指少數丿、之可 的交往他們既能根據對方調整自己的信息，乂能立即從對方那里獲得解釋。<內文化交際 intracultural communication is defined as com

13、munication between and among members of the same culture .Jh同一文化內某成員之間的交際，總的來說，同一種族，政 治傾向宗教，或者具有同樣興趣的人們之間的交際。國家間交際internation communication指國家和政府而非個人之間的交際，此種交際非常 正式和儀式化?？缑褡褰浑H interthnic communication : refers to communication between people of the same race ,but different ethnic backgrounds .指同一種族，不

14、同民族背景的人們之間的交際。跨種族交際 interracial communication:occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages are from different races that pertain to different physical characteristics指信息原和 信息來自不同的種族，種族具有不同的身體特征?？绲貐^(qū)交際 interregional communication:refers to the exchange of messages between members of the

15、 dominant culture within a country.指一個國家內主流文化成員之間的信息交 換過程。世界觀 worldview :is the belief that we hold explaining the cosmos God,the nature of humanityand nature.指我們持有的對宇宙，神，人本質及自然的最根本的看法宗教 religion refers to belief in and reverence for a supernatural power or powers regarded as creator and governor of

16、 the universe.對超自然力量寧宙創(chuàng)造者和控制者權力的相信與崇 敬。個人主義individualism:個人利益勝于集體利益，集體主義collectivism：個人融入集體對不確定因素的回避態(tài)度：uncertainty avoidance deals with a society's tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity ;it ultimately refers to man's search for truth是關于一個社會對不 確定性和模棱兩可的容忍程度。42.權利距離power distance：組織或機構里邊，沒有權

17、力的成員對于權力不均等分配接受和 期望的程度。43.,44. 感覺 sensation: is the neurological process by which people become aware of their environmnent .人們意識到周圍環(huán)境的神經過程。45. 低語境low context：交際過程中所產生的信息量的大部分山顯性的語碼負載，只有少量的 信息蘊含在隱性的環(huán)境和情景中。46. 高語境high versus：在人們交際時，有較多的信息量蘊含在社會文化環(huán)境和悄景中，明顯 的語碼負載較少的信息量。47. 焦慮 Anxiety occurs because of

18、not knowing what one is expected to do, and focusing on that feeling and not be totally present in the communication transection在新坯：境下人們不知女口彳可 應對，過多關注自己的悄緒，不能全身心投入到交際中。48 假定一致性：(1) To assume people know how someone else is thinking based on how they see things is called projected cognitive similarit

19、y.i從自己看待事物的角度來判斷別人的想法(2)Assuming similarity in stead of difference refers to the assumpti on that people are more similar to you than they actually are or that another person's situation is more similar to you own situation than it in fact is.49. 定勢 stereotypes： refers to negative or positive ju

20、dgment made about individuals based on any observable or believed group membership.針對U標群體成員所特有的正面或方面的判斷。50. 偏見 Prejudice refers to the irrational dislike,suspicion,or hatred of a particular group,racejeligionr sexual orientation.偏見是指對于某一特定群體，種類，宗教或性取向的無端的憎惡和懷疑。51. 種族主義是基于種族 Racism isany policy,pract

21、ice,belief,or attitude that attributes characteristics or status to individuals based on their race.把性格特點或地位歸因于個人的任 意政策、做法、信仰或態(tài)度。52. -sb.語言絕對論：Linguistic determinist is that language structure controls thought and culturaln orms.語言結構控制思維和文化。54.語言相對論：Linguistic relativity holds that culture is contro

22、lled by and controls language.文化 由語言來決定，同時也決定語言。55. 言語交際 Verbal intercultural communications happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language.當來自不同文化背景的人們用 語言進行交流時言語交際就發(fā)生了56. 禁忌語：Taboo refers to some words or actio ns that are avoided by a particu

23、lar group of people, or in certain for religious or social reasons.在特定文化中出于宗教或社會原因被一特 定群體所避免使用的一些詞語或行為。57. 委婉語：Euphemism means the act of substituting a mildjndirector vague term for one considered harsh,blunt,or offensive.指用溫和的，間接的方式來代替嚴厲的，生碩的或冒犯 的言語。58. 非言語信號：（狹義）noverbal communicate refers to int

24、ertional use of non spoke n symbol to communicate a specific message .運用非言語符號傳達特定信息的交際行為。（廣義）refers to elements of the environment that communicate by virtue of people's use of them人們交際時' 運用的環(huán)境因素。59. 畐U語言:Paralanguage refers to the rate ,pitch and volume qualities of the voice,which interrup

25、t or temporarily take the place of speech and affect the meaning of a message 是與 口 語交際有 關，指說的速度，音高，和質量，這些要素會打斷或臨時取代語言并影響信息的語意表達.60.60. 時間行為：Chronemics is the study of how people perceive and use time.是指研究人們如何看 待和使用時間。61. 時空行為：proxemics refers to the perception and use of space in eluding territorial

26、ity and personal space.指對空間的認知和使用時空進行溝通，包括地盤性和個人空間。62. 目光語：The study of communications sent by the eyes is termed oculesics.研究 U 光傳遞的交 流信息。¥63. 氣味行為 Olfactics： The study of communication via smell is called Olfactics 對通過味道進行 交流的研究。64. 觸覺行為 Haptics:refers to communicating through the use of bodi

27、ly context 通過身體接觸來 進行交流。66 身勢語行為 Kinesics： is the term used for communicating through various types of body moveme nts in eluding facial expressi on sestures,posture and stance ,and other man nerisms that may accompany or replace oral messages指交際時所使用的不同類型的動作，包括表情，手勢，姿勢，和其他代替語言傳達信息的 行為舉止。67. 色彩學 Chro

28、matics:refers to the study of color use in affecting people's mood,emotions,and impression of others.指影響你的情緒，情感和對他人的印象的顏色的研究。68. 69. 節(jié) Etiquette:refers to manners and behaviors considered acceptable in social and business situation .在社會或商務往來中被認為可接受的行為舉止。70. 良好的交際 Competent communication： as inte

29、raction that is perceived as effective in fulfillingcertain rewarding objectives in a way that is also appropriate to the context in which the interaction occurs.指的是以一種適合交際發(fā)生場景的方式來完成一定的有回報的LI標 的有效交際。71. 跨文化能力 intercultural competence:refers to the ability to understand and adapt to the target culture;in another word,it refers to the sensitivity to cultural diversity/zthe ablity to behave in an appropriate way and to reg