化合物英文命名規(guī)則.PPT

1、1Supplementary Information of Specialty English(專業(yè)英語補(bǔ)充信息）Nomenclature of compounds（化合物構(gòu)詞法）Zhang BaohuaCollege of Environmental & Chemical Engineering 2I. Nomenclature of inorganic compounds（無機(jī)化合物構(gòu)詞法） 1. Trivial name （俗名）H2O water CaO quicklime （生石灰） NH3 ammonia （復(fù)）ammonium（單） K2CO3 potash（草木灰）Ca

2、CO3 limestone （石灰石） Hg2Cl2 Calomel (甘汞) 3 I. Nomenclature of inorganic compounds 2. If there are only two elements in the compounds（化合物）, it is customary（習(xí)慣上） to name the more metallic（金屬性） element first and the less metallic, or more electronegative（電負(fù)性） element second, with the suffix（后綴） “ide”.若化

3、合物中僅有兩種元素，習(xí)慣上先命名金屬性強(qiáng)的元素，后命名金屬性弱的元素，再加上ide作為后綴K potassium Na sodium Ca calcium Ba barium S sulfurH hydrogen Cl chlorine Br bromine O oxygen I iodineKCl potassium chloride NaBr sodium bromide BaS barium sulfideCaO calcium oxide HI hydrogen iodide4 I. Nomenclature of inorganic compounds 3. For compound

4、s containing still only two elements but more than two atoms（原子）, the prefixes （前綴）“mono-”, “di-”, “tri-”, etc. become necessary.對(duì)于僅含兩種元素、但多于兩個(gè)原子的化合物，加“mono-”, “di-”, “tri-”等前綴很有必要 (1)mono-, (2)di-, (3)tri-, (4)tetra-, (5)penta-, (6)hex-, (7)hept-, (8)octa-Cl2O di-chlorine monoxide ClO chlorine mono

5、xideClO2 chlorine dioxide ClO3 chlorine trioxideCl2O7 di-chlorine heptoxide ClO4 chlorine tetroxide 5I. Nomenclature of inorganic compoundsvAnd “-ous”, “-ic” were also used to denote（表示） the lower and higher metallic state.用“-ous”表示低價(jià)化合物，用“-ic” 表示高價(jià)化合物6I. Nomenclature of inorganic compoundsvCuI cupr

6、ous iodide CuI2 cupric iodidevFeBr2 ferrous bromide FeBr3 ferric bromide vSnCl2 stannous chloride SnCl4 stannic chloridevHNO3 nitric acid HNO2 nitrous acid7Nomenclature of inorganic compoundsThe element symbols not from English symbolEnglishLatinsymbolEnglish LatinCucoppercuprumAugoldaurumSbautimony

7、stibiumFeironferrumPbleadPlumbumAgSilverarrgentumHgmercuryhydrargyrumNaSodium NatriumKpotassium kaliumSntinstannum8 I. Nomenclature of inorganic compounds 4. A class of compounds in which such prefixes are seldom used is that in which the metal atom usually exhibits（展現(xiàn)） only one oxidation state.當(dāng)化合物

8、中的金屬元素僅有一種價(jià)態(tài)，通常很少加前綴ZnBr2 zinc bromide CaH2 calcium hydrideNa2O sodium oxide Al2S3 aluminum sulfide 9 I. Nomenclature of inorganic compounds 5. Three elements present, such compounds are named by combining the suffix “-ate” with the name of the less electronegative of the two nonmetallic elements. A

9、nd “-ite”, “-ate” are used to denote the lower and higher oxidation state of the same electronegative element. 含三種元素的化合物是通過在兩種非金屬元素中電負(fù)性較弱的一種之后加后綴“-ate” 來命名的。對(duì)于電負(fù)性相同的元素，用“-ite”表示低價(jià)元素，用“-ate” 表示高價(jià)元素 NaNO3 sodium nitrate NaNO2 sodium nitrite 10 I. Nomenclature of inorganic compounds vWhen there are mor

10、e than two oxidation states of the electronegative element, prefix used. The prefix “hypo-” meaning “below”, is used in the name of the lowest oxidation state. The prefix “per-” meaning “highest”, is used when it is in the highest oxidation state.當(dāng)電負(fù)性較低的元素有超過兩種價(jià)態(tài)時(shí)，就使用前綴。前綴“hypo-” 表示“低于”，用于低價(jià)態(tài)之前；前綴“p

11、er-” 表示“高于”，用于高價(jià)態(tài)之前11I. Nomenclature of inorganic compoundsFormulaOxidation state of less electronegative atomName of saltKNO2+3Potassium nitriteKNO3+5Potassium nitrateRbSO3+4Rubidium sulfiteRbSO4+6Rubidium sulfateCsClO+1Cesium hypochloriteCsClO2+5Cesium chloriteCsClO3+5Cesium chlorateCsClO4+7Cesium

12、 perchlorate12I. Nomenclature of inorganic compoundsvIn inorganic acid, “-ous”, “-ic” are used to denote the lower and higher oxidation state. 在無機(jī)酸中， “-ous”表示用于低價(jià)態(tài), “-ic”表示用于高價(jià)態(tài) 13I. Nomenclature of inorganic compoundsFormulaOxidation state of less electronegative atomName of saltFormula and name of

13、 corresponding acid KNO2+3Potassium nitriteH NO2 Nitrous acidKNO3+5Potassium nitrateH NO3 Nitric acidRbSO3+4Rubidium sulfiteH2 SO3 Sulfurous acidRbSO4+6Rubidium sulfateH2 SO4 Sulfuric acidCsClO+1Cesium hypochloriteHClO Hypochlorous acidCsClO2+5Cesium chloriteHClO2 chlorous acidCsClO3+5Cesium chlorat

14、eHClO3 chloric acidCsClO4+7Cesium perchlorateHClO4 perchloric acid14II. Nomenclature of organic compounds （有機(jī)化合物的命名）vNonfunctional CompoundsA.（非功能性化合物）151. Alkane（烷烴） Alkene (olefin)（烯烴） Alkyne （炔烴） IUPAC names (systematic names) trivial names (popular names)IUPAC: International Union of Pure and Ap

15、plied Chemistry16vThe names of linear alkanes, alkenes and alkynes（線型烷烴、烯烴、炔烴的命名）:vSuffixvMethane（甲烷） Icosane（二十烷） (C1 C20 alkanes) -anevethene （乙烯） Icosene（二十烯） (give position of C=C)-ene17v trivial name: ethylene（乙烯） propylene （丙烯） butylene（丁烯）vacetylene (ethyne)（乙炔） Icosyne（二十炔） -ynev(give positi

16、on of C=C)vMethane（甲烷） ethane（乙烷） propane （丙烷） butane（丁烷） pentane（戊烷） hexane（己烷） heptane（庚烷） octane（辛烷） nonane（壬烷） decane（癸烷） undecane（十一烷） dodecane（十二烷） tridecane（十三烷）vTetradecane（十四烷） pentadecane （十五烷） hexadecane（十六烷） heptadecane（十七烷） octadecane（十八烷） nonadecane（十九烷 ）icosane（二十烷） (C1-C20 alkanes)18

17、Common substituents（常見取代基）: alkyl（烷基）, alkenyl（烯基）, alkynyl（炔基） groups:Alkyl omit（省略） the suffix “ane” and add “yl” to the end of the name烷基省略后綴“ane” ，將“yl” 加在名稱之后 methyl（甲基） nonadecyl（十九基 ） icosyl（二十基）Alkenyl omit the last letter “e” and add “yl” to the end of the name烯基省略最后一個(gè)字母“e” ，將“yl” 加在名稱之后 1-

18、propenyl (丙烯基), 2-penten（五亞乙基六胺）-2-yl trivial names: vinyl（乙烯基）, allyl (烯丙基)19Alkynyl omit the last letter “e” and add “yl” to the end of the name炔基省略最后一個(gè)字母“e” 并在名稱后加“yl” 1-propynyl（丙炔基）, 1-pentynyl（戊炔） benzyl（芐基） phenyl（苯基） If the same alkyl group appears more than once in a molecule（分子）, it is ind

19、icated（表明） by the prefixes:（如果同樣的烷基在分子中出現(xiàn)超過一次，要通過前綴表明） For identical（完全相同的） simple groups: di-, tri-, tetra- （對(duì)于相同的簡(jiǎn)單基團(tuán)： di-, tri-, tetra- ） For identical complicated（復(fù)雜的） group: bis-, tris-, tetrakis-, pentakis-, bi-: biphenyl（聯(lián)苯）, binuclear-（雙核的）（對(duì)于完全相同的復(fù)雜集團(tuán)：bis-, tris-, tetrakis-, pentakis-, ）20B

20、ranched-alkyl（支鏈烴） group:Impotant prefix: iso-(異), neo-(新), sec-(仲), tert-(叔) sec-, tert- used only for the butyl groupsec-, tert-僅用于烴基 sec-butyl（仲丁基）, tert-butyl （叔丁基）iso-, neo- used for both compounds and substituents（取代基）.iso-, neo-可用于化合物和取代基 isobutyl（異丁基）, isobutane（異丁烷）, isohexyl（異己基）, neopenty

21、l（新戊基）, neopentane（新戊烷） The names of the substituents are given in alphabetical（依字母順序的） order in the systematic names（系統(tǒng)名稱） of organic compounds. Except the prefixes iso- and neo-, the other prefixes, such as di-, tri-, sec-, tert- are not involved in alphabetical listing.在有機(jī)化合物的系統(tǒng)命名中，取代基的名稱是按照字母順序給

22、出的，除了前綴iso- and neo-, 其他前綴，比如di-, tri-, sec-, tert- ，不包含在依字母順序的列表中21Exercises:2-methylpentane2-甲基戊烷2,2-dimethyl-5-ethyloctane2,2-二甲基-6-乙基壬烷22 3-methyl-6-ethyloctane3-甲基-6-乙基辛烷 4-sec-butyl-3-methylnonane3-甲基-4-仲丁基壬烷4-propyl-5-isopropyldecane4-丙基-5-異丙基癸烷233-propyl-1,3,5-hexatriene3-丙基-1,3,5-己三烯2-methy

23、l-4,4-bis(tert-butyl)-octane2-甲基-4,4-二異丁基辛烷5-sec-butylnonane5-(2-butyl)nonane5-2-butylnonane5-異丁基壬烷24(2Z,4E)-3-ethyl-2,4-hexadiene順，反- 3-甲基-2,4-己二烯4-vinyl-1-hepten-5-yne3-acetylenyl-1,5-hexadiene3-乙炔基-1,5-己二烯H3CCHCHCC2H5CH3H3-vinyl-4-propyl-1,3-hexadiene-5-yne3-乙烯基-4-丙基-1,3-己二烯-5-炔25v芐基 benzyc 苯基 ph

24、enylvpara-p-對(duì)位 meta-m-間位 o-鄰位vFe(NO3)3 ferric nitrate Fe(NO2)2 ferrous nitritevNaOH sodium hydroxidevKCl potassium chloridevH2SO4 sulfuric acid H2SO3 sulfurous acidvBaI2 barium iodidevKClO potassium hypochlorite KClO2 potassium chloritevKClO3 potassium chlorate KClO4 potassium perchloratevCO2 carbon

25、 dioxidev實(shí)際中的變通：ethene-ethylene ethyne-acetylene262. Monocyclic（單環(huán)的） compounds（單環(huán)化合物）cyclo + alkane（烷烴） cyclo + alkyl（烷基）cyclo + alkene（烯烴） cyclo + alkenyl （烯基）Cyclohexane（環(huán)己烷） Cyclohexene（環(huán)己烯）27Cyclopentylcyclohexane環(huán)戊基環(huán)己烷1,3 cyclohexdiene1,3-環(huán)己二烯HC2H5CH3Htrans-1-ethyl-4-methylcyclohexane反-1-乙基-4-甲

26、基環(huán)己烷283-ethyl-1,4,5-trimethylcyclohexene3-乙基-1,4,5-三甲基環(huán)己烯2-methyl-5-cyclopentyl-heptane2-乙基-5-環(huán)戊基庚烷CH3CH3C2H5H3C29Aromatic compounds（芳香族化合物）xylene（二甲苯）o, m, p-benzene（苯）CH3toluene（甲苯）CH3H3C30mesitylene（1,3,5-三甲基苯）CHCH2styrene（苯乙烯）31Monosubstituted（單基取代的） benzenes:nitrobenzene（硝基苯）C2H5ethylbenzene（乙苯

27、）Clchlorobenzene（氯苯）NO232aniline（苯胺）CNcyanobenzene（苯甲腈）OHphenol（苯酚）NH233Multisubstituented aromatic compounds（多取代的芳香化合物）m-sec-butyl chlorobenzene間仲丁基氯苯HOOCOCH3HOOCHOClp-acetylbenzoic acid對(duì)乙酰苯甲酸o-hydroxybenzoic acid鄰羥基苯甲酸34p-ethyltolene對(duì)乙基甲苯BrOCH3C2H5H3CC2H5p-bromomethoxy benzene對(duì)溴甲氧基苯3-ethyl-4-pheny

28、l cyclohexene3-乙基-4-苯基 環(huán)己烯35NH2CH3OHCNm-methylaniline間甲基苯胺O-cyanophenol鄰氰基苯酚36CH3CH3o-xylene鄰二甲苯FFFFFFCOOHCOOHphthalic acid鄰苯二甲酸perfluorobenzene六氟苯37II. Nomenclature（命名法） of organic compounds B. Functional compounds38 1. Alkyl halides （鹵化物）2-iodopropane2-碘丙烷isopropyl iodide異丙基碘(1) halo + the name of

29、 alkane (2) The name of alkyl group + halidehalo: fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodohalide: fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodideH3CCHCH3IBrCH3CH3-CH-CH2-CH-CH32-bromoisohexane2-溴異己烷39Some special names for alkyl halides: CHX3 choroform 氯仿 bromoform溴仿 iodoform碘仿 CH2X2 methylene chloride 二氯甲烷 CX4 carbon tetra

30、chloride 四氯化碳 X3C-CX3 perchloro ethane402. Alcohols（醇）The name of alcohol are given by replacing the final letter “e” of the name of alkane with the suffix “ol”.醇的命名是將烷烴中的最后一個(gè)字母“e變?yōu)楹缶Y“ol”2-propanol 2-丙醇Isopropanol 異丙醇H3CCHCH3OH412-methyl-1,4-cyclohexanediol2-甲基-1,4-環(huán)己二醇HOCH3OHOH2-cyclopenten-1-ol 2-

31、環(huán)戊烯-1-醇42 3. Thiols (mercaptan 硫醇) the name of alkane + thiol O-mercaptotoluene鄰巰基甲苯H3CH2CCH2SHCH3SH1-propanethiol1-丙硫醇43 4. The salts of alcohols (ROM)醇類的鹽The name of cation（陽(yáng)離子） + the name of R group + oxide（氧化物）ammonium cyclohexyl oxide銨氧環(huán)己烷H3CCHCH2H2CCH3OKO-NH4+potassium isopentyl oxide鉀氧異戊烷44 5

32、. The salts of thiols (RSM)硫醇的鹽(1) The name of cation + the name of R group +sulfide (2) The name of cation + the name of thiol + atelithium tert-butyl sulfide叔丁基鋰硫lithium tert-butanethiolate叔丁基硫鋰LiSCCH3CH3CH3456. Ethers (R1-O-R2)（醚）(1) The name of R1 + the name of R2 + ether (2) The name of small a

33、lkyloxy + the name of alkaneC2H5OC2H5H3CCH2CHCH3O CH3H3C CH2O CHCH3CH3ethyl isopropyl ether乙基異丙基醚(di)ethyl ether 二乙醚sec-butyl methyl ether 仲丁基甲醚2-methoxybutane2-甲氧基丁烷46crown ethers（冠醚）OOOOOOOOOO12-crown-418-crown-647 7. Epoxides（環(huán)氧化合物）epoxy + the name of alkaneCHCHOH3CClCH CHORR1-chloro-1,2-epoxypro

34、pane1-氯基-1,2-環(huán)氧丙烷488. Sulfides R1-S-R2)（硫化物）(1) The name of R1 + the name of R2 + sulfide (2) The name of small alkylthio + the name of alkanesec-butyl methyl sulfide仲丁基甲基硫醚2-(methylthio)butane2-甲硫基丁烷H3CSCHH2CCH3CH349In order to avoid the confusion of SR and CSOH groups in same cases, parenthesis(圓括

35、號(hào)) must be correctly used.為了避免在某些情況下對(duì)于-SR和-CSOH基團(tuán)的混淆，圓括號(hào)必須正確使用p-ethyl(thiol)benzoic acid對(duì)乙基（硫醇）苯甲酸H3CH2CSCOOHH2CCOHSH3Cp-(ethylthiol)benzoic acid對(duì)乙硫醇苯甲酸 509. Amines（胺）RNH2 primary RRNH secondaryRRRN tertiaryFor simple amines（胺類）: the names of alkyl groups + amine 51N,N-dimethylpentanamineN，N，-二甲基戊胺1

36、-dimethylaminopentane1-二甲基戊胺H3CH2CCHCH3NH2HNH2CCH2CH2ClH2CClH3CH2CCH2H2CCH2NCH3CH32-butylamine2-丁胺bis(2-chloroethyl)amine2（2-氯乙基）胺52cyclohexylammoniumchloride 氯化環(huán)己銨N CH3H3CCH3CH3+OH-NH3+Cl-tertramethylammonium hydroxide四甲基氫氧化銨53For complicated（復(fù)雜的） amines:Replace the final letter “e” in the name of

37、alkane + amine代替烷烴中的最后一個(gè)字母“e” + amineN-ethyl-3-methyl-2-pentanamineN-乙基-3-甲基-2-戊胺H3CH2CCHCHCH3CH3NHC2H5OHCH3NHC2H53-ethylamino-2-methylcyclohexanol3-乙基胺-2-甲基環(huán)己醇N-ethyl-2-methyl-3-hydroxycyclohexanamineN-乙基-2-甲基-3-氫氧化環(huán)己胺5410. Aldehydes（醛）Replace the final letter “e” of alkane with “al” , or “carbalde

38、hyde”用“al”或“carbaldehyde”代替烷烴最后一個(gè)字母“e” for C1- C5 aldehydes:formaldehyde（甲醛） acetaldehyde（乙醛） propionaldehyde（丙醛） butyraldehyde（丁醛） Valeraldehyde（戊醛） 55H2CCCH2H2CC2H5CHO2-methylcyclohexane-carbaldehyde2-甲基環(huán)己烷-甲醛OHCH2CCHOCHO4-ethyl-4-pentenal4-乙基-4-戊烯醛propanedial 丙二醛56CHObenzaldehyde 苯甲醛OHC-CH2CH2CH2

39、-CH-CH2-CHOCHO1,2,5-pentanetricarbaldehyde1,2,5-三甲醛戊烷3-formyl（甲酰基）heptanedial3-甲?；?7 11. ketones（酮）uReplace the final letter “e” in the name of alkane with “-one”.u用“-one”代替烷烴最后一個(gè)字母“e”uWrite the names of the groups R and R, followed by the word “ketone”.u寫出基團(tuán)R和R的名稱，后接“ketone” 4-methyl-4-hexen-2-o

40、ne4-甲基-4-乙烯基-2-酮H3CH2CCH2CCH3OH3CCH2CCHCH3OCH33-pentanone3-戊酮583-phenylcyclopentanone3-苯基環(huán)戊酮OOH3COO1,3-cyclopentanedione1,3-環(huán)戊二酮Acetophenone 乙酰苯methyl phenyl ketone 甲基苯基酮59 12. Carboxylic acids（羧酸）vReplace the final letter “e” in the name of the hydrocarbon with “-(o)ic acid” or “carboxylic acid”.v用

41、“-(o)ic acid”或“carboxylic acid”代替碳?xì)浠衔镏械淖詈笠粋€(gè)字母“e”vTrivial names（俗名） for acids containing C1C5 carbon atoms: formic acid（甲酸） acetic acid（乙酸） propionic acid（丙酸）butyric acid（丁酸） valeric acid （戊酸） 602-isohexenoic acid2-異己烯酸H3CCHCHCH3HCCOOHHCCH2CCOOHCH3CH2CH2COOHbutanoic acid 丁酸butyric acid3-butynoic aci

42、d 3-丁炔酸61 13. Amides（酰胺）vOmit the final letter “e” in the name of alkane, and then add the suffix “amide” or carboxyamide to the end of the name.v省略烷烴中的最后一個(gè)字母“e”，然后在名稱的最后加后綴“amide” 或carboxyamideu Trivial names for amides containing C1C5 carbon atoms: formamide（甲酰胺）acetamide（乙酰胺） propionamide（丙酰胺） bu

43、tyramide（丁酰胺） valeramide（戊酰胺）62C NOCH3CH3HN,N-dimethylformamideN,N-二甲基甲酰胺CH3CH2CH2C-NH2Obutanamide丁酰胺CH2=CH-CH-CH=CH-C-NHCH2-CH3CH3ON-ethyl-4-methyl-2,5-hexadienamideN-乙基-4-甲基-2,5-己二烯酰胺C NH2Ocyclopropanecarboxamide環(huán)丙基甲酰胺63 14. Ester（酯）vOmit the final letter “e” in the name of alkane, and then add th

44、e suffix “(o)ate” or “carboxylate” to the end of the name.v省略烷烴的最后一個(gè)字母“e”，然后在名稱的最后加后綴“(o)ate”或“carboxylate” isopropylbenzoate苯甲酸異丙酯H3CH2CCH2COH2CCH3OCOCHCH3CH3Oethylbutanoate丁酸乙酯64ethyl cyclopentanecarboxylate環(huán)戊酸乙酯CH3-CH-CH2-CH2-C-OCH3Ocyclopentyl 4-methylpentanoate4-甲基丁酸環(huán)戊酯COC2H5OH3CC-O-CH2-CH-CH2-

45、CH3OCH3(2-methyl) 3-methylcyclohexanecarboxylate3-甲基環(huán)己酸（2-甲基）丁酯65 15. The salts of acids 羧酸鹽The name of cation（陽(yáng)離子） + alkane + “-(o)ate” or “carboxylate”.lithium cyclopentanecarboxylate環(huán)戊酸鋰COOLiH3CCHCH2CH3H2CCOOKCH3C-ONaOsodium acetate 乙酸鈉potassium isohexanoate 異丁酸鉀66 16. Carboxylic anhydrides酸酐vThe

46、 name(s) of the acid(s) + “(o)ic” anhydridebutyric propionic anhydride丁酸丙酸酐butanoic propanoic anhydrideCH3-CH2-CH2COCCH2CH2CH3OOC3H7COCC2H5OObutyric anhydride 丁酸酐butanoic anhydride67benzoic anhydride 苯甲酸酐COCOOCOCOOcyclohexanecarboxylic anhydride環(huán)己甲酸酐OOObutanedioic anhydride丁二酸酐68 17. Acyl halides酰氯v

47、Omit the final letter “e” in the name of alkane, and then add the suffix “oyl halide” to the end of the name.v省略烷烴的最后一個(gè)字母“e”，然后在名稱的最后加后綴“oyl halide” butanoyl chloride丁酰氯H3CH2CCH2CClO69CFObenzoyl fluoride苯甲酰氟H3CHCCHH2COBr3-pentenoyl bromide3-戊烯酰溴70 18. Nitriles（腈）vAdd the suffix “(o)nitrile” or “carb

48、onitrile to the end of the name of the hydrocarbon.v在碳?xì)浠衔镒詈蠹雍缶Y“(o)nitrile”或“carbonitrile vTrivial names of nitriles containing C1C5 carbon atoms:hydrocyanic acid （氫氰酸） acetonitrile propiononitrilebutyronitrile（丁腈） valeronitrile（戊腈）711,3,5-hexanetricarbonnitrile1,3,5-tricyanohexane1,3,5-己腈H3C CC CH2CNCNH3CCHCH2CHCH2CH2CNCNCN3-pentynenitrile 3-丁炔腈cyclopentanecarbonitrile環(huán)戊腈72 19. Lactones and lactams（內(nèi)酯和內(nèi)酰胺）vAdd the suffix “(o)lactone” or “(o)lactam” to the end of the name of the hydroc