Astronomy-the science of the stars Using language

1、 Unit 4Astronomy: the science of the starsUsing languagespacewalkLook at the pictures! Why can astronauts or things float in space?Without gravity.The force of attraction between all masses in the universe, especially the attraction of the earths mass for bodies near its surfaceWhat is gravity?Gravi

2、ty was discovered 3 centuries ago by a mathematician and physicist named Sir Isaac Newton. Listening and discussingHow much do you about them?Isaac Newton 16421727 英國物理學(xué)家英國物理學(xué)家Newton, Sir Isaac (1642-1727), an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist, and theologi

3、an 經(jīng)典物理學(xué)理論體系的建立者。經(jīng)典物理學(xué)理論體系的建立者。1665年創(chuàng)立微分年創(chuàng)立微分; 1666年開始研究積分。年開始研究積分。1666年年, 開始想到研究重力開始想到研究重力(gravity)問題問題, 蘋果落地的傳說蘋果落地的傳說, 也是在此時(shí)發(fā)生的軼事。也是在此時(shí)發(fā)生的軼事。其一生的重大科學(xué)思想是在這兩年期間其一生的重大科學(xué)思想是在這兩年期間(22至至23歲歲) 形成的。形成的。 1669年年, 把把自然哲學(xué)的數(shù)學(xué)原理自然哲學(xué)的數(shù)學(xué)原理,宇宙體系宇宙體系等手稿送到劍橋大學(xué)等手稿送到劍橋大學(xué)圖書館收藏。晚年研究宗教。圖書館收藏。晚年研究宗教。Albert Einstein (1879

4、1955)Albert Einstein (18791955), a theoretical physicist who is widely regarded as one of the most influential scientists of all time 質(zhì)量質(zhì)量(m)和能量和能量(E)的相當(dāng)性的相當(dāng)性: Emc2愛因斯坦在量子論、分子運(yùn)動(dòng)論、相對(duì)論愛因斯坦在量子論、分子運(yùn)動(dòng)論、相對(duì)論(Theory of Relativity)等物理學(xué)的三個(gè)不同等物理學(xué)的三個(gè)不同領(lǐng)域取得了歷史性成就，特別是狹義相對(duì)領(lǐng)域取得了歷史性成就，特別是狹義相對(duì)論的建立和光量子論的提出，推動(dòng)了論的建立和光量子

5、論的提出，推動(dòng)了物理學(xué)理論的革命物理學(xué)理論的革命, 他對(duì)社會(huì)進(jìn)步事業(yè)他對(duì)社會(huì)進(jìn)步事業(yè)也有重要貢獻(xiàn)。也有重要貢獻(xiàn)。Stephen Hawking (1942 - ), a British theoretical physicist斯蒂芬斯蒂芬藿金是當(dāng)今科學(xué)界的一位傳奇性藿金是當(dāng)今科學(xué)界的一位傳奇性人物。這不僅僅因?yàn)樗且晃槐蛔u(yù)為繼人物。這不僅僅因?yàn)樗且晃槐蛔u(yù)為繼愛因斯坦后最著名的科學(xué)思想家和最杰出愛因斯坦后最著名的科學(xué)思想家和最杰出的理論物理學(xué)家的理論物理學(xué)家, 還在于他是在常人無法還在于他是在常人無法想象的身體狀況下進(jìn)行研究和創(chuàng)造性想象的身體狀況下進(jìn)行研究和創(chuàng)造性工作的。工作的。black

6、hole 黑洞黑洞 黑洞并非只是吞噬物質(zhì)。除了會(huì)在星系黑洞并非只是吞噬物質(zhì)。除了會(huì)在星系形成的過程中扮演重要角色外形成的過程中扮演重要角色外, 在經(jīng)過在經(jīng)過一段相當(dāng)漫長的時(shí)間后一段相當(dāng)漫長的時(shí)間后, 黑洞也會(huì)把一些黑洞也會(huì)把一些曾被它吸入的物質(zhì)信息向外界釋放出來。曾被它吸入的物質(zhì)信息向外界釋放出來。Match the theory with the scientist. Isaac NewtonAlbert EinsteinStephen HawkingUniversal Gravitationtheory about black holes theory of relativity2 Lis

7、ten to the tape and choose the best summary. B is correct because it gives a clear idea of what the listening passage is about. A is not true. The three scientists wanted to explain how the universe worked and not how it began. C is too general and does not give enough detail about what the listenin

8、g passage is about.Isaac NewtonAlbert EinsteinStephen HawkingIdea Large bodies have a force which pulls things towards themIn space large objects make space and time bend; the larger the object, the further space and time bendsBlack holes have a very large mass and pull things towards them3 Listen t

9、o the tape and fill in the chart.Isaac NewtonAlbert EinsteinStephen HawkingDevelopment The bigger the object the stronger the gravity.Time goes slower in very strong gravity.If you go over the edge, you cannot get out; but if you do not, you may be able to escape.THEORIES OF GRAVITY Michael Jones of

10、 the New Space Magazine is talking with space traveller Li Yanping about changes in the theory of gravity.LY = Dr Li Yanping MJ = Dr Michael Jones Listening textPart 1 MJ: Hello, Dr Li Yanping. Its so good of you to talk to me. Some students ask us why things always fall back to earth if you throw t

11、hem up in the air. Could you explain it?LY: Well, at first people thought it was because the earth was the centre of the universe. Of course that was wrong. One day lsaac Newton watched an apple fall to the ground. He said that something else must be pulling the apple back to earth. He called it “gr

12、avity”.MJ: I see. Did people accept his idea?LY: They did. Later they worked out that bigger objects (like the sun ) have stronger gravity than smaller objects (like our planets). If you are travelling in deep space, you couldnt fall back to the earth. Youre just too far away. Part 2 MJ: Does it mea

13、n theres no gravity in space?LY: No. In a spaceship you would feel the pull as it got closer to such an object. You would travel faster and faster towards it.MJ: Until you hit it?LY: Not exactly. You may pass it very fast and then it would throw you out into space again. After that you would slow do

14、wn to the usual speed.MJ: How do you know this?LY: In 1905 Einstein said that in space large objects make space-time bend; the larger the object, the further space-time bends. So time goes slower in very strong gravity. MJ: What about black holes?LY: Thats a place in space which has such a strong ma

15、ss that nothing can escape from its gravity. There is a kind of edge around this mass. If you cross over this edge around this mass, its impossible for you to get back. However, if you dont cross this edge, you can still escape. Stephen Hawking has done a lot of research into black holes. He has sho

16、wn that they “spit ” things out as well as “eat” them.ReadingA VISIT TO THE MOONspacewalk What country first sent people into space?How many countries have succeeded in sending people into space so far?Who is the first Chinese female astronaut to go into space?Who first landed on the moon? Do you wa

17、nt to visit the moon? The moon is our close cosmic neighbor, and humans have been exploring its surface ever since they first developed telescopes.The first person that stepped onto the moonNeil ArmstrongNeil Armstrong was born in Ohio in 1930. He was a pilot in the U.S. Air Force before he entered

18、the space program. In July of 1969, he commanded the Apollo 11and landed on the moon. He made history by walking on the moon firstly. Photos about the moonspace capsuleToday India, China, and Japan all have lunar exploration projects in development. The United States own plan is perhaps the most amb

19、itious to return humans to the moon by 2020 and eventually use the moon as a staging point for human flight to Mars and beyond.Chinas entire lunar exploration project is divided into the three steps of orbiting, landing, and returning.The Change-1 satellite, Chinas first lunar probe satellite, was l

20、aunched on Oct. 24, 2007. Chinas first astronaut-Yang LiweiRead the 4 paragraphs quickly, and find out the topic of each paragraph.Para 1:Para 2:Para 3:Para 4:Last month we visited the moon.How the force of gravity changed when we traveled from the earth to the moon.The things I did on the moon.We r

21、eturned to the earth.1. The passage is mainly about _? A. introduction of the moon B. the gravity that I felt on my way to the moon C. my visit to the moon D. my friend Yanping, an astronomerRead the text carefully and choose the best answer.C2. According to the text, we know that the force of the g

22、ravity would change _ times. A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 53. When did the author feel strongest of the gravity of the earth? A. On the moon. B. On the half way to the moon. C. At the very beginning D. On their leaving from the moonCB4. What causes the writer to feel that he becomes weightless on the moon? A.

23、Spaceship B. Gravity C. His friend D. His Good feelings of the moonB5. From the text we can know if a man grows up on the moon, _. A. he will grow taller than on the earth B. he will grow shorter than on the earth C. he will become fatter D. he will become weightlessARead the passage carefully and t

24、hen describe the three ways in which gravity changed for Li Yanping and how his weight changed. The pull of gravity became very strong as he left the earths atmosphere. His weight is normal. 2. It disappeared when he was in space. He is weightless. 3. It was very light when he was on the moon. He we

25、ighs less than on earth.The way gravity changedLeft the earthIn spaceOn the moonIt became very light.The gravity became very strong.The gravity disappeared. The weight changedLeft the earthIn spaceOn the moonHe became very heavy.He had no weight and could float around like a feather. He was about on

26、e-sixth of his weight on the earth.Last month I visited the moon with my friend. Before we left, I was told the force of g_ would change three times on our journey. Then we took off. As we left the earth, I became very h_. Gradually the weight l_. When I was in space, it d_. We f_ weightlessly in th

27、e cabin and I c_ _. When I was on the moon, I was surprised to find out even walking needs lots of practice n_ _ gravity changed. The returning of the earth was very f_. We were amazed to watch fire b_ _ on the outside of the ship. gravityheavylesseneddisappearedfloatedcheered upnow thatfrighteningb

28、reak outRetell the text. Language points1. Last month I was lucky enough to have a chance to make a trip into space with my friend Li Yanping, an astronomer. 上個(gè)月我有幸得到一個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)同我的朋友上個(gè)月我有幸得到一個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)同我的朋友, 一位宇航員李彥平一道去太空旅行。一位宇航員李彥平一道去太空旅行。 enough: 1) 用作代詞用作代詞: 作主語或賓語。作主語或賓語。 You have done more than enough. 你已做得夠

29、多了。你已做得夠多了。 I have had enough. Thank you. 我吃的已經(jīng)夠多的了我吃的已經(jīng)夠多的了, 謝謝。謝謝。2) 形容詞作定語形容詞作定語: enough用在名詞前、后都可以。用在名詞前、后都可以。 I have enough time to do the work. / I have time enough to do the work. 我有足夠的時(shí)間做此項(xiàng)工作。我有足夠的時(shí)間做此項(xiàng)工作。3) 用作副詞修飾形容詞或副詞表示程度用作副詞修飾形容詞或副詞表示程度: enough一般放在形容詞或副詞的后邊。一般放在形容詞或副詞的后邊。long enough, easy

30、 enough, fast enough, quickly enough等等, 但一般不說但一般不說: enough long, enough easy, enough fast, enough quickly. The boy is old enough to go to school. 這孩子到上學(xué)的年齡了。這孩子到上學(xué)的年齡了。He couldnt run quickly enough to catch up with the cat. 他跑的速度太慢他跑的速度太慢, 追不上貓。追不上貓。4)用作副詞修飾動(dòng)詞時(shí)也需放在動(dòng)詞之后。用作副詞修飾動(dòng)詞時(shí)也需放在動(dòng)詞之后。The meat is

31、not cooked enough. 肉燉得不夠熟。肉燉得不夠熟。If I had _ _ (足夠長的假期足夠長的假期), Id visit Europe, stopping at all the small interesting places.a long enough holiday / an enough long holiday2. Then we were off. 隨后我們就啟程了。隨后我們就啟程了。 be off = set off 出發(fā)出發(fā); 動(dòng)身動(dòng)身 I am off today. 我今天不用上班。我今天不用上班。 We are off today. 今天我們不上班今天我們

32、不上班/今天我們不開張。今天我們不開張。 shut off 關(guān)閉關(guān)閉get off 下車下車take off 脫下脫下turn off 關(guān)閉關(guān)閉pay off 付清付清; 還清還清與與off相關(guān)的短語相關(guān)的短語: set.off 送行送行 kick off 踢球踢球 jump off 跳下跳下 give off 散發(fā)散發(fā) show off 炫耀炫耀 get close to 靠近靠近, 接近接近, 指動(dòng)態(tài)變化指動(dòng)態(tài)變化 be close to 距距近近, 指狀態(tài)指狀態(tài) The school is close to the post office. 3. When we get closer t

33、o the moon, we shall feel its gravity pulling us but it will not be as strong a pull as the earths. 當(dāng)我們更接近月球時(shí)當(dāng)我們更接近月球時(shí), 就會(huì)感到月球的引力就會(huì)感到月球的引力 在拉我們。但是在拉我們。但是, 月球的引力不像地球的月球的引力不像地球的 引力那么大。引力那么大。與與get相關(guān)的短語相關(guān)的短語:get along 相處融洽相處融洽, 進(jìn)展等進(jìn)展等get down to 開始認(rèn)真對(duì)待開始認(rèn)真對(duì)待, 開始認(rèn)真考慮開始認(rèn)真考慮get on 上車上車get through 到達(dá)到達(dá); 通過通

34、過; 辦完辦完, 花光花光(錢、時(shí)間等錢、時(shí)間等)。get to 到達(dá)到達(dá)get down to; get on; get through; get to; get over; get up 1. Dont talk too much. Lets _ working.2. Hurry up, or well be late to _ the bus.3. Its easy to _ the difficulty.4. I have _ a lot of papers.5. She managed to _ the village.get down toget onget overgot thr

35、oughget to4. cheer up : 歡呼歡呼, 喝彩喝彩, 感到高興感到高興, 使高興使高興當(dāng)看到球隊(duì)的到來當(dāng)看到球隊(duì)的到來, 人群歡呼起來。人群歡呼起來。_ when they saw the team arrive.他帶她去聽音樂會(huì)來使她高興。他帶她去聽音樂會(huì)來使她高興。He took her _ to _.The crowd cheered upto the concertcheer her up5. But when I tried to step forward, I found I was carried twice as far as on the earth and

36、 fell over. 1) “A + be + 倍數(shù)倍數(shù) + as +形容詞原級(jí)形容詞原級(jí) + as + B”. This tree is three times as tall as that one. His father is twice as old as he.2) “A + be + 倍數(shù)倍數(shù) +形容詞比較級(jí)形容詞比較級(jí) + than + B ” The Yangtze River is almost twice longer than the Pearl River. 長江差不多比珠江長兩倍。長江差不多比珠江長兩倍。 The number of students in our

37、school is three times larger than that in theirs. 我們學(xué)校的學(xué)生數(shù)量比他們學(xué)校的多三倍。我們學(xué)校的學(xué)生數(shù)量比他們學(xué)校的多三倍。 3) “A + be + 倍數(shù)倍數(shù) + the +名詞名詞 (size, length, amount) + of + B”The newly broadened square is four times the size of the previous one. 新擴(kuò)建的廣場(chǎng)是未擴(kuò)建時(shí)的四倍大。新擴(kuò)建的廣場(chǎng)是未擴(kuò)建時(shí)的四倍大。 Do you regret _(pay) 100 dollars for the pain

38、ting? No, I would gladly have paid _ (兩倍那么多了兩倍那么多了) for it.payingtwice as much 講解講解: regret后跟動(dòng)名詞的一般式、完成式后跟動(dòng)名詞的一般式、完成式和不定式的完成式都表示對(duì)過去做過的事情和不定式的完成式都表示對(duì)過去做過的事情感到后悔，跟不定式一般式表示對(duì)即將做的感到后悔，跟不定式一般式表示對(duì)即將做的事情感到遺憾事情感到遺憾, 常用來表達(dá)委婉。常用來表達(dá)委婉。twice as much為倍數(shù)的表達(dá)法為倍數(shù)的表達(dá)法, 在這里為省略形式在這里為省略形式, 相當(dāng)于相當(dāng)于twice as much as that。 6

39、. . “walking does need a bit of practice now that gravity has changed.”既然引力改變了既然引力改變了, 走路也的確需要練一練了。走路也的確需要練一練了。 now that同同since相似相似, 語氣較弱語氣較弱, 強(qiáng)調(diào)人們強(qiáng)調(diào)人們已知的事實(shí)。已知的事實(shí)。既然你忙既然你忙, 就讓我給你做吧。就讓我給你做吧。Now that you are busy, let me do it for you.既然人都齊了既然人都齊了, 咱們開始干吧。咱們開始干吧。Now that everyone is here lets start wo

40、rkTranslation:1. 既然你忙既然你忙, 就讓我給你做吧。就讓我給你做吧。Now that you are busy, let me do it for you.2. 既然人都齊了既然人都齊了, 咱們開始干吧。咱們開始干吧。Now that everyone is here lets start work7. We watched, amazed as fire broke out on the outside of the spaceship as the earths gravity increased.1) watch do/doing : 觀看觀看, 注視注視我們看著太陽正

41、在樹后面落下。我們看著太陽正在樹后面落下。We _ behind the trees. 每一天當(dāng)他們看到植物生長每一天當(dāng)他們看到植物生長, 他們的心里他們的心里都充滿了希望。都充滿了希望。Every day as they _ , their hearts filled with hope. watched the sun settingwatched the plant grow2) amazed 是過去分詞是過去分詞, 此處做狀語用。此處做狀語用。他進(jìn)來的時(shí)候沒有人注意到。他進(jìn)來的時(shí)候沒有人注意到。He came in _ .3) break out與與happen, take place

42、, come out等等詞的用法一樣詞的用法一樣, 是不及物動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞, 不能帶賓語不能帶賓語, 不能用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)。不能用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)。 戰(zhàn)爭爆發(fā)戰(zhàn)爭爆發(fā)The American Civil War broke out in 1861. 美國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)于美國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)于1861年。年。unnoticed 發(fā)生爭吵發(fā)生爭吵 他們之間發(fā)生了爭吵。他們之間發(fā)生了爭吵。 A quarrel broke out between them. (火災(zāi)火災(zāi))發(fā)生發(fā)生 昨晚他家里失火了。昨晚他家里失火了。A fire broke out in his house last night. break down 打

43、破打破; 毀掉毀掉; 破除破除; 坍塌坍塌; 壞掉壞掉break in 破門而入破門而入; 打斷打斷break away from 脫離政黨脫離政黨; 打破陳規(guī)打破陳規(guī) break through 突圍突圍; 突破突破; 沖垮沖垮; 克服克服break up 打碎打碎; 拆散拆散; 分裂分裂; 分解分解break ones word/promise 食言食言; 說話不算數(shù)說話不算數(shù)考例考例 I was still sleeping when the fire _, and then it spread quickly.(廣東廣東2006)A. broke out B. put outC. ca

44、me out D. got out點(diǎn)撥點(diǎn)撥 put out 撲滅；撲滅；come out出來出來, 出出版；版；get out（使）出來。由（使）出來。由it spread quickly（火迅速蔓延）可知選（火迅速蔓延）可知選A。So, life is different on a spaceship. There is little gravity so that things float around. If you planned to travel to the moon, what matters would you meet with?Speaking and writingPr

45、oblemsHow to cool youHow to breatheHow to eat and drinkHow to protect your skinHow to stop flying off the moons surfaceSpacesuitsSpace FoodSpace Buggy登月車登月車Space CameraMake a list of your ideas and take part in a class discussion to find the best ones. Use these words and expressions to help you.Ple

46、ase pay attention to . Please check that . You need . Dont forget to . Make sure that . Watch out for .Youd better . You must/mustnt . Please look at .Sample: S1: Lets think about what we would need to protect our skin if we visited the Moon.S2: Id take some skin cream. That works very well when we

47、go to the sea.S3: Yes, but its going to be much too hot to put cream on your skin on the Moon.S4: Whats more you get direct heat from the sun. There are no clouds on the Moon to protect you.S3: Oh dear, and I also have to carry oxygen around with me everywhere because theres no oxygen on the Moon.S2

48、: Why dont we carry the oxygen on our backs in a tank?S1: Good idea, but wont that hurt our skin?S4: I think it will. Why dont we wear a spacesuit which has the possibility of protecting your skin and helping you carry the oxygen very easily?S1: A very good idea. We also need some sunglasses as the

49、sun will be as bad for our eyes as for our skin.S3: Thats right. The helmet of the suit can have sunglasses you can use.S2: How will the suit protect our skin?S4: Its so hot there so I suggest we design suit that can supply cold water so the wearer feels cool and hot water to warm us if we feel cold

50、.S2: Great! So I wont need sun cream after all. Thats good!Brainstorming for writing What will we meet on the moon?when wherewhatwho problemssolve (how)Writing an outline (3m)Outline (main idea)The first paragraph(introduction)Body (your own ideas on the item)Conclusion (summing up)headingsumming up

51、Sample articlethe problempossible solutionsIf I visited the moon, here is a problem I might have: how to stop my food floating away.I would have to take all my food with me if I went to the moon. In the spaceship there is no gravity so the food would float around if it was solid.So I would make sure

52、 that it is specially made as liquid space food. It could be put in a tube and then I would be able to eat it more easily. Perhaps I would use a straw to eat with. It would solve the problem.how it would solve the problem 選用方框內(nèi)合適的詞或短語，并用其選用方框內(nèi)合適的詞或短語，并用其適當(dāng)形式填空。適當(dāng)形式填空。(其中有一個(gè)多余選其中有一個(gè)多余選項(xiàng)項(xiàng)) There was a _ of people around the club entrance.2. You ought to have a good rest _ youve finished the work. massnow thatfloat; now that; mass; get the hang of; watch out; pull3. She spent the afternoon _ on her back in the pool.4. It s