2012年職稱英語衛(wèi)生類B級(jí)考試(考場版)

1、2012年職稱英語衛(wèi)生類教材新增內(nèi)容詳解閱讀理解篇 1 eat healthy clean your plate! and be a member of the clean-plate -club! just about every kid in the us has heard this from a parent or grandparent. often，its accompanied by an appeal: just think about those starving orphans in africa! sure, we should be grateful for every

2、 bite of food. unfortunately, many people in the us take too many bites. instead of staying clean the plate, perhaps we should save some food for tomorrow. according to news reports, us restaurants are partly to blame for the growing bellies. a waiter puts a plate of food in front of each customer,

3、with two to four times the amount recommended by the government, according to a usa today story. americans traditionally associate quantity with value and most restaurants try to give them that. they prefer to have customers complain about too much food rather than too little. barbara rolls, a nutri

4、tion professor at pennsylvania state university, told usa today that restaurant portion sizes began to grow in the 1970s, the same time that the american waistline began to expand. health experts have tried to get many restaurants to serve smaller portions. now, apparently，some customers are calling

5、 for this too. the restaurant industry trade magazine qsr reported last month that 57 percent of more than 4,000 people surveyed believe restaurants serve portions that are too large; 23 percent had no opinion; 20 percent disagreed. but a closer look at the survey indicates that many americans who c

6、ant afford fine dining still prefer large portions. seventy percent of those earning at least $150,000 per year prefer smaller portions; but only 45 percent of those earning less than $25,000 want smaller. its not that working class americans dont want to eat healthy. its just that，after long hours

7、at low-paying jobs ，getting less on their plate hardly seems like a good deal. they live from paycheck to paycheck ，happy to save a little money for next years christmas presents. 練習(xí)：1. parents in the united states tend to ask their children c not to waste food. 2. why do american restaurants serve

8、large portions? a because americans associate quantity with value. 3. what happened in the 1970s? d the american waistline started to expand. 4. what does the survey indicate? a many poor americans want large portions. 5. which of the following is not true of working class americans? c they dont wan

9、t to be healthy eaters. 健康飲食“ 把盤子里的東西吃完了! ”“要成為一名清盤俱樂部的成員 !” 幾乎每一個(gè)美國小孩都會(huì)聽到父母親或祖父母這樣的嘮叨。父母親或祖父母們還經(jīng)常會(huì)加上一句懇求的話：“ 想想那些饑餓的非洲孤兒吧，多可憐啊!” 我們的確應(yīng)該為每一口食物充滿感激。但不幸的是，很多美國人吃得太多了。 也許我們應(yīng)該為明天節(jié)約一些糧食，而不足堅(jiān)持“ 把盤子里的東西吃完” 。據(jù)新聞報(bào)導(dǎo)， 美國的餐館應(yīng)該為美國人日益增大的肚腩負(fù) 部分責(zé)任。今日美國刊登的一個(gè)故事， 服務(wù)員給每個(gè)顧客提供的一盤食物的量是政府推薦的二至四倍。美國人傳統(tǒng)的認(rèn)為有量才有質(zhì)，所以大多數(shù)餐館都試圖迎合顧

10、客們的這一想法。他們寧愿被抱怨提供了過多的食物也不愿意被投訴提供的食物太少。芭芭拉 ?羅爾斯是賓夕法尼亞州立大學(xué)的一位營養(yǎng)學(xué)教授。在接受今日美國采訪時(shí)她說道：“ 從20世紀(jì) 70年代起，美國的餐館就開始提供越來越大份的食物；也就是從這個(gè)時(shí)候起，美國人的腰圍也變得越來越粗了?！苯】祵＜乙呀?jīng)試著讓很多餐館提供份量小一些的食物。顯然，現(xiàn)在很多顧客也為此而呼吁。據(jù)qsr 雜志 (美國的一份餐飲業(yè)經(jīng)營雜志)報(bào)道：在上個(gè)月對(duì) 4000 多人所做的一次調(diào)查中，有57的人認(rèn)為餐館提供的食物份量太大了，23的人沒有發(fā)表看法，還有20的人不同意此看法。但是再仔細(xì)看看調(diào)查結(jié)果，你就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)很多買不起精美菜肴的美國人還

11、是喜歡買大份量食物。 在年收入 15萬美元以上的人群中，70的人更愿意買份量小一點(diǎn)的食物：但在年收入少于25萬美元的人群中， 只有 45的人愿意買份量小一點(diǎn)的食物。事情是這樣的， 不是美國的工人不想吃的健康一點(diǎn)，而是美國工人覺得做許多個(gè)小時(shí)低收入的工種下來，盤子里的飯菜量小有點(diǎn)不合算。他們是指望薪金支票過日子的，希望能為來年的圣誕節(jié)節(jié)約一些錢來買圣誕禮物。2012年職稱英語衛(wèi)生類教材新增內(nèi)容詳解閱讀理解篇2 prolonging human life prolonging human life has increased the size of the human population. ma

12、ny people alive today would have died of childhood diseases if they had been born 100 years ago. because more people live longer, there are more people around at any given time. in fact, it is a decrease in death rates, not an increase in birthrates, that has led to the population explosion. prolong

13、ing human life has also increased the dependency load. in all societies, people who are disabled or too young or too old to work are dependent on the rest of society to provide for them. in hunting and gathering cultures, old people who could not keep up might be left behind to die. in times of fami

14、ne, infants might be allowed to die because they could not survive if their parents starved, whereas if the parents survived they could have another child. in most contemporary societies, people feel a moral obligation to keep people alive whether they can work or not. we have a great many people to

15、day who live past the age at which they want to work or are able to work; we also have rules which require people to retire at a certain age. unless these people were able to save money for their retirement, somebody else must support them. in the united states many retired people live on social sec

16、urity checks which are so little that they must live in near poverty. older people have more illness than young or middle-aged people; unless they have wealth or private or government insurance, they must often go on welfare if they have a serious illness. when older people become senile or too weak

17、 and ill to care for themselves, they create grave problems for their families. in the past and in some traditional cultures, they would be cared for at home until they died. today, with most members of a household working or in school, there is often no one at home who can care for a sick or weak p

18、erson. to meet this need, a great many nursing homes and convalescent hospitals have been built. these are often profit-making organizations, although some are sponsored by religious and other nonprofit groups. while a few of these institutions arc good, most of them are simply dumping grounds for t

19、he dying in which care is given by poorly paid, overworked, and under-skilled personnel. 練習(xí) : 1. the writer believes that the population explosion results from c a decrease in death rates. 2. it can be inferred from the passage that in hunting and gathering cultures b infants could be left dead in t

20、imes of starvation. 3. according to the passage, which of the following statements about retired people in the united states is true? a many of them have a very hard life. 4. in paragraph 3, the phrase this need refers to d the need to take care of a sick and weak person. 5. which of the following b

21、est describes the writers attitude toward most of the nursing homes, and convalescent hospitals? d critical. 延長人類壽命增加的人口規(guī)模。今天還活著的許多人已經(jīng)死亡的兒童疾病，如果他們已誕生于100年前。因?yàn)楦嗟娜嘶畹酶L，在任何特定時(shí)間大約有更多的人。 事實(shí)上，它是死亡率下降，出生率增加，導(dǎo)致人口爆炸。延長人類壽命也增加了依賴負(fù)荷。在所有社會(huì)中，那些被禁用或太年輕或太老工作的人都依賴于社會(huì)其他成員，為他們提供。在狩獵和采集文化，老人們誰不能跟上，可能會(huì)留下死亡。在饑荒的時(shí)候，嬰兒可能

22、會(huì)允許死，因?yàn)樗麄儫o法生存，如果他們的父母餓死，而如果父母幸存下來，他們能有一個(gè)孩子。在最現(xiàn)代的社會(huì)中，人們感到在道義上有義務(wù)保持活著的人，他們是否能工作或沒有。 今天我們有一個(gè)偉大的許多人過去住在他們想要的工作或有工作能力的年齡，我們也有規(guī)則，要求人們?cè)谝欢ǖ哪挲g退休。除非這些人能節(jié)省的錢為自己的退休生活，別人必須支持他們。在美國，許多退休的人生活在社會(huì)的安全檢查，這是這么少，他們必須住在附近的貧困。老年人比年輕或中年的人有更多的疾病，除非他們有財(cái)富或私人或政府的保險(xiǎn)，他們必須經(jīng)?！?福利 ” ，如果他們有一個(gè)嚴(yán)重的疾病。當(dāng)老年人成為老年或過弱和生病照顧自己，他們創(chuàng)造他們的家庭的嚴(yán)重問題。在

23、過去，在一些傳統(tǒng)的文化，他們將在家照顧，直到他們?nèi)ナ?。今天，一個(gè)家庭的工作或在學(xué)校的大部分成員，往往是家里沒有一個(gè)人可以照顧生病或虛弱的人。為了滿足這種需求，已建成一個(gè)偉大的許多養(yǎng)老院和療養(yǎng)院。這些往往是非牟利機(jī)構(gòu)，雖然有些是由宗教和其他非營利組織的贊助。雖然幾個(gè)好了這些機(jī)構(gòu)的弧，其中大部分是簡單的“ 垃圾場 ”在奄奄一息的 “ 照顧 ” 是由收入微薄，過度勞累，并根據(jù)技術(shù)人員。2012年職稱英語衛(wèi)生類教材新增內(nèi)容詳解閱讀理解篇3 sleep lets brain file memories to sleep. perchance to file? findings published onl

24、ine this week by the proceedings of the national academy of sciences further support the theory that the brain organizes and stows memories formed during the day while the rest of the body is catching zzzs. gyorgy buzsaki of rutgers university5 and his colleagues analyzed the brain waves of sleeping

25、 rats and mice. specifically, they examined the electrical activity emanating from6 the somatosensory neocortex (an area that processes sensory information) and the hippocampus, which is a center for learning and memory. the scientists found that oscillations in brain waves from the two regions appe

26、ar to be intertwined. so-called sleep spindles (bursts of activity from the neocortex) were followed tens of milliseconds later by beats in the hippocampus known as ripples. the team posits that this interplay between the two brain regions is a key step in memory consolidation. a second study, also

27、published online this week by the proceedings of the national academy of sciences, links age-associated memory decline to high glucose levels. previous research had shown that individuals with diabetes suffer from increased memory problems. in the new work, antonio convit of new york university scho

28、ol of medicine and his collaborators studied 30 people whose average age was 69 to investigate whether sugar levels, which tend to increase with age, affect memory in healthy people as well. the scientists administered11 recall tests, brain scans and glucose tolerance tests, which measure how quickl

29、y sugar is absorbed from the blood by the bodys tissues. subjects with the poorest memory recollection, the team discovered, also displayed the poorest glucose tolerance. in addition, their brain scans showed more hippocampus shrinkage than those of subjects better able to absorb blood sugar. our st

30、udy suggests that this impairment12 may contribute to the memory deficits13 that occur as people age. convit says. and it raises the intriguing possibility that improving glucose tolerance could reverse some age-associated problems in cognition.14 exercise and weight control can help keep glucose le

31、vels in check15, so there may be one more reason to go to the gym. 練習(xí)：1. which of the following statements is nearest in meaning to the sentence to sleep. perchance to file? a does brain arrange memories in useful order during sleep? 2. what is the result of the experiment with rats and mice carried

32、 out at rutgers university? c somatosensory neocortex and hippocampus work together in memory consolidation. 3. what is the relation of memory to glucose tolerance, as is indicated by a research mentioned in paragraph 4? d the poorer the memory, the poorer glucose tolerance. 4. in what way is memory

33、 related to hippocampus shrinkage? b the more hippocampus shrinks, the poorer ones memory. 5. according to the last paragraph, what is the ultimate reason for going to the gym? d to control glucose levels. 第二十四篇翻譯睡眠讓大腦文件存儲(chǔ)器睡覺。說不定就是在整理歸類記憶?刊登在最近網(wǎng)上出版的國家科學(xué)院文獻(xiàn)匯編上的新發(fā)現(xiàn)進(jìn)一步證明了這個(gè)理論：當(dāng)人體的其他部分在鼾聲中安眠時(shí)， 人體的大腦就在整理

34、和儲(chǔ)存著白天形成的記憶。美國新澤西州立大學(xué)的喬治buzsaki和他的同事們分析了睡眠中的老鼠和田鼠的腦波。他們特別研究了源于學(xué)習(xí)記憶中心大腦知覺新皮質(zhì) (充滿知覺信息的區(qū)域)和大腦側(cè)面腦室壁上的隆起物 的電流活動(dòng)。科學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)，這兩個(gè)區(qū)域的腦波變化仿佛處于交織狀態(tài)。而10毫秒后大腦側(cè)面腦室壁上的隆起物發(fā)出的波動(dòng)將緊跟著所謂的睡眠紡綞體(新皮質(zhì)上的種種活動(dòng))。這隊(duì)科學(xué)家們假設(shè)這兩個(gè)大腦區(qū)域的互動(dòng)是理解增強(qiáng)記憶的關(guān)鍵。接下來的研究， 同樣也是刊登在這周網(wǎng)上出版的國家科學(xué)院文獻(xiàn)匯編中，是關(guān)于與年齡相關(guān)的由于葡萄糖濃度過高引起的記憶衰退。之前的一項(xiàng)研究表明，患糖尿病的人一直受到記憶衰退的困擾。 紐約大

35、學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院的安東尼 康威特及其同事在一項(xiàng)新的工程中研究了30個(gè)平均年齡 69歲的人，以調(diào)查是否血糖濃度，隨著年齡增長而增長，同樣會(huì)影響健康人的記憶?？茖W(xué)家們實(shí)施了回憶測試、腦部掃描和血糖濃度容許量測試， 以便測量出人體組織從血液中吸收糖分的速度。這對(duì)科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)， 與最次的記憶相對(duì)的，是最低的血糖濃度容許量。此外，他們的腦部掃描也顯示出海馬狀突起的縮小要比那些更容易從血液中吸收糖分的人明顯?！拔覀兊难芯勘砻?，這種海馬狀突起的縮小對(duì)人類年齡增大而出現(xiàn)的記憶衰退有著不可忽視的影響”，康威特指出，“這一發(fā)現(xiàn)大大激增了令人興奮的可能性，即，不斷改善葡萄糖容許量可以完全改變對(duì)某些與年齡相關(guān)的認(rèn)知問題?！鄙眢w

36、鍛煉和體重控制能限制葡萄糖濃度，由此，我們有了更多去健身房的理由。2012年職稱英語衛(wèi)生類教材新增內(nèi)容詳解閱讀理解篇4 some people do not taste salt like others low-salt foods may be harder for some people to like than others ，according to a study by a penn state college of agricultural sciences food scientist. the research indicates that genetic factors in

37、f1uence some of the difference in the levels of salt we like to eat. those conclusions are important because recent ，well-publicized efforts to reduce the salt content in food have left many people struggling to accept fare that simply does not taste as good to them as it does to others，pointed out

38、john hayes，assistant professor of food science ，who was lead investigator on the study. diets high in salt can increase the risk of high blood pressure and stroke. that is why public health experts and food companies are working together on ways to help consumers lower salt intake through foods that

39、 are enjoyable to eat. this study increases understanding of salt preference and consumption. the research involved 87carefully screened participants who sampled salty foods such as soup and chips，on multiple occasions ，spread out over weeks. test subjects were 45 men and 42 women ，reportedly health

40、y ，ranging in age from 20 to 40 years. the sample was composed of individuals who were not actively modifying their dietary intake and did not smoke cigarettes. they rated the intensity of taste on a commonly used scientific scale，ranging from barely detectable to strongest sensation of any kind. mo

41、st of us like the taste of salt. however，some individuals eat more salt ，both because they like the taste of saltiness more ，and also because it is needed to block other unpleasant tastes in food. said hayes. supertasters，people who experience tastes more intensely ，consume more salt than do nontast

42、ers. snack foods have saltiness as their primary flavor ， and at least for these foods， more is better ，so the supertasters seem to like them more. however ， supertasters also need higher levels of salt to block unpleasant bitter tastes in foods such as cheese ，hayes noted. for example ，cheese is a

43、wonderful blend of dairy flavors from fermented milk ， but also bitter tastes from ripening that are blocked by salt , he said. a supertaster finds low-salt cheese unpleasant because the bitterness is too pronounced. hayes cited research done more than 75 years ago by a chemist named fox and a genet

44、icist named blakeslee ，showing that individuals differ in their ability to taste certain chemicals. as a result ，hayes explained ，we know that a wide range in taste acuity exists ，and this variation is as normal as variations in eye and hair color. some people ，called supertasters，describe bitter co

45、mpounds as being extremely bitter ，while others ，called nontasters ，find these same bitter compounds to be tasteless or only weakly bitter. he said. response to bitter compounds is one of many ways to identify biological differences in food preference because supertasting is not limited to bitternes

46、s. 練習(xí) : 1. in paragraph 2 ，john hayes points out that c many people accept low-salt tasteless food reluctantly 2. the fourth paragraph describes briefly a. how to select subjects and what to do in the research. 3. the article argues that supertasters b like snack foods as saltiness is their primary

47、flavor. 4. which of the following applies to supertasters in terms of bitter taste? c they prefer high-salt cheese ，which tastes less bitter. 5. what message do the last two paragraphs carry? a. taste acuity is genetically determined. 第四十篇翻譯咸度味感因人而異賓州州立大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)院食品科學(xué)家進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)研究表明，有些人很難喜歡含鹽量低的食物。該研究指出， 遺傳因素導(dǎo)

48、致我們對(duì)咸度的不同喜好。該研究負(fù)責(zé)人、食品科學(xué)副教授約翰海斯指出，這些結(jié)論非常重要，因?yàn)榻趯?duì)減少食物含鹽量的大力宣傳使得許多人努力去接受適合其他人而不適合自己口味的食物。含鹽量高的飲食會(huì)增加高血壓和中風(fēng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，這就是公共健康專家和食品公司共同努力、通過可口的食品幫助消費(fèi)者減少鹽攝入量的原因。該研究使人們更加理解對(duì)鹽的喜好和攝入的差異。該研究包括87 名經(jīng)過仔細(xì)篩選的參與者，他們?cè)趲字艿牟煌瑫r(shí)間品嘗了湯和薯?xiàng)l等含鹽食物。參與者包括45 名男性和 42 名女性，身體健康，年齡在20 歲到 40 歲之間。參與者不會(huì)主動(dòng)改變自己的飲食習(xí)慣，且不吸煙。他們通過一種常用的科學(xué)量表來區(qū)別咸度味感，分為“最

49、輕微味感”到“最強(qiáng)烈味感”等級(jí)別。海斯說， “大部分人都喜歡鹽的味道。但是，有些人吃鹽較多，這不僅是因?yàn)樗麄兏矚g咸味，也因?yàn)樗麄冃枰涛秮碚谏w食物其他討厭的味道?？谖冻氐娜吮瓤谖肚宓娜讼母嗟柠}。因?yàn)榭觳褪称返闹饕兜谰褪窍涛?，而且咸度越高，味道越好，所以口味超重的人更喜歡快餐。 ”海斯還提到，口味超重的人還需要鹽來遮蓋奶酪等食物中討厭的苦味?！袄纾汤沂桥Ｄ涛逗桶l(fā)酵苦味的完美結(jié)合，而鹽可以遮蓋苦味?？谖冻氐娜瞬幌矚g低鹽奶酪，因?yàn)榭辔短黠@了?！焙Ｋ古e出了化學(xué)家?？怂购瓦z傳學(xué)家布雷克斯里 75 年前進(jìn)行的研究，該研究表明，人們品嘗特定化學(xué)制品的能力是不同的。海斯解釋說，由此我們知道

50、每個(gè)人的味覺敏度是不同的，這一差異和頭發(fā)眼睛顏色的差異一樣正常。海斯說，“口味超重的人覺得苦味混合物非常之苦， 而口味清淡的人會(huì)覺得同樣的苦味混合物沒有味道，或稍微有些苦。對(duì)苦味混合物的反應(yīng)只是確定在食物偏好方面生物差異的眾多方法之一， 因?yàn)榭谖冻氐娜瞬恢皇菍?duì)苦味敏感?！?012年職稱英語衛(wèi)生類教材新增內(nèi)容詳解完形填空篇going on a diet a typical person needs about 1,800 calories per day to stay alive. these calories keep your heart 1_beating and your lungs

51、 breathing. they keep your organs operating2_ properly and, your brain running. they also keep your body warm. a person 3_ gains weight because he or she consumes more calories per day than needed. the only way to lose fat is to 4_ reduce the number of calories that you consume per day. this is the

52、basic 5_ principlebehind going on a diet. 6_ unfortunately ，diets dont work for most people. they do lose weight but then 7_ go off the diet and put it back. building a sensible diet and exercise plan is the key to 8_ maintaininga consistent weight. you need to figure out how many calories you need

53、in a day and how many you 9_ actually take in. the next step is to add ，exercise so that you can 10_ raise the number of calories you can consume per day. exercise charts can show you how many calories different 11_ forms of exercise can burn. burning 250 or 500 calories per day can 12_ makea big di

54、fference. you can ride an exercise bike while you are watching tv or you can 13_ climb the stairs instead of the elevator. find an exercise 14_ partner . exercise can be a lot easier if there is someone to talk to. its a good idea to wear firm-fitting clothes if you are on a diet. 15_ tight clothing

55、 acts as a reminder of what you are trying to accomplish. 第二篇翻譯去節(jié)食一個(gè)典型的人需要約每天1800 卡路里來維持生計(jì)。這些熱量，讓你的心1_and你的肺部呼吸。 他們讓你的的機(jī)關(guān)operating2_and，你的大腦運(yùn)行。他們還保持身體溫暖。一個(gè)人3_weight 因?yàn)樗蛩刻煜某^所需的熱量。唯一的方式來減肥是，以 4_the 你每天 消 耗 的 卡 路 里 的 數(shù) 量 。 這 是 基 本 的 飲 食5_behind。 6_，飲食不工作的大多數(shù)人。他們不減肥，但 7_飲食，并把它放回。建立一個(gè)合理的飲食和運(yùn)動(dòng)計(jì)劃是一致的重量8_的關(guān)鍵。你需要弄清楚多少卡路里，你需要一天，你有多少 9_采取下一步是添加，鍛煉，讓您可以10_the 每天消耗的熱量，你可以數(shù)。運(yùn) 動(dòng) 的 圖 表 可 以 顯 示 你 多 少 卡 路 里 ， 不 同11_of 鍛煉能燃燒。 每天燃燒 250 或 500卡路里的熱量可以12_a 很大的區(qū)別。 你可以騎自行車鍛煉， 而你正在看電視或可以13_的樓梯而不要乘電梯。找到一個(gè)鍛煉14_。運(yùn)動(dòng)可以是一個(gè)容易得多，如果有什么人在說話。公司合身的衣服