國際貿(mào)易實務(wù)概述

1、國際貿(mào)易實務(wù)概述(International Trade Practice In Chinese and English)制作人：制作人：Stillwater Wang貿(mào)易術(shù)語貿(mào)易術(shù)語Overview Introduction to International Trade1.1 The definition of international trade International trade can be defined as the exchange of goods and services produced in one country (or district) with those

2、produced in another country(or district). A. The uneven distribution of natural resources B. International specialization C. Different Patterns of demand among nations D. Economies of scaleE. Innovation or variety of style$860$62573% Even the IBM PC Isnt All-AmericanTotal manufacturing cost: US$860P

3、ortion made overseas: US$625In u.s. owned plants $230In foreign-owned plants $395 Distribution of Manufacturing Parts Monitor Korea Semiconductors Japan Power supply Japan Graphics Printer Japan Floppy Disk Drives Singapore Assembly of disk drives U.S Keyboard Japan Case and final Assembly U.S The s

4、uppliers come from U.S. ,Japan, France, Canada, Italy, Australia, South Korea, United KingdomEven the Boeing 777 Isnt All AmericanSo it is increasingly difficult to say what is a “U.S.” product; what is “Japanese” product. 1.2. The history of international trade development The first beginning of in

5、ternational tradeThe development of international trade in different social period In Chinas history, it has been among the first to trade with other countries. What the most famous trading channel in China, as we all know, is the Ancient Silk Road.In the Middle Ages, trading was important that merc

6、hants and producers began specializing in marking and selling goods and shops appeared in growing numbers.We should say that industrial revolution resulted in a boost in trading and stimulated the development of modern trading. As centuries progressed, many standard rules and practices came into bei

7、ng in order to meet the challenge. 1.3.1.Export Trade / Import Trade / Transit Trade 1.3. The different forms of international tradeRe-Export / Re-Import; Net Export / Net Import1.3.2. General Trade / Special Trade General Trade: country territory. (Japan,United Kingdom, Canada Australia, East Europ

8、e) General Import / General ExportSpecial Trade: Customs Territory.(German, Italy, Swiss) 1.3.3. Visible Trade / Invisible Trade 1.3.4 Direct Trade / Indirect Trade / Entrepot Trade1.3.5 Trade by Roadway / Trade by Seaway / Trade by Airway / Trade by Mail Order 1.3.6 Free-Liquidation Trade / Barter

9、Trade 1.4 . Another basic concepts about international trade1.4.1. amount of foreign trade total amount of import and export for a country in definite period. 1.4.2. amount of international trade total amount of export for all countries in definite period. 1.4.3. trade balance favorable balance: exp

10、ort import (surplus)adverse balance: exportimport (deficit) 1.4.4. commodity structureprimary commoditiesIndustry commodities (finished goods)1.4.5. factors of productiona. capital, b. human resources or labor c. property resources including land 1.5 The difference between domestic trade and interna

11、tional trade1.5.1. different effect to economy development 1.5.2. different environment social and culture / law and economic policycurrency system 1.5.3. difficult movement for factors of production among nations 1.5.4. more risks when you do international businessCredit; Business;Price;exchange ra

12、te;Transportation;Politics. 1.6 國際商務(wù)環(huán)境國際商務(wù)環(huán)境What is international trade?International trade, also known as world trade, foreign trade or overseas trade, is the fair and deliberate exchange of goods and services across national boundaries. It concerns trade operations of both import and export and in

13、cludes the purchase and sale of both visible and invisible goods. As import is an kind of opposite operation to export, since if we understand export administration, so does the import.What is export?Exporting is an extension of trading with the customers living in another country. This extension of

14、 the traders domain is highly important, since it enables the buyers to make a choice between alternative goods in satisfying his needs. Not only are the goods of his own nation available to him but also those of other nations as well. A major benefit of exporting is an enhanced opportunity to explo

15、it the comparative advantages enjoyed by the procedures in domestic market. Some other advantages of exporting as a national objective are its contribution to better use of national resources, reducing unemployment, increasing foreign exchange earnings and improving the balance of payment.Benefit of

16、 exporting (briefly) 1)Better use of national resources.2)technological advance3) reducing unemployment4) foreign exchange earnings5) balance of payment第一章 國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語第二章 主要貿(mào)易條件第三章 商品的價格第四章 國際貨物運(yùn)輸?shù)谖逭?國際貨物運(yùn)輸保險第六章 國際貨款的收付第七章 檢驗、索賠 、不可抗力與仲裁第八章 合同的磋商 第九章 合同的履行 第十章 國際貿(mào)易方式目錄第一章 國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語 International Trade terms

17、 貿(mào)易術(shù)語及國貿(mào)易際慣例(trade terms and international customary practices)國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語的含義及作用有關(guān)貿(mào)易術(shù)語的國際慣例 返回目錄返回目錄Case(案例)： One import and export company exported his goods under the CIF term. The seller delivered the goods on board the vessel on time and prepared all necessary documents. But the vessel stranded and s

18、ank in a few hours after departure. The next day, when the seller asked for payment with full set of documents in conformity with the contract, the buyer refused to accept the documents and rejected payment because his goods have been lost. Is it reasonable for the buyer to do so? Why?返回目錄返回目錄、The d

19、efinition of Trade Terms（貿(mào)易術(shù)語的定義）: FOB LONDONThe trade terms refer to using a brief English concept or abbreviation to indicate the formation of the unit price and determine the responsibilities, expenses and risks borne by two parties as well as the time of the passing of the property in the goods.

20、返回目錄返回目錄 2、International customary practices (國際貿(mào)易慣例)Warsaw-Oxford Rules 1932 華沙牛津公約Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1941美國對外貿(mào)易修訂本International Rules For the Interpretation of Trade Terms國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則返回目錄返回目錄 INCOTERMSINCOTERMS 2000 2000術(shù)語簡介術(shù)語簡介適用于海運(yùn)和內(nèi)河運(yùn)輸方式的貿(mào)易術(shù)語： FOB, CFR, CIF, FAS, DES, DEQ適

21、用于各種運(yùn)輸方式的全能貿(mào)易術(shù)語： FCA, CPT, CIP, DDU, DDPlINCOTERMS INCOTERMS 2000中所規(guī)定的貿(mào)易術(shù)語共有中所規(guī)定的貿(mào)易術(shù)語共有13種種l按其順序分為按其順序分為E、F、C、D四組四組lE組（啟運(yùn)）組（啟運(yùn)） EXW ex work 工廠交貨工廠交貨lF組（主運(yùn)費(fèi)未付）：組（主運(yùn)費(fèi)未付）：lFCA Free Carrier 貨交承運(yùn)人；貨交承運(yùn)人；lFAS Free Alongside Ship 裝運(yùn)港船邊交貨；裝運(yùn)港船邊交貨； FOB Free on Board 裝運(yùn)港船上交貨。裝運(yùn)港船上交貨。lC組（主要運(yùn)費(fèi)已付）：組（主要運(yùn)費(fèi)已付）：l CF

22、R Cost and Freight 成本加運(yùn)費(fèi)；成本加運(yùn)費(fèi)； lCIF Cost Insurance and Freight 成本加保險費(fèi)和運(yùn)成本加保險費(fèi)和運(yùn)費(fèi)；費(fèi)； lCPT Carriage Paid to 運(yùn)費(fèi)付至運(yùn)費(fèi)付至、 lCIP Carriage and Insurance Paid to 運(yùn)費(fèi)和保險費(fèi)運(yùn)費(fèi)和保險費(fèi)付至付至lD組組(到達(dá)到達(dá)): lDAF Delivered At Frontier 邊境交貨；邊境交貨；lDES Delivered Ex Ship 目的港船上交貨；目的港船上交貨；lDEQ Delivered Ex Quay 目的港碼頭交貨；目的港碼頭交貨；lDDU

23、 Delivered Duty Unpaid 未完稅交貨；未完稅交貨；lDDP Delivered Duty Paid 完稅后交貨。完稅后交貨。Selected Trade TermsSelected Trade Terms常用的貿(mào)易術(shù)語FOB (Free on Board,named port of shipment)船上交貨(指定裝運(yùn)港)CFR (Cost and Freight，named port of destination)成本加運(yùn)費(fèi)(指定目的港)CIF (Cost，Insurance and Freight，named port of destination)成本加保險費(fèi)、運(yùn)費(fèi)(

24、指定目的港)返回目錄返回目錄FOB, Free on Board (Named port of Shipment) 指定裝運(yùn)港船上交貨 It means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver the goods when they have passed over the ships rail at the named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all expenses and risks of or damage to the goods fro

25、m that point.返回目錄返回目錄FOBFOB（named named port of shipmentport of shipment）1、賣方的義務(wù)、賣方的義務(wù)1）賣方的責(zé)任）賣方的責(zé)任A、提供符合合同規(guī)定的貨物B、辦理出口手續(xù)C、按照合同規(guī)定的時間和地點，將貨物裝到買方派來的船上D、迅速發(fā)出裝船通知E、移交有關(guān)的貨運(yùn)單據(jù)或電子數(shù)據(jù)2）賣方的費(fèi)用）賣方的費(fèi)用貨物裝船前的一切費(fèi)用3）賣方的風(fēng)險）賣方的風(fēng)險*貨物在裝運(yùn)港越過船弦前的一切風(fēng)險（實際業(yè)務(wù)中以取得清潔提單為界）2、買方的義務(wù)、買方的義務(wù)1）買方的責(zé)任A、租船訂艙，并及時通知賣方B、辦理保險C、接受貨運(yùn)單據(jù)，支付貨款D、辦理進(jìn)

26、口手續(xù)，收取貨物2）買方的費(fèi)用）買方的費(fèi)用貨物裝船以后的一切費(fèi)用3）買方的風(fēng)險）買方的風(fēng)險裝運(yùn)港越過船弦以后的一切風(fēng)險3、采用、采用FOB術(shù)語時應(yīng)注意的問題術(shù)語時應(yīng)注意的問題1）裝船費(fèi)用的問題）裝船費(fèi)用的問題（大宗貨物程租船運(yùn)輸）（大宗貨物程租船運(yùn)輸）A、在合同中訂明在合同中訂明Loading Charges to be Covered by the Seller (Buyer)FOB Under Tackle （吊鉤所及）FOB Liner Terms （買方）FOBS（理艙費(fèi)在內(nèi)）賣方FOBT（平艙費(fèi)在內(nèi)）賣方FOBST*變形不改變FOB的性質(zhì)。B、FOB的變形CFR (Cost and

27、Freight，named port of destination)成本加運(yùn)費(fèi)(指定目的港)It means that the seller shall undertake the cost and freight necessary to carry the goods to the named port of destination, but the risks of, losses of, or damage to the goods, as well as any additional costs due to events occurring after the time the g

28、oods have been delivered on board the vessel, are transferred from the seller to the buyer when the goods pass the ships rail at the port of shipment返回目錄返回目錄CFRCFR（named port of destinationnamed port of destination）1 1、賣方的義務(wù)、賣方的義務(wù)1 1）賣方的責(zé)任）賣方的責(zé)任A A、提供符合合同規(guī)定的貨物提供符合合同規(guī)定的貨物B B、辦理出口手續(xù)辦理出口手續(xù)C C、租船訂艙租船訂艙D

29、 D、按合同規(guī)定時間、地點將貨物裝船按合同規(guī)定時間、地點將貨物裝船E E、迅速發(fā)出裝船通知迅速發(fā)出裝船通知F F、移交有關(guān)貨運(yùn)單據(jù)或數(shù)字信息移交有關(guān)貨運(yùn)單據(jù)或數(shù)字信息2 2）賣方的費(fèi)用賣方的費(fèi)用 裝船前的一切費(fèi)用、裝船費(fèi)用、裝船前的一切費(fèi)用、裝船費(fèi)用、貨物從裝運(yùn)港至目的港的正常運(yùn)費(fèi)貨物從裝運(yùn)港至目的港的正常運(yùn)費(fèi)3 3）賣方的風(fēng)險）賣方的風(fēng)險* *與與FOBFOB一樣一樣2 2、買方的義務(wù)、買方的義務(wù)1）買方的責(zé)任 A 承擔(dān)裝船后引起的額外費(fèi)用（包括保險費(fèi)） B 接受貨運(yùn)單據(jù)，支付貨款 C 辦理進(jìn)口手續(xù)，收取貨物2）風(fēng)險 裝運(yùn)港越過船弦以后的一切風(fēng)險3 3、采用、采用CFRCFR術(shù)語時應(yīng)注意的問

30、題術(shù)語時應(yīng)注意的問題1)卸貨費(fèi)用的負(fù)擔(dān)問題卸貨費(fèi)用的負(fù)擔(dān)問題A : A : 合同中明確規(guī)定合同中明確規(guī)定Unloading Charges to be covered Unloading Charges to be covered by the Buyer.by the Buyer.B : CFRB : CFR的變形的變形CFR Landed (CFR Landed (賣方賣方) )* *CFR CFR 變形只是說明卸貨費(fèi)用的變形只是說明卸貨費(fèi)用的負(fù)擔(dān)問題，不改變本身的性質(zhì)。負(fù)擔(dān)問題，不改變本身的性質(zhì)。2)關(guān)于裝船通知的問題賣方在貨物裝船后必須及時向買主發(fā)出裝船通知，以便買方辦理投保。CFR下

31、裝船通知有更重要的意義。（P89）CIF (Cost，Insurance and Freight，named port of destination)成本加保險費(fèi)、運(yùn)費(fèi)(指定目的港)It means that the seller has the obligation to procure marine insurance against the risks of, losses of, or damage to the goods during the carriage.返回目錄返回目錄CIFCIF（named port of destinationnamed port of destina

32、tion）和和CFRCFR不同，保險由賣方負(fù)責(zé)辦理。不同，保險由賣方負(fù)責(zé)辦理。 注意事項：注意事項：1 1、保險問題、保險問題保險險別： 如合同中未明確規(guī)定，賣方只可投保協(xié)會貨物條款（ICC）或類似條款中最低的保險險別如買方要求也可加保，但費(fèi)用由買方承擔(dān)。保險金額 如合同中未明確規(guī)定，保險金額最少應(yīng)按CIF價加成10%2、到岸價CIF屬于裝運(yùn)港交貨，不是“到岸價”*賣方不承擔(dān)保證把貨送到約定目的港的義務(wù)。3、核算運(yùn)費(fèi)貨價中包括運(yùn)費(fèi)，應(yīng)認(rèn)真核算?？紤]因素：距離；運(yùn)價；轉(zhuǎn)船；方式。4、關(guān)于象征性交貨實際交貨規(guī)定的時間和地點將規(guī)定的貨物交給買方或指定的人。象征性交貨以交單代替交貨。賣方憑單交貨，買方

33、憑單付款。賣方交單只是買方付款的前提，還必須履行交貨義務(wù)。 5 5、風(fēng)險劃分的問題風(fēng)險劃分的問題與FOB、CFR完全相同6 6、卸貨費(fèi)用的問題、卸貨費(fèi)用的問題與CFR相同7 7、貨物特定化、貨物特定化EGMode of transportation(運(yùn)輸方式運(yùn)輸方式)The formation of the unit price(價格構(gòu)成價格構(gòu)成)The place of delivery/risk transfer（交貨地點交貨地點/風(fēng)風(fēng)險轉(zhuǎn)移點）險轉(zhuǎn)移點）Responsibilities, expenses and risks borne by two parties（雙方責(zé)任、費(fèi)用和風(fēng)險

34、的劃分）雙方責(zé)任、費(fèi)用和風(fēng)險的劃分）返回目錄返回目錄1.The mode of transportation (運(yùn)輸方式)Suitable for sea or inland waterway transport.2.The formation of the unit price(價格構(gòu)成價格構(gòu)成) FOB: Cost(成本) CFR: Cost and Freight(成本和運(yùn)費(fèi))CIF: Cost, Insurance and Freight(成本和運(yùn)費(fèi)和保險費(fèi))返回目錄返回目錄3.The place of delivery /risk transfer (交貨地點和風(fēng)險轉(zhuǎn)移點) On t

35、he ships rail at the named port of shipment (在裝運(yùn)港的船舷)4.The expenses and responsibilities borne by two parties (雙方費(fèi)用、風(fēng)險和責(zé)任的劃分)返回目錄返回目錄The seller The buyerFOBDeliver the goods on board the vessel交貨Contract for the carriage of the goods 租船訂艙Obtain export license獲得出口許可證Obtain import licenseCover cargo i

36、nsurance 投保Provide documents for the buyer and ask for payment 交單議付Pay the price and take delivery of the goods 返回目錄返回目錄The seller the buyerCFRContract for the carriage of the goods at his own expensesOn usual term 通常條件By the usual route 慣常航線In the proper vessel 適合的船舶Usual freight正常運(yùn)費(fèi)Additional Frei

37、ght額外運(yùn)費(fèi)返回目錄返回目錄 The seller the buyerCIFContract for the carriage of the goodsCover cargo insurance on behalf of the buyerMinimum insurance(F.P.A) 最低險別additional insurance premium額外保險費(fèi)返回目錄返回目錄CFR賣方賣方在裝港船上交貨在裝港船上交貨賣方承擔(dān)運(yùn)費(fèi)賣方承擔(dān)運(yùn)費(fèi)海運(yùn)海運(yùn)賣方辦理出口手續(xù)賣方辦理出口手續(xù)買方負(fù)責(zé)保險、買方負(fù)責(zé)保險、進(jìn)口手續(xù)進(jìn)口手續(xù)鐵路鐵路公路公路買方買方裝運(yùn)港目的港CIF 1.The expens

38、es and risks are separated (風(fēng)險和費(fèi)用分離)2.CIF term is document transaction 單據(jù)交易 (Symbolic delivery) 象征性交貨The seller fulfills his duty of delivering goods against the documents The buyer shall pay the price against the documents返回目錄返回目錄CIF賣方在裝船港上交貨賣方辦出口手續(xù)買方承擔(dān)運(yùn)費(fèi)和保險費(fèi)海運(yùn)買方負(fù)責(zé)辦理進(jìn)口手續(xù)鐵路 公路買方FOB、CFR、CIF的共同點都是用于水上

39、運(yùn)輸方式；都是用于水上運(yùn)輸方式；都是裝運(yùn)港交貨的貿(mào)易術(shù)語；都是裝運(yùn)港交貨的貿(mào)易術(shù)語；風(fēng)險轉(zhuǎn)移的界限：裝運(yùn)港船舷；風(fēng)險轉(zhuǎn)移的界限：裝運(yùn)港船舷；象征性交貨性質(zhì)；象征性交貨性質(zhì)；FOB CFR CIF的差別買賣雙方承擔(dān)的責(zé)任費(fèi)用不同買賣雙方承擔(dān)的責(zé)任費(fèi)用不同租船訂艙 支付運(yùn)費(fèi) 辦理保險、付保險費(fèi)FOB買方買方買方CFR賣方賣方買方CIF賣方賣方賣方 貨交承運(yùn)人的三個貿(mào)易術(shù)語1)FCA(Free Carrier,named place) 貨交承運(yùn)人( 指定地點)2)CIP(Carriage insurance Paid to，named place of destination)運(yùn)費(fèi)、保險費(fèi)付至(指定

40、目的地)。 3) CPT (Carriage Paid Tonamed place of destination)運(yùn)費(fèi)付至(指定目的地)返回目錄返回目錄目的地交貨的各種術(shù)語目的地交貨的各種術(shù)語1)DAF (Delivered at Frontiernamed place) 邊境交貨邊境交貨(指定地點指定地點)2)DES(Delivered Ex Shipnamed port of destination目目的港船上交貨的港船上交貨(指定目的港指定目的港)3)DEQ(Delivered Ex Quay，named Port Of destination)目的港碼頭交貨目的港碼頭交貨(指定目的港指

41、定目的港 )4)DDU(Delivered Duty Unpaid，named place of destination)未完稅交貨未完稅交貨(指定目的地指定目的地) 5)DDP (Delivered Duty Paid,named place of destination)完稅后交貨（完稅后交貨（指定目的地）指定目的地）返回目錄返回目錄國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語一覽圖國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語一覽圖AWCDDUDEQDESFOBFASEXWDAFFCACIPCPTCIFCFRDDPPricing objectives:It can be divided into two kinds: long-term objecti

42、ves and short term objectives. Both of them are oriented towards profit, towards sales, or toward maintaining the status quo.Pricing Strategy:Penetration pricing滲透定價法：相對低價刺激需求，開拓市場skimming strategy撇取定價法：目的在于從買主身上賺取高額利潤Early cash recovery pricing資金速斯回收定價法：需求低高價策略；當(dāng)需求高低價策略；目的在迅速收回現(xiàn)金。Useful Words conce

43、rned:Terms of delivery 價格術(shù)語Terms of trade 貿(mào)易條件Trading practice 貿(mào)易慣例The revised American Trade Definitions 1941.美國對外貿(mào)易定義1941年修正本INCOTERMS 國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則源于International Commercial Terms.全稱是：International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms. 由國際商會于1936年制定通則，1974年和1980年修改補(bǔ)充。在1980年版中包括14個貿(mào)易術(shù)語，規(guī)定了買賣雙方

44、的權(quán)利和義務(wù)。第二章第二章 主要貿(mào)易條件主要貿(mào)易條件The Quality of Goods The Quantity of Goods Packing and Marking 返回目錄返回目錄nit1 Quality of Goods 商品的品質(zhì)商品的品質(zhì) 表示品質(zhì)的方法表示品質(zhì)的方法(1)用文字說明表示商品的品質(zhì)用文字說明表示商品的品質(zhì)(Sale by Description) 憑規(guī)格、等級或標(biāo)準(zhǔn)買賣(Sale by Specification, Grade or Standard) 商品規(guī)格商品規(guī)格(Specification)：The specification of the good

45、s refers to certain main indicators which indicate the quality of the goods, such as composition, content, purity, size, length, etc.返回目錄返回目錄 商品的等級商品的等級(Grade)The grade of the goods refers to the classifications of the commodity of the goods which is indicated by words, numbers or symbols. The class

46、ifications are usually decided by different qualities, weights, compositions, appearances, properties, etc.商品的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（商品的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（Standard）The standard refers to the specifications or grades which are stipulated and announced by the government or the chambers of commerce, etc.返回目錄返回目錄憑牌號或商標(biāo)買賣（憑牌號或商標(biāo)買賣（Sale by

47、Brand Name or Trade Mark） As to the goods whose quality is stable, reputation is sound and with which the customers are quite familiar, we may sell it by brand name or trade mark.憑產(chǎn)地名稱買賣憑產(chǎn)地名稱買賣(Sale by Name of Origin) It is suitable for some agricultural products and by-products whose origins are we

48、ll- known all over the world.返回目錄返回目錄憑說明書和圖樣買賣憑說明書和圖樣買賣(Sale by Description and Illustration) The quality of some commodities, such as technological instruments, electric machines, etc. can not be simply indicated by quality indexes, instead it is quite necessary to explain in detail the structure,

49、material, performance as well as method of operation. If necessary, pictures, photos, etc. must also be provided.返回目錄返回目錄（2）以實物表示商品的品質(zhì)）以實物表示商品的品質(zhì)（Sale by Actual Quality or Sample看貨買賣看貨買賣 (Sale by Actual Quality) In this case, the buyer or his agent examine the goods at sellers place at first. After

50、they conclude a deal, the seller shall deliver the goods according to the goods examined. 憑樣品買賣（憑樣品買賣（Sale by Sample） The sample refers to the article which can be used to represent the quality of the whole lot. Sale by sample includes two cases, i.e., sale by the sellers sample and sale by the buye

51、rs sample. 返回目錄返回目錄a. 憑賣方樣品憑賣方樣品(Sale by Sells Sample)：b.憑買方樣品憑買方樣品(Sale by Buyers Sample)：c.對等樣品成交（對等樣品成交（Sale by Counter Sample）：也有的稱之為確認(rèn)樣品（Confirming Sample）。日后賣方交貨以對等樣品品質(zhì)為準(zhǔn)。返回目錄返回目錄Unit2 商品的數(shù)量The Quantity of Goods1、商品數(shù)量的計量單位、商品數(shù)量的計量單位 按重量(Weight)計算。常用的單位有公噸(Metric ton/kilo ton)、長噸（Long Ton）、短噸（s

52、hort tonnet ton）、公斤(kilogram）等 返回目錄返回目錄按數(shù)量計算。常見的計數(shù)單位有件（Piece）、雙(Pair)、套（Set）、打(dozen)、卷（roll）、箱(case)、籮（gross）、袋(bag)、包（bale）等 長度(length)計算。常用單位有米(meter/m.)、英尺(footft)、碼（yardyd）等。絲綢、布疋、鋼管、電線電纜、金屬繩索等常用長度單位計量。返回目錄返回目錄 按面積（Area）計算。有平方米（Square metersqm）、平方英尺(square footsq. ft)、平方碼（square yard/sqyd）等。木板、

53、皮革、地毯、玻璃板等用面積單位計量。 按體積（Volume）計算。有立方米（cubic metercum.）、立方尺（cubic footcuft）、立方碼(cubic yardcuyd)等。木材、天然氣、化學(xué)氣體等常以體積作計景單位。 按容積（capacity）計算。常見的容積單位有升literl.、加侖(gallon/gal)、蒲式耳(bushel/bu)等。各類谷物和液體商品常以容積為單位。返回目錄返回目錄、商品重量的計算方法、商品重量的計算方法1) 按毛重（Gross Weight）計算 2)按凈重(Net Weight)計算，凈重指商品本身的重量。Actual tare: 實際皮重A

54、verage tare: 平均皮重Customary tare: 習(xí)慣皮重Computed tare: 約定皮重返回目錄返回目錄3) Conditioned Weight：按公量計算。：按公量計算。his kind of calculating method is suitable to those cargos whose water contents are not stable, such as wool, silk, etc.公量=商品干凈重x (1+標(biāo)準(zhǔn)回潮率)公量=商品凈重x （1+標(biāo)準(zhǔn)回潮率 / 1+實際回潮率） 式中商品干凈重是指用科學(xué)方法抽去商品中的水分后商品的重量。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)回潮

55、率是交易雙方約定的貨物中的水分與商品的干量之比。4）Theoretical weight:按理論重量按理論重量5）Legal weight and net weight:按法定重量按法定重量返回目錄返回目錄商品數(shù)量條款的確定商品數(shù)量條款的確定 商品數(shù)量條款商品數(shù)量條款，由成交商品的數(shù)量和計量單位組成。對以重量成交的商品還要訂明計算重量的方法。1.Dont use such words as about or circa or approximate before the quantity of the goods. 2.To stipulate the quantity latitude: I

56、t means that the seller may deliver the goods with a certain percentage more or less in quantity. 返回目錄返回目錄Useful Words concernedAmerican pound 美國磅約美國磅約453.592克克European pound 歐洲磅歐洲磅Short ton 短噸短噸 約約2000克克 Metric ton 公噸公噸1000公斤公斤2204磅磅Long ton 長噸長噸2240磅磅FAQ : fair average Quality 大路貨，中等平均品質(zhì)大路貨，中等平均品質(zhì)

57、GMQ: good merchantable quality 良好可銷品質(zhì)良好可銷品質(zhì)Hard currency 硬貨幣硬貨幣To lodge a claim 索賠索賠Unit 3 商品的包裝商品的包裝Packing 在國際貿(mào)易中，除少量商品難以包裝，或不值得包裝而采取裸裝（Nude Packed）或散裝(In Bulk)方式外，絕大多數(shù)商品均需要有適當(dāng)?shù)陌b。商品的包裝(Package of Goods)是國際商品交換不可缺少的重要環(huán)節(jié)，是聯(lián)系生產(chǎn)與消費(fèi)的橋梁。包括不僅起到保護(hù)、宣傳、美化商品的作用，還可使商品增值。商品包裝條款也是合同的要件之一。返回目錄返回目錄The kinds of p

58、acking(包裝的種類包裝的種類) 、Shipping packing: 運(yùn)輸包裝According to the method of packing: single piece packing and collective packing. According to style of packing: Cases, drums, bags, bales, bundles, etc.According to the material of packing: Cartons, wooden cases, iron drums, wooden casks, paper bags, gunny b

59、ags, plastic bags, etc.返回目錄返回目錄According to the softness of packing: softness packing and hardness packing as well as half-hardness packing. According to the extent of packing: full packed and part packed、Marketing packing: 銷售包裝Piling-up pattern:Hanging-up pattern:Spreading-up pattern:Pattern for ca

60、rryingabout:Pattern for easily opening:Pattern for spraying out:Pattern for showing off a gift.返回目錄返回目錄Packing Mark（包裝標(biāo)志）（包裝標(biāo)志）Shipping mark: 運(yùn)輸標(biāo)志 It is usually made up of geometrical diagrams, letters, figures and simple words. The contents of shipping mark are as follows:Consignees code:Consignors