GrammarandFunction

1、Match the sentences with the names of the tenses.past simple past perfect past continuousHe survived. He was driving a lorry.He had had lots of jobs.Read the sentences and discuss the questions.a. Which tense refers to actions in the past?b. Which tense refers to an action in progress when another t

2、hing happened?c. Which tense refers to something which happened before something else?1. Before he volunteered to direct traffic, Timoteo had had lots of jobs.2. He was driving a lorry when he came off the road.3. Somehow he survived.cba1. 表示在過去時(shí)間里發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存表示在過去時(shí)間里發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與表示一般過去的時(shí)在的狀態(tài)，常與表示一般過去的時(shí)

3、間狀語連用。間狀語連用。 He lived here three years ago. 他三年前住在這里。他三年前住在這里。2. 表示在過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)表示在過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi), 經(jīng)常性或習(xí)經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。慣性的動(dòng)作。 When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我小的時(shí)候我小的時(shí)候, 常在街上踢足球。常在街上踢足球。3. 用在用在Its time/I wish/Id rather + that-clause句型中句型中,以及某些條件。句中表以及某些條件。句中表示虛擬示虛擬, 這些句型描述的情況往往與現(xiàn)這些句型描述的情況

4、往往與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反。在事實(shí)相反。 How I wish every family had a large house with a beautiful garden! 4. 可以根據(jù)上下文的語境要求可以根據(jù)上下文的語境要求,使用使用 一般過去時(shí)。一般過去時(shí)。 - Long time to see! Havent you graduated from college? - Yes. I studied English for four years in Nanjing.1. 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)主要用來表示在過去延過去進(jìn)行時(shí)主要用來表示在過去延續(xù)了一段時(shí)間的動(dòng)作。續(xù)了一段時(shí)間的動(dòng)作。 They were

5、expecting you yesterday.他們昨天一直在等你他們昨天一直在等你。2. 有時(shí)不與時(shí)間狀語連用時(shí)有時(shí)不與時(shí)間狀語連用時(shí),可以表示逐可以表示逐漸的發(fā)展。漸的發(fā)展。 It was getting darker. The wind was rising. 3. 有時(shí)可以用一個(gè)句子來表示時(shí)間狀語。有時(shí)可以用一個(gè)句子來表示時(shí)間狀語。 When I arrived, Tom was talking on the phone. 1. 表示某動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過去某時(shí)間或表示某動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過去某時(shí)間或某動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成。某動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成。 句中常用句中常用by引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語或以引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語或以

6、before, until, when, than 等引導(dǎo)的等引導(dǎo)的含有一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語從句。含有一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語從句。By 5:00 yesterday morning we had finished that work. 到昨天早上到昨天早上5點(diǎn)鐘時(shí)點(diǎn)鐘時(shí), 我們已經(jīng)做完了我們已經(jīng)做完了工作。工作。2. 表示某動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過去某時(shí)刻前已表示某動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過去某時(shí)刻前已 經(jīng)開始經(jīng)開始, 持續(xù)到這一過去時(shí)間持續(xù)到這一過去時(shí)間, 并可能并可能 持續(xù)下去。持續(xù)下去。 John and Jane had known each other for a long time before thei

7、r marriage. 約翰和簡在結(jié)婚前就認(rèn)識(shí)很長時(shí)間了。約翰和簡在結(jié)婚前就認(rèn)識(shí)很長時(shí)間了。3. 用在用在if引導(dǎo)的與過去事實(shí)相反的條件引導(dǎo)的與過去事實(shí)相反的條件句以及句以及wish, as if引導(dǎo)的從句中。引導(dǎo)的從句中。If she had worked hard, she would have succeeded. 要是她努力的話要是她努力的話, 她就會(huì)成功了。她就會(huì)成功了。 (事實(shí)上她沒努力事實(shí)上她沒努力,也沒成功。也沒成功。)4. 常用常用hardly/scarcely/barely. when.,；no sooner .than.等結(jié)構(gòu)中等結(jié)構(gòu)中, 表示表示“剛剛剛剛就就”。 Ha

8、rdly had he begun to speak, the audience interrupted him. 他剛開始演講他剛開始演講, 聽眾就打斷了他。聽眾就打斷了他。5. intend, think, hope, want, mean等動(dòng)詞等動(dòng)詞用過去完成時(shí)用過去完成時(shí), 表示過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的打表示過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的打算或意圖。算或意圖。 I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasnt able to get away. 我本來打算今年好好休個(gè)假我本來打算今年好好休個(gè)假, 但是我不但是我不能離開了。能離開了。一般過去時(shí)一般

9、過去時(shí)與過去進(jìn)行時(shí)與過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別的區(qū)別 一般過去時(shí)表示過去已經(jīng)發(fā)一般過去時(shí)表示過去已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，強(qiáng)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，強(qiáng)調(diào)一種事實(shí)或結(jié)果調(diào)一種事實(shí)或結(jié)果；而過去而過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去某時(shí)正在持進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去某時(shí)正在持續(xù)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或尚未完成的續(xù)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或尚未完成的動(dòng)作，強(qiáng)調(diào)過程。動(dòng)作，強(qiáng)調(diào)過程。 Mary wrote a letter to her friend last night.Mary was writing a letter to her friend last night.一般過去時(shí)一般過去時(shí)與過去完成時(shí)與過去完成時(shí)的區(qū)別的區(qū)別 一般過去時(shí)表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在一般過去時(shí)

10、表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去某時(shí)過去某時(shí)(其時(shí)間參照點(diǎn)是現(xiàn)其時(shí)間參照點(diǎn)是現(xiàn)在在)，而，而過去完成時(shí)則表示動(dòng)過去完成時(shí)則表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去某時(shí)之前作發(fā)生在過去某時(shí)之前(其時(shí)其時(shí)間參照點(diǎn)是過去間參照點(diǎn)是過去)。 They had done the work at five oclock.They did the work at five oclock.1. Were you surprised by the ending of the film? No. I _ the book, so I already knew the story. A. was readingB. had read C. am re

11、ading D. have readPractice2. I was just going to cut my rose bushes but someone _ it. Was it you? A. has doneB. had done C. would doD. will do3. I walked slowly through the market, where people _ all kinds of fruits and vegetables. I studied the prices carefully and bought what I needed. A. sell B.

12、were selling C. had sold D. have sold4. Have you finished reading Jane Eyre? No, I _ my homework all day yesterday. A. was doingB. would do C. has done D. do5. Excuse me. I _ I was blocking your way. A. didnt realize B. dont realize C. havent realized D. wasnt realizing6. The book has been translate

13、d into thirty languages since it _ on the market in 1973. A. had come B. has come C. came D. comes英語中英語中, 表示對(duì)過去某種情況進(jìn)行推測(cè)表示對(duì)過去某種情況進(jìn)行推測(cè)或?qū)σ寻l(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)進(jìn)行推或?qū)σ寻l(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)進(jìn)行推測(cè)時(shí)測(cè)時(shí), 常用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞常用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must, may (might), can(could), should (ought to), would等等have過去分詞表示。依據(jù)說話人的語過去分詞表示。依據(jù)說話人的語氣或推測(cè)的把握程度不同氣或推測(cè)的把握程度不同, 使用的

14、情態(tài)使用的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞也不同。動(dòng)詞也不同。“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞have過去分詞過去分詞”的用法的用法1. musthave過去分詞過去分詞 表示對(duì)過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀表示對(duì)過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)的肯定判斷。用于肯定的陳述句態(tài)的肯定判斷。用于肯定的陳述句中中(在否定句及疑問句中用在否定句及疑問句中用can代替代替must), 意思是意思是“一定已經(jīng)一定已經(jīng)”。 If he had really been there, I must have seen him. 2. can (could)have過去分詞過去分詞 表示對(duì)過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)表示對(duì)過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)的否定或疑問判斷

15、。的否定或疑問判斷。 Where can he have gone? 他可能去哪里了呢他可能去哪里了呢? Jim cant have been at home yesterday. 吉姆昨天不可能在家。吉姆昨天不可能在家。 3. may/mighthave過去分詞過去分詞 表示對(duì)過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)表示對(duì)過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)進(jìn)行的不肯定的推測(cè)進(jìn)行的不肯定的推測(cè), 語氣比使用語氣比使用can (could)弱。弱。might的語氣比的語氣比may更弱。更弱。 She may have read the book. He might not have got your letter.4

16、. needhave過去分詞過去分詞 常用于否定句常用于否定句, 表示過去做了不必做表示過去做了不必做或不需要做的事情或不需要做的事情, 表示表示“本來不本來不必必”。You neednt have told him the news. 你沒有必要告訴他那消息。你沒有必要告訴他那消息。5. should/ought tohave過去分詞過去分詞 肯定式表示肯定式表示“過去本應(yīng)做某事過去本應(yīng)做某事(但但沒做沒做)”;否定式表示否定式表示“過去不該做過去不該做某事某事(但做了但做了)”,含有不滿或責(zé)備之含有不滿或責(zé)備之意。意。 Youre right. I should have thought

17、of that. She ought to have come earlier.6. wouldhave過去分詞過去分詞 表示過去本來要做某事卻因某種原因表示過去本來要做某事卻因某種原因未做未做, 用來說明某種情況用來說明某種情況, 不含有責(zé)備不含有責(zé)備之意。之意。 I would have written to you earlier but I have been ill. 我本來要早點(diǎn)給你寫信我本來要早點(diǎn)給你寫信, 但我生病了。但我生病了。If I had seen the advertisement, I would have applied for the job. 我要是看見那個(gè)廣

18、告了我要是看見那個(gè)廣告了, 我就申請(qǐng)我就申請(qǐng)那份工作了。那份工作了。1. “When I was younger, I worked as a miner.” “That _ have been hard.”2. Im surprised David didnt apply for the job. He _ have seen the advertisement.PracticeComplete the sentences with must, cant or might.mustcant3. “Wheres Sam?” “I dont know. He _ have gone to the

19、 meeting.”4. I dont know why the manager didnt reply. He _ not have received our letter.5. Jackie looks happy. They _ have increased his salary.6. The secretary wasnt listening. She _ have heard what I said.mightmightmustcantA: I visited China last yearB: That _ very interesting.A: Not really. I sti

20、ll had to look after a group of French children who were visiting China.B: That _ easy!Complete the dialogue with the correct words and phrases.must have beencant have beenA: No, it was a nightmare.B: They _ have got lost, or had an accident.A: Yes, but luckily there were no disasters. I managed som

21、ehow.might1. John _ a better job, but he was too careless. A. should do B. must have done C. could do D. could have done2. - I dont know why he is late.- Nor do I. He _ have had an accident. A. can B. should C. might D. must 3. He must have seen the inspector last night, _ he? A. mustnt B. hasnt C. didnt D. doesnt4. -Mary looks sad. Did you tell her about the accident? -Yes, but I _ have told her. A. should B. shouldnt C. must D. ought to not5. The playground is all wet. It _ rained last nig