《英漢句法對比》PPT課件

1、Chapter 2 Contrastive Studies of English and ChineseLecturer：溫彬：溫彬wenbin0706sina1、Synthetic & Analytic 1A synthetic language is characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical relationships.2An analytic language is characterized by frequent use

2、 of function words, auxiliary verbs, and changes in word order to express synthetic relations.English: synthetic-analytic language (old English was synthetic + modern English is analytic)Chinese: a typical analytic language 1.1 Inflectional & Non-inflectional Inflection: In grammar, an inflectio

3、n is a change in the form of a word that shows its grammatical function. Notice: nouns, pronouns, verbs are inflected; the endings er, -est are non-inflectional suffixes.1、 Synthetic & AnalyticThe use of inflected forms could express: Parts of speech 詞性 Gender性Number數(shù)Case主格/賓格Person人稱Tense時態(tài)Aspe

4、ct體Voice語態(tài)Mood情態(tài)Non-finite verbs非限定動詞 1、 Synthetic & Analytic1.2 Word Order: flexible & inflexible 1.3 English and Chinese use different function words 1、 Synthetic & AnalyticEnglish function words: Article冠詞 Preposition介詞 Auxiliary verb助動詞 Coordinator并列銜接詞 Subordinator從屬銜接詞 1、 Synthetic

5、 & Analytic表示語義引申 and, not only. but also, as well as, neither. nor 表示選擇 or, either. or 表示轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ?but, yet, however, nevertheless 表示因果關(guān)系 for, so, therefore, hence Coordinator并列銜接詞 Subordinator從屬銜接詞 引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句 when, while, as, after, before, since, untill, as soon as, once 引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句 because, as, since

6、, now that, considering (that) 引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句 if, even if, unless, in case, provided /providing (that), suppose/supposing (that), as (so) long as, on condition (that) 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句 although / though, even if 引導(dǎo)比較狀語從句 than, as (so).as 引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句 lest, so that, in order that 引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句 so.that, such.that 1、 Syntheti

7、c & AnalyticChinese function words: Particle助詞 aspect particle動態(tài)助詞：著，了，過 structural particle構(gòu)造助詞：的、地、得 emotional particle語氣助詞：嗎，呢，吧 Connective銜接詞English sentences can be reduced to five basic patterns. English subject-predicate structure appears rigid.Chinese subject-predicate structure is usual

8、ly varied, flexible, and supple.2、Rigid & Supple Hypotaxis形合法：P47Parataxis意合法： P473、Hypotactic & Paratactic English resorts to overt cohesion顯性接應(yīng) relativesRelative or conjunctive pronouns and adverbs (who, whom, whose, that, which, what, when, where, why, how)connectivesCoordinate or subordi

9、nate conjunctions (and, or, but, yet, so, however, as well as, when, while, as, since, until)Prepositions and others3、Hypotactic & Paratactic Chinese relies on covert coherence隱性銜接 Word order 語序Contracted sentences 緊縮句Four-character expressions四字格Grammatical or rhetorical devicesRepetition, anti

10、thesis (對偶), parallelism (排比)4、Complex & Simplex English sentences are complex.Subordination (從屬構(gòu)造)：subordinate clauses and phrasesChinese sentences are simple. Coordination (并列構(gòu)造) Loose or minor sentences (松散句) Contracted sentences (緊縮句) Elliptical sentences (省略句) Run-on sentences (流水句) Composi

11、te sentences (并列方式的復(fù)句) Formal written English is in an impersonal style, featured by passives, sentences beginning with introductory it, and abstract nouns as subjects.Chinese perfers to use a personal style, featured by more actives, actives in form but passives in sense, personal (animate)subjects

12、, or subjectless and subject-omitted sentences.5、Impersonal & Personal translation methods:English impersonal subjects 變?yōu)?Chinese personal subjectsEnglish passives 變?yōu)?Chinese actives5、Impersonal & Personal English prefers to use passives, and why? The agent of an action is self-evident or un

13、kown, or it is unnecessary or impossible to mention the agent. Syntactic factors: for cohesion, balance, end focus, end weightRhetorical factors: for variationsStylistic factors: more passives in information writing6、Passive & Active Chinese prefers to use actives, including those active in form

14、 but passive in sense.6、Passive & Active 7、Static & Dynamic StaticNouns (they refer to entities that are regarded as stable)dynamicVerbs (they can indicate action, activity and temporary or changing conditions) English is featured by nominalization (名詞化). Chinese is more dynamic, employing v

15、erbs, adverbs, verbal phrases, repetition and reduplication of verbs. translation methods: the English nominal style 變?yōu)?the Chinese verbal style 1) English nouns 變?yōu)镃hinese verbs 2) English adjectives 變?yōu)镃hinese adverbs 3) English prepositions 變?yōu)镃hinese verbs7、Static & Dynamic In English, nominali

16、zation often results in abstraction.Chinese prefers to use concrete or specific words and employs rhetorical devices, expressing abstract ideas by metaphors, similes, allegories and so on.translation methods: English abstract words 變?yōu)?Chinese concrete words, figurative expressions or verbs8、Abstract

17、 & Concrete translation methods: English abstract words 變?yōu)?Chinese concrete words, figurative expressions or verbs8、Abstract & Concrete English is indirect. Euphemism Understatement Litotes Indirect negation Tactful implication PeriphrasisChinese prefers to be direct and straightforward. 9、Indirect & DirectTo avoid repetition, English often resorts to substitution, ellipsis, variation and so on.Substitution: English often uses pro-forms or substitutesEllipsis (zero- substitution): English usually leaves out the same words from a sentence. V