【精品】學術論文與寫作

1、unitlgeneral introductionto professional paper writing (6防$)training : 236554808215106109206l. l classification of professional papersa professional paper is a formal printed document in which professionals present their views and research findings on any deliberately(謹慎的，故意的)chosen topic.1) report

2、paperthe report paper summarizes and reports the findings of author(s) on a particular subject. the author(s) may not give his/their own opinion on the issue, nor evaluates the findings, but merely catalogs them ins sensible sequence.2) research papera research paper can be intelligent, well-informe

3、d, interesting, and original in its conclusions. it draws its material from many sources .its aim is to assemble facts and ideas and by studying then to draw new conclusions as to facts or interpretations, or to present the material in the light of a new interest.3) course paperdifferent from the re

4、port paper and research paper, a course paper mainly refers to the paper written after a specific course is learned or at the end of the term. so its contents usually should be in line with the course requirements and under the instruction of the course instructor.4) thesis paper (dissertation) a th

5、esis paper is usually written and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of ma or ms (or ph.d) in a specific discipline. unlike a report paper, a thesis paper takes a definite stand on an issue. a thesis is a proposition or point of view that the writer or speaker is wil

6、ling to argue against or defend a paper that is used to argue for ratification of a certain event would therefore be a thesis paper.l2<general characteristics of english academic writing styleacademic writing in english is linear, which means it has one central point or theme with every part cont

7、ributing to the main line of argument, without digressions or repetitions. its objective is to inform rather than entertain. as well as this it is in the standard written form of the language. is complex is formal is impersonal and objective is explicit is accurate is cautious or tentativeis respons

8、iblereferences other writers work12 1. complexitywritten language is relatively more complex than spoken language written texts are lexically dense compared to spoken language-they have proportionately more lexical words than grammatical words. writ-ten texts are shorter and have longer, more comple

9、x words and phrases- they have more noun-based phrases, more nominalizations, and more lexical variation.written language is grammatically more complex than spoken language. it has more subordinate clauses, more "that/to complement clauses, more long sequences of prepositional phrases, more att

10、ributive adjectives and more passives than spoken language.1.2.2 formalityacademic writing is relatively formal. formal writing doesn't use contractions, orcolloquialisms and slang. in general this means that in ancolloquial words and expressions1.2.3 objectivitywritten language is in general ob

11、jective rather than personal. it therefore has fewer words that refer to the writer or the reader. this means that the main emphasis should be on the information that you want to give and the arguments you want to make, rather than you. nobody really wants to know what you "think，' or “beli

12、eve". they want to know what you have studied and learned and how this has led you to your various conclusions.the question of what constitutes "language proficiency and the nature of its cross-lingual dimensions is also at the core of many hotly debated issues in the areas of bilingual ed

13、ucation and second language pedagogy and testing.we don't really know what language proficiency is but many people have talked about it for a long time.124 explicitnessacademic writing is explicit about the relationships in the text. furthermore, it is the responsibility of the writer in english

14、 to make it clear to the reader how the various parts of the text are related these connections can be made explicit by the use of different signaling words.if you think that one sentence gives reasons for something in another sentence, make it explicit.if you think two ideas are almost the same, sa

15、y so.if you are giving examples, do it explicitly.if you intend your sentence to give extra information, make it clear.1.2.5 accuracyacademic writing uses vocabulary accurately. most subjects have words with narrow specific meanings.english does not.choose the correct word, for example, "meetin

16、g； “assembly冷"gathering"5 or“conference”.or distinguish from: “money", "cash", "currency", "capital" or <tfunds (gillett, 2010d).1.2.6 hedgingit is often believed that academic writing, particularly scientific writing, is factual, simply to convey fact

17、s and information. however it is now recognized that an important feature of academic writing is the concept of cautious language, often called "hedging or "vague language： in other words, it is wise to use a cautious tone in your writing, because very often you are discussing issues in wh

18、ich there is no absolutely right answer, or absolutely correct definition, or absolutely perfect solution. language used in hedging:1 )lntroductory verbs e.g. seem, tend, look like, appear to be, think, elieve, doubt, be sure, indicate, suggest2) certain lexical verbs e.g. believe, assume, suggest3)

19、 certain modal verbs e.g. will, must, would, may, might, could4) adverbs of frequency e.g. often, sometimes, usually5) modal adverbs e.g. certainly, definitely, clearly, probably, possibly, perhaps, conceivably6) modal adjectives e.g. certain, definite, clear, probable, possible7) modal nouns e.g. a

20、ssumption, possibility, probability8) that clauses e.g. it could be the case that.9) to-clause+ e.g. it may be possible to obtain.1.2.7 responsibilityacademic writing refers to information from a range of print, digital and other sources, all of which must be clearly referenced in your text. in acad

21、emic writing you are responsible for demonstrating an understanding of the source text. you must also be responsible for, and must be able to provide evidence and justification for, any claims you make.1.3 ways of preparing professional papers1) searching for good ideasresearch papers are different

22、from ordinary compositions in that they have to be highly specific in their topics and do have a certain practical, scientific or economic value. therefore, the whole process of preparing and finishing a research paper must, or should , follow the general rule: coming from practice and back to pract

23、ice. just for this purpose and others, investigations are to be carried out based on laboratory or social practice, and on library search.2) finding topics(1) it should be a topic within the reach of the author and capable of being finished within the assigned or suggested time limit.(2) it should b

24、e a topic of practical value for the specialty or the development of economy or science in general.(3) it should be a topic for which sufficient materials and documents can be made available either through readings or through investigations.(4) it should bear being tested theoretically and experimen

25、tally if his research is experimentation and investigation in nature as science demands thoroughness,accuracy and objectivity.(5) it should be a topic free from the author's personal bias or preference even if it may be a topic of humanistic nature.3) considering audience purposeby considering t

26、he audience and purpose we mean analyzing the “call for papers，； and the possible readers of the journal to which your paper is to be submitted, or the possible participants of the conference you are going to attend.4) moving from brainstorming to drafting"brainstorming has become one of the po

27、pular terms in scientific research circles, which may refer to “a meeting of a group of professionals to develop some lever ideas. " and to this end, it is often the case for a author to ask a group of his close friends to have a gathering to help him out with their useful suggestions or commen

28、ts on his ideas "brainstorming can also mean a painstaking thinking process that an author experiences before making a draft for an article.5) editing and refiningwhen following the outline prepared to complete the writing of a research paper, the author has to bear in mind that even if he is a

29、n exceptionally skillful author, he also has to make considerable revisions. in most cases, revision work would continue until the last minute for the submission of the paper .it is advisable to revise the paper from its general layout to the minute omissions and mishaps in language use.errors in fi

30、gures are especially likely to slip in during the process of copying, and can easily escape detection. such minor points do not catch the eye, and scrutiny is necessary if the author wants to succeed in actually writing what he intends to write.questions & exercisesfind a major journal in your f

31、ield and analyze the requirements and specifications laid down by the editorial board of the journal or periodical for submission.2. read the following two passages and try to find out the stylistic features of each.(1)the american wife stood at the window looking at. outside right under their windo

32、w a cat was crouched under one of the dripping green tables. the cat was trying to make herself so compact that she would not be dripped on.ufm going down and get that kitty/' the american wife said.“i'll do it." her husband offered from the bed.“no： iti get it. the poor kitty out tryin

33、g to keep dry under a table/9the husband went on reading, lying propped up with the two pillows at the foot of the bed.“don't get wet," he said.the wife went downstairs and the hotel owner stood up and bowed to her as she passed the office his desk was at the far end of the office. he was a

34、n old man and very tall.excerpt from cat in the rain by hemingwayall the experiments draw on the observations made during the first global garp experiment (fgge) of 1979, when an intensive international effort acquired as complete a set of global observations as was ever made before or since, in eac

35、h set of experiments, forecasts were made drawing on all of the observing systems availablesatellite temperatures, satellite cloud-track winds, winds and temperaturesfrom commercial aircraft, surface observations (land and ship), and balloon observations. then new sets of forecasts drew on this maxi

36、mum system with one or more observing systems deleted from it.t4weather satellites coming of age", science, vol.229, jul 1995,p.2563 find an original professional paper in major international journal in your field and briefly analyzes its vocabulary、sentence structures as well as its writing st

37、yle.unit 2title, author/affiliation and keywords (2hrs)2.1. titles2aa general functionsa> generalizing the texta title should summarize the central idea of the paper concisely and correctly. by glancing at the title, the reader will immediately know, incorporating with the abstract, what is mainl

38、y dealt with in the paper.attracting the readerif a title is accurate, concise and distinct, it will attract readers a lot and stimulate readers to read the whole text. an interesting title may draw particular attention among professionals, for only when readers are interested in the title will they

39、 decide to read the whole paper.c. facilitating the retrievala title usually provides leads for the international information retrieval organizations to choose the appropriate keywords contained in it when they organize index and secondary documents. so, a title serves as an important index of infor

40、mation retrieval to meet the needs of extensive paper communication and information dissemination.2. l2 linguistic featuresa>using more nouns, noun phrases and gerundsthe words or phrases used in a title are very often nouns, noun phrases or gerunds, nominalization, which usually are keywords for

41、 the paper, having the ability to sum up the whole text. nouns or noun phrases used in a title can be added with pre-modifiers or/and post-modifiers.b using incomplete sentencesa title is just a label of appellation of the paper, reflecting the main idea of the content, so even when there is a need

42、to give a title in the form of a sentence, it does not need to be a complete sentence. a complete declarative sentence usually makes a title containing determining implication. meanwhile, it appears lacking brevity and clarity.2.13 writing requirementsa. abc principles for titlesa is for accuracy, b

43、 is for brevity and c is for clarity, which is the so-called abc principles. accuracy means that a title can appropriately express and fit in the reality of the paper brevity asks the writer to summarize the necessary content with the most limited words.b. being brief and concisegenerally, a title i

44、s composed of no more than twenty words. if a title is too long, it will be difficult for readers to catch the meaning of the content and remember it. if the writer fails to state his idea clearly in a few words, he can use a subtitlec being specificin preparing the title of a paper, a general and a

45、bstract title should be avoided for example, such a title as computer simulations of the measurement will be regarded as too general and global, vague and empty, telling the reader nothing specific.d. avoiding question titlesa question title means a complete sentence in the question form. such title

46、s are usually not used in an academic paper (especially in natural sciences), because they always include some redundant question words and marks, for example, ts there.* when does?" "should the？ is it廠 and so on. what is worse, such a title creates inconvenience for information retrieval.

47、e. being unifiedthe parallel parts of a title should be grammatically symmetricalf. being standardin general, nonstandard abbreviations and symbols and/or any terms or phraseology intelligible only to the specialist should be avoided, because the use of them could be very unfavorable to efficient in

48、formation retrieval.2.1.4 some other requirements for titlesa. words1 number limitationgenerally, the number is limited within 10 words and shouldn't be over the limitation of 15 words. certainly, the limitation is not absolute.b. how to name a titlea title should give prominence to the central

49、idea of the research paper. the most important key words, which show the main idea of a paper, are normally fixed first in a title.c. abbreviations in titleswith the development of science and technology, a great amount of technological terms come into being all these terms consist of nouns.d> wr

50、iting patterns for titleswhether all the first letters of the principal words in a title should be capitalized or not, may depend upon the specific requirements set forth by the journal to which your manuscript is to be submitted. in general, there are three patterns for writing a title.e3xsecommonl

51、y used phrases and structures in titles:an analysis ofan assessment of.a comparison of a description of.an evaluation onan explanation ofan outline ofan overview ofstudy of.a tentative study of experiments of. experimental study of. effect of.on. a preliminary report of observation on comparison bet

52、ween and* improvement of. experimental research of laser processing of clinical analysis of results of verification of. follow-up of2.2. author and affiliation2.2.1. authors there are many guidelines for assigning authorship that can help writers keep away from academic misconduct but the criteria f

53、or authorship vary between institutions and disciplines. the american psychological association (apa) gives clear criteria for authorship of publication in social science the international committee of medical journal editors (icnje) and the journal of american medical association (jama) regularly u

54、pdate the criteria for authorship and contributorship in medi- cal science. the criteria for authorship developed by proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america (pnas) are widely accepted in the disciplines of natural science. to social science publications, neith

55、er the modern languages association (mla) nor the chicago manual of style defines requirements for authorship, but the apa publication manual (apa, 2010) gives clear advice on allocating credit for authorship. it states that “authorship is not limited to the writing of manuscripts, but must include

56、those who have made substantial contributions to a study, such as, formulating the problem or hypothesis, stmcturing the experimental design, organ-izing and conducting the statistical analysis, interpreting the results, or writing a major portion of the paper. specifically, in a journal article, th

57、e name of authors should be listed according to the following rules:the sequence of names of the authors to an article must reflect the relative scientific or professional contribution of the authors, irrespective of their academic status.the general rule is that the name of the principal contributo

58、r should come first, with subsequent names in order of decreasing contribution.mere possession of an institutional position on its own, such as head of the research team, does not justify authorship.a student should be listed as a principal author on any multi- authored article that is substantially

59、 based on the student's dissertation or thesis.while the apa guidelines list many other forms of contributions to a study that do not constitute authorship, it does state that combinations of these and other tasks may justify authorship. like medicine, the apa considers institutional position, such as department chair, insufficient for att