人教版八年級下學(xué)期英語語法講解

1、八年級下學(xué)期英語語法講解(UNIT1)現(xiàn)在完成時的重點和難點一、現(xiàn)在完成時的“完成用法”和“未完成用法”1.現(xiàn)在完成時的"完成用法" 現(xiàn)在完成時的"完成用法"指的是動作發(fā)生在過去某一時刻并已結(jié)束，但該動作對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生了影響，與現(xiàn)在情況具有因果關(guān)系。例如：He has turned off the light.他已把燈關(guān)了。(動作結(jié)束于過去，但說明的是現(xiàn)在的情況-燈現(xiàn)在不亮了。)現(xiàn)在完成時"完成用法"的特點是動作不延續(xù)，因此，該時態(tài)只能與表示不定的過去時間狀語(如：already，yet，before，recently等)、頻度時間狀語(

2、如：never，ever，once等)、包括現(xiàn)在時刻在內(nèi)的時間狀語(如：this morning month year.，today等)連用。例如： Have you found your pen yet？你已找到你的鋼筆了嗎？2.現(xiàn)在完成時的"未完成用法" 現(xiàn)在完成時的"未完成用法"指的是動作開始于過去某一時刻，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，或可能還要繼續(xù)下去。例如：He has lived here since 1978.自從1978年以來，他一直住在這兒。(動作起始于1978年，一直住到現(xiàn)在，可能還要繼續(xù)住下去。) I have been in the army

3、 for more than 5 years.我在部隊已經(jīng)呆了五年多了。(動作開始于5年前，一直延續(xù)至今，有可能還要繼續(xù)下去。) 此種用法的句中常需一個表示一段時間的狀語(由since或for引導(dǎo))，或表示與現(xiàn)在時刻相連的時間狀語(如：up to now，so far到目前為止)等。例如：I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前為止我沒有他的任何消息。 注意：(1)現(xiàn)在完成時的未完成用法只適用于延續(xù)性動詞，不可用于終止性動詞，即瞬間完成或延續(xù)時間很短的動詞。如：come，go，arrive，leave，join，become，die等。(2)現(xiàn)在完

4、成時常見兩種句型：主語have / has beenfor短語 It is一段時間 since從句 例如：He has been in the League for three years.或It is three years since he joined the League. 他入團(tuán)已三年了。3、延續(xù)性動詞和終止性動詞的概念英語中，動詞按其動作發(fā)生的方式、動作發(fā)生過程的長短，可分為延續(xù)性動詞和終止性動詞。延續(xù)性動詞表示能夠延續(xù)的動作，這種動作可以延續(xù)下去或產(chǎn)生持久影響。如：learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, wat

5、ch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。終止性動詞也稱非延續(xù)性動詞、瞬間動詞或短暫性動詞，表示不能延續(xù)的動作，這種動作發(fā)生后立即結(jié)束。如open, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave, move, borrow,buy等。4、延續(xù)性動詞的用法特征櫻·Prayer 20:58:281.延續(xù)性動詞可以用于現(xiàn)在完成時，其完成時態(tài)可與表示"段時間"的狀語連用。表示"段時間"的短語有：for two years, during the pa

6、st three years, since last year, how long等。如：I have learned English since I came here.自從我來到這兒就學(xué)英語了。2.延續(xù)性動詞不能與表示短暫時間的"點時間"狀語連用。如：It raind at eight yesterday morning.(誤) rain為延續(xù)性動詞，而at eight表示"點時間"，前后顯然矛盾。如果用延續(xù)性動詞表示一瞬間的動作，可以借助come, begin, get等終止性動詞來表示。上句可改為：It began to rain at eigh

7、t yesterday morning.(正)又如：-When did you get to know Jack?-Two years ago.-Then you've known each other for more than two years.-That's right.5、終止性動詞的用法特征1.終止性動詞可用來表示某一動作完成，因此可用于現(xiàn)在完成時。如：The train has arrived.火車到了。Have you joined the computer group? 你加入電腦小組了嗎？2.終止性動詞表示的動作極其短暫，不能持續(xù)。因此，不可與表示一段時間的

8、狀語連用(只限肯定式)。如：(1)他死了三年了。   誤：He has died for three years.正：He has been dead for three years.   正：He died three years ago.正：It is three years since he died.       正：Three years has passed since he died.(2)他來這兒五天了。 誤：He has come here for five days.正：He

9、 has been here for five days.      正：He came here five days ago.正：It is five days since he came here.   正：Five days has passed since he came here.(1)、(2)句中的die、come為終止性動詞，不能與表示"段時間"的狀語連用。那么，應(yīng)如何正確表達(dá)呢？可以采用下面的四種方法：(1)將句中終止性動詞轉(zhuǎn)換為相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動詞，如上面兩例中的第一種正確表達(dá)方式。下面列舉

10、幾例：leavebe away, borrowkeep, buyhave, begin/startbe on, diebe dead, move tolive in, finishbe over, joinbe in/be a member of, open sth.keep sth. open, fall illbe ill, get upbe up, catch a coldhave a cold。(2)將句中表示"段時間"的狀語改為表示過去確定時間的狀語，如下面兩例中的第二種正確表達(dá)方式。(3)用句型"It is+段時間+since."表達(dá)原意，如

11、上面兩例中的第三種正確表達(dá)方式。(4)用句型"時間+has passed+since."表達(dá)原意，如上面兩例中的第四種正確表達(dá)方式。3.終止性動詞可用于現(xiàn)在完成時否定式中，成為可以延續(xù)的狀態(tài)，因而可與表示一段時間的狀語連用。如：He hasn't left here since 1986.I haven't heard from my father for two weeks.4.終止性動詞的否定式與until/till連用，構(gòu)成"not+終止性動詞+until/till ."的句型，意為"直到才"。如：You can

12、't leave here until I arrive.直到我到了，你才能離開這里。櫻·Prayer 20:58:44I will not go to bed until I finish drawing the picture tonight.今天晚上直到我畫完畫，我才上床睡覺。5.終止性動詞可以用于when引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中，但不可以用于while引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中。when表示的時間是"點時間"(從句謂語動詞用終止性動詞)，也可以是"段時間"(從句謂語動詞用延續(xù)性動詞)。而while表示的是一個較長的時間或過程，從句謂語動詞

13、用延續(xù)性動詞。如：When we reached London, it was twelve o'clock. (reach為終止性動詞)Please look after my daughter while/when we are away. (be away為延續(xù)性動詞短語)6.終止性動詞完成時不可與how long連用(只限于肯定式)。如：誤：How long have you come here?    正：How long have you been here?正：When did you come here?二、現(xiàn)在完成時與一般過去時的區(qū)別1.

14、 一般過去時表示過去某個時間發(fā)生的事、存在的狀態(tài)或經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作。說話的側(cè)重點只在于陳述一件過去的事情，不強(qiáng)調(diào)對"現(xiàn)在"產(chǎn)生的影響。如：He visited Guilin in 1998.他1998年參觀過桂林。(只說明去桂林的時間)2. 現(xiàn)在完成時表示動作發(fā)生在過去，對現(xiàn)在造成了影響或產(chǎn)生了結(jié)果。不與確定的過去時間狀語連用。如：Jill has bought a new computer.吉爾買了一臺新電腦。(著重點是現(xiàn)在有了一臺新電腦)3. 兩種時態(tài)的區(qū)分(1)一般過去時的謂語動詞用過去式，而現(xiàn)在完成時的謂語基本構(gòu)成是"助動詞have /has +過去分詞&q

15、uot;。如：The film started at 7 oclock.     He has been a teacher for many years.(2)一般過去時通常與表示過去的時間狀語連用。如：yesterday, last week, two years ago, just now, in 2002等；而現(xiàn)在完成時則常與just, already, ever, never等副詞和these days, this week, since., for.等表示一段時間的狀語連用?？纯匆韵碌膸捉M句子，有什么區(qū)別？ Have you seen the

16、 film?(A) Did you see the film?(B)說明 你看過這部電影嗎？(A)句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是被問者對劇情是否了解；(B)句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是看這部電影的動作是否發(fā)生過，并不強(qiáng)調(diào)是否知道其內(nèi)容。 How has he done it?(A)    How did he do it?(B)說明他是怎么做的這件事？(A)句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是他做這件事的方式對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生了某種影響；(B)句單純的詢問做這件事的方式。 He has lived in Beijing for 8 years.(A)      He lived in

17、Beijing for 8 years.(B)說明他在北京住了8年。(A)句講的是到目前為止他在北京住了8年，可能還會繼續(xù)在北京住下去。(B)句講的是他在北京住過8年，現(xiàn)在不在北京了。三、現(xiàn)在完成時考點例析現(xiàn)在完成時是較難掌握、中考考查較多的時態(tài)。涉及的考點有：櫻·Prayer 20:58:59一、考查其構(gòu)成"助動詞have (has) +動詞過去分詞"構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成時。如：1. Kate's never seen Chinese films，_ ? A. hasn't she B. has she C. isn't she D. is sh

18、e析：陳述句部分含否定詞never,簡略問句部分要用肯定式，又因Kate's是Kate has的縮寫，故選B。2. His uncle has already posted the photos to him. (改為否定句)His uncle _ posted the photos to him _. 析：already常用在肯定句中，yet常用在否定句、疑問句中，故填hasn't, yet。3. -Ann has gone to Shanghai. -So _her parents.   A. has B. had C. did D. have析：&qu

19、ot;so+助/系/情態(tài)動詞+主語"結(jié)構(gòu)中的動詞形式應(yīng)與前句結(jié)構(gòu)中動詞形式保持一致，又后句的主語為her parents是復(fù)數(shù),故選D。二、考查其用法與標(biāo)志詞(一)當(dāng)句中有never, ever, just, already, yet, before等時，常用現(xiàn)在完成時。如：1. -Mum, may I go out and play basketball? -_you_ your homework yet? A. Do; finish   B. Are; finishing   C. Did; finish   

20、 D. Have; finished2. -_ you _anywhere before? -Yes, but I can't remember where I_A. Did; surf; surfed         B. Have; surfed; surfed C. Did; surf; have surfed    D. Have; surfed; have surfed析：據(jù)yet和before可知,應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時，故1題選D，2題選D。(二)當(dāng)句中有"fo

21、r +段時間"或"since +點時間"等時，主句常用現(xiàn)在完成時，謂語動詞必須是延續(xù)性動詞，若是非延續(xù)性動詞，要改為延續(xù)性動詞或表狀態(tài)的詞(短語)。如：1. His brother has been to Stone Forest twice_he came to Yunnan. A. after   B. before    C. since     D. for析：主句用的是現(xiàn)在完成時，而從句用的是一般過去時，故選C。2. Tom_the CD player for tw

22、o weeks.A. has lent    B. has borrowed    C. has bought     D. has had析：A、B、C均為非延續(xù)性動詞，在肯定句中不與表"段時間"的短語連用，故選D。3. I_a letter from him since he left. A. didn't receive   B. haven't got   C. didn't have 

23、0; D. haven't heard析：據(jù)since可知，應(yīng)排除A、C，"hear from sb.=receive/get/have a letter from sb."意為"收到某人的來信"，故選B。三、考查have/has been (to, in)/have/has gone (to)的區(qū)別。如：1. -Have you ever_Lintong to see the Terra Cotta Warriors?-Yes, I have. A. went to     B. gone to 

24、;    C. been in      D. been to析：據(jù)句中的have，排除A，B項意為"去某地了"，C項意為"一直呆在某地"，D項意為"去過某地"，符合題意，故選D。2. My parents _ Shangdong for ten years. 櫻·Prayer 20:59:26A. have been in    B. have been to    C. have g

25、one to     D. have been析：本題句中有"for+段時間"結(jié)構(gòu)，據(jù)此可排除C，B項意為"去過某地"，不合題意，D項缺介詞，故選A。四、考查現(xiàn)在完成時與其他時態(tài)的聯(lián)系和區(qū)別。如：1. Sun's aunt has gone there for ten years.(改成正確的句子)析：非延續(xù)性動詞與"段時間"連用時，除了把非延續(xù)性動詞改成延續(xù)性動詞外，還可把動詞改為一般過去時或借助句型"It's +段時間+since+從句"進(jìn)行句子轉(zhuǎn)換。故答

26、案為：Sun's aunt has been there for ten years. /Sun's aunt went there ten years ago. /It's ten years since Sun's aunt went there. 2. Susan has been in this city for more than ten years.(改為同義句)_more than ten years _Susan _to this city. 析：據(jù)上題分析，且since引導(dǎo)的從句要用一般過去時，故填I(lǐng)t is, since, came。3. I

27、 won't go to the concert because I _my ticket. A. lost   B. don't lose   C. have lost   D. is coming析：因我丟了票的動作發(fā)生在過去，而且對現(xiàn)在造成了我不能參加音樂會的結(jié)果，符合現(xiàn)在完成時所表示的含意，故選C。(UNIT2)過去進(jìn)行時（注意when while as引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句。）(UNIT3)被動語態(tài)復(fù)習(xí)“三步曲”被動語態(tài)是動詞語態(tài)的一種形式,表示主語是動作的承受者。在歷年的中考題中,都有一定數(shù)量的考查被動語態(tài)的題

28、目。因此,有必要對被動語態(tài)進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)復(fù)習(xí)。第一曲:掌握被動語態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)被動語態(tài)由"助動詞+及物動詞的過去分詞"構(gòu)成。不同時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)的差異主要體現(xiàn)在助動詞be的變化上,同時助動詞be還要在人稱和數(shù)上與主語保持一致。現(xiàn)將初中階段常見的幾種時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)總結(jié)如下:1.一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài):am/is/are+done(指及物動詞的過去分詞,下同)如:English is used all over the world.2.一般過去時的被動語態(tài):was/were+done如: The picture was painted two years ago.3.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時的被動語態(tài):am

29、/is/are+being+done如: The flowers are being watered by them now. 4.現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài):have(has)+been+done如:The room has been cleaned.5.一般將來時的被動語態(tài):will/be going to+be+done如:The work will be finished tomorrow.6.含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài):情態(tài)動詞+be+done如:Your homework must be handed in today.其它幾種特殊句型：It is said that . 

30、0;       It is well known that .       It is reported that.have sth done     第二曲:掌握主動語態(tài)變被動語態(tài)的方法把主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時,應(yīng)走好以下三步:1)主動語態(tài)的賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語; 2)主動語態(tài)的謂語動詞由主動語態(tài)形式變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)形式; 3)主動結(jié)構(gòu)的主語變?yōu)榻樵~by的賓語,組成介詞短語,放在被動結(jié)構(gòu)的謂語動詞之后。在無須說明動作的執(zhí)行者或只強(qiáng)調(diào)動

31、作的承受者時,by短語可以省略。請看示范:主動語態(tài):My brother   repaired    that bike yesterday.       主語     謂語動詞賓語其余部分被動語態(tài):That bike    was repaired   (by my brother) yesterday.    主語    &

32、#160;  謂語動詞       by+賓語其余部分對于主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)方法的考查,主要在句型轉(zhuǎn)換題目中出現(xiàn)。只要能夠按照上面介紹的方法去做,一般是能夠做對的。第三曲:注意主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的幾種特殊句型1.含有短語動詞的被動語態(tài)一般來說,只有及物動詞才有被動語態(tài)。另外,許多不及物動詞加上介詞或副詞構(gòu)成的短語動詞,相當(dāng)于及物動詞,后面也可加賓語。在變被動語態(tài)時,注意不可丟掉后面的介詞或副詞,常見的這類短語動詞有:take care of, look after, take off, look at, send for

33、, look up等。如:The old people should be taken good care of.2.含有雙賓語的動詞的被動語態(tài)含有雙賓語的主動句改為被動句時,應(yīng)將其中一個賓語改為被動結(jié)構(gòu)的主語,另一個賓語仍保留在原處。一種情況是把間接賓語(指人)變?yōu)橹髡Z,直接賓語(指物)不變。另一種情況是把直接賓語(指物)變?yōu)橹髡Z,間接賓語(指人)不變,這時,間接賓語前通常加介詞to,有時加for。如:My father gave me a new book on my birthday.I was given a new book (by my father) on my birthday

34、. (間接賓語作了主語)A new book was given to me (by my father) on my birthday. (直接賓語作了主語)3.帶有復(fù)合賓語的動詞的被動語態(tài)帶有復(fù)合賓語(賓語和賓語補(bǔ)足語)的主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時,只把賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語,原來的賓語補(bǔ)足語不動。同時,如果賓語補(bǔ)足語是省略to的動詞不定式,變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時,必須加上不定式符號to,這類動詞有make, let, see, hear, watch等。如:We find English very useful. English is found very useful. 賓語賓補(bǔ)I often h

35、ear him   sing in his room. He is often heard to sing in his room.          賓語 賓補(bǔ)4.有的動詞的主動形式可以表示被動意義,這類動詞有: wash, sell, smell, taste, sound, feel等。如:The books sell well.            

36、0;     The food tastes good.以上四種情況在中考題目中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn),同學(xué)們在碰到類似題目時,應(yīng)首先分析屬于櫻·Prayer 20:59:33哪種情況,然后再根據(jù)掌握的知識來做題。二、被動語態(tài)考點歸納1. 主動語態(tài)改為被動語態(tài)時，被動語態(tài)應(yīng)和主動語態(tài)的時態(tài)保持一致。如：We speak English . （改為被動語態(tài)） English _ _ by us. 分析此句主動語態(tài)為一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)，被動語態(tài)也應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)，因此，答案應(yīng)是is spoken。2. 注意被動語態(tài)的謂語結(jié)構(gòu)。一般現(xiàn)在時是：am / is / are

37、+ p.p ；一般過去時是：was / were + p.p ；現(xiàn)在完成時是：have / has / been + p.p；現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時是：am / is / are / + being + p.p；含有情態(tài)動詞的是：情態(tài)動詞be + p.p。有詩曰：被動語態(tài)須注意，謂語不離“be”“p.p”。主謂一致別忘記，“進(jìn)行”易丟一個“be”。（注：p.p過去分詞）。如：We must take good care of our eyes. （改為被動語態(tài)） Our eyes must _ _ good care of. 分析此句中含有情態(tài)動詞must，那么，我們根據(jù)“情態(tài)動詞be+p.p.”的公式可

38、知，答案應(yīng)是be taken。3. 注意句中主謂語的一致關(guān)系。如：Tea _ （grow）in southeast of China and India. 分析此句中主語tea是不可數(shù)名詞，作主語時謂語動詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。而此句說明的又是一自然現(xiàn)象，因此就應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。所以，答案應(yīng)是is grown。4. 注意復(fù)合賓語的變化。如：They couldn”t make the cow go. （改為被動語態(tài)）分析the cow go 在句中作make的復(fù)合賓語。一般情況下，變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)后，賓語補(bǔ)足語的結(jié)構(gòu)形式、所處位置原封不動地保存下來，但make / have / let / see / w

39、atch / hear 等后原可省的to要還原回來。顯然，此句中，the cow go 中省去的to應(yīng)還原回來，因此答案應(yīng)是The cow couldn”t be made to go. 5. 注意雙賓語的變化。如：Mr Smith showed the students two pictures yesterday . （改為被動語態(tài)）Two pictures _ _ _ the students by Mr Smith. 分析變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，雙賓語中的任何一個皆可變?yōu)橹髡Z，一般變直接賓語，但間接賓語前必須加上介詞to或for。此句中顯然是把直接賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語，那么，間接賓語前須加上

40、介詞to，所以答案應(yīng)是were shown to。6. 注意短語動詞中的“小詞”。如：The old men and the children _ in our country. A. must take good care     B. must be taken good careC. must be taken good care of    D. must take good care of 分析短語動詞是一個不可分割的整體，應(yīng)當(dāng)做一個詞來看待，變成被動語態(tài)后，“小詞”不能丟棄。因此，此題答案應(yīng)是C。櫻·P

41、rayer 20:59:38這是上半學(xué)期的櫻·Prayer 21:00:36(UNIT5)直接引語變間接引語一、句式的變化1.陳述句變?yōu)橐詔hat引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。that在口語中常省略She said,“Our train will arrive in five minutes.”She said (that) their train would arrive in five minutes.He said,“Im very busy.”     He said (that) he was very busy.2. 一般疑問句變成if/whet

42、her引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。He said,“Can you swim,John?”    He asked John if he could swim.The teacher said,“Have you all understood me?” The teacher asked if we had all understood him.If/whether的用法主要區(qū)別點:a. whether可與or (not)連用I dont know whether he will come or not.b.與介詞連用：We are talking about whether

43、 he will win.c.與不定式連用：I cant decide whether to go with you.3. 特殊疑問句變?yōu)橛蓋ho/what/when等疑問詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。George said,“When will you get back from Shanghai,Mike?”George asked Mike when he would get back from ShanghaiHe said,“Where are you going?”       He asked where I was going.4

44、. 祈使句變?yōu)閯釉~不定式。表示命令時常用tell;表示請求時常用ask。Dont變?yōu)閚otThe teacher said to the boy,“Open the window .”     The teacher told the boy to open the window.His father said to him,“Dont leave the door open.”   His father told him not to leave the door open.5 .反意疑問句，變?yōu)橛蒳f/whether引導(dǎo)的賓語從句

45、。She asked me,“You have seen the film, havent you?” She asked me if/whether I had seen the film.6. 選擇問句，變?yōu)閣hetherorI asked him,“Will you stay at home or go to a film tonight?”I asked him whether he would stay at home or go to a film that night.7. 直接引語是感嘆句時，變間接引語時可用what或how引導(dǎo)，有時也可用that引導(dǎo)。She said,“Wh

46、at a lovely day it is!”     She said what a lovely day it was.She said that it was a lovely day.二、時態(tài)的變化附：時態(tài)不變的幾種情況：1. 如主句謂語動詞為一般現(xiàn)在時或一般將來時，則間接引語中的動詞仍保持直接引語的原來時態(tài)。He says,“Im very busy today.”              He says (tha

47、t) he is very busy today.He will say,“I have watered the flowers.”      He will say (that)he has watered the flowers.2. 直接引語如果是客觀真理，事實，格言等內(nèi)容時，變間接引語時，時態(tài)不變。例：He said: “Light travels much faster than sound.” 他說：“光傳播的速度要比聲音快得多?！?#160;   He said that light travels much faster than sound3. 直接引語是書信、新聞報道等相關(guān)內(nèi)容時，變間接引語時，時態(tài)不變。4. 直接引語說的是一個人習(xí)慣的動作時，變間接引語時，時態(tài)不變。5. 轉(zhuǎn)述正在進(jìn)行的對話時，變間接引語時，時態(tài)不變。6. 直接引語有具體的表示過去的時間時，變間接引語時，時態(tài)不變。7. when 和 since 引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句時，變間接引語時，時態(tài)不變。否則：如主句謂語動詞為過去時，則間接引語中的動詞應(yīng)