2017人教版八年級(jí)下英語現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)語法講解

1、 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)（I）語法知識(shí)定義：（1）表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果,這個(gè)影響和結(jié)果對(duì)現(xiàn)在還必須存在.常及already(已經(jīng)), yet(已經(jīng),還), just(剛剛),ever(曾經(jīng))，never等詞連用.already: 常用于肯定句或疑問句（均表示：已經(jīng)）. yet: 常用于否定句(表示：還、尚),疑問句末尾（表示：已經(jīng)）. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成及句型結(jié)構(gòu)：（注：過去分詞的變化分規(guī)則變化及不規(guī)則變化，規(guī)則變化及動(dòng)詞原形變過去式一樣，不規(guī)則變化見教材137頁）1.肯定句：主語+have/has+過去分詞 +其他+時(shí)間. eg: I have already lost th

2、e key. 我已經(jīng)弄丟了鑰匙. (我現(xiàn)在沒有鑰匙)He has ever read that book . 他曾經(jīng)看過這本書. (了解書的內(nèi)容)They have just cleaned their hands. 他們剛剛洗過手了. (手是干凈的)2.否定句：主語+havent/ hasnt+過去分詞+其他+時(shí)間.eg: I havent lost the key yet. He hasnt ever read that book . They havent just cleaned their hands.3.一般疑問句：Have/Has+主語+過去分詞+其他+時(shí)間？ 肯定回答：Yes,

3、 主語+have/ has. 否定回答：No, 主語+havent/hasnt. eg: Have you already lost the key? Yes, I have. No, I havent. Has he ever read the book? Yes, he has. No, he hasnt. Have they just cleaned their hands? Yes, they have. No, they havent.4.特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞+have/has+主語+過去分詞+其他+時(shí)間？eg: What have you already done? （done是

4、do/does的過去分詞）What has he ever done? What have they just done?定義：(2)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示從過去開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在還有可能繼續(xù)持續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。常及for, since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間短語或從句連用. for+表示一段時(shí)間的詞組； since+過去某一時(shí)間點(diǎn)的詞組或一般過去式的句子.eg: She has learned English for 5 years. （她已經(jīng)學(xué)習(xí)五年英語了）解釋：一直在學(xué)，持續(xù)了五年，并且還可能持續(xù)學(xué)下去.He has lived in Beijing since he was born . （自從他出生以后

5、就居住在北京）解釋：從出生后就一直住在北京，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，還有可能一直住下去）Have you stayed here since 3 oclock? （自從3點(diǎn)后你就一直呆在這兒?jiǎn)幔浚├}：選用for和since填空:1. We havent seen each other _ a long time. 2. His father has been in the factory _ 10 years ago.3. The film has been on _ 20 minutes. 4. Mr. Green has worked here _ he came to China.5. His g

6、randparents have been dead _ several years. 6. Its five years _ we met last time.7.I have already had dinner. （否定） I _ _ dinner _.8. Mum has cooked the dinner. Mum _ _ the dinner.9. Susan has learned English at school. Susan_ _English at school.10. I have already had dinner. （提問） _ _ _ _ _?11. He ha

7、s just finished his homework. _ _ _ _ _?12. Susan has learned English at school. _ _ _ _ _?13. Mum has cooked the dinner. _ _ _ _ _?(3) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)及一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)屬于現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)的范圍，不能和表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用，如yesterday,last night, three weeks ago, in1990等. 一般過去時(shí)只表示過去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，和現(xiàn)在不發(fā)生關(guān)系。一般過去時(shí)就可以和及表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用.eg: I have already see

8、n the film. （現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，已經(jīng)看了這部電影，并且知道電影的內(nèi)容）I saw the film last week. （一般過去式，因?yàn)楹竺嬗斜硎具^去的時(shí)間狀語last week） He has lived here since 1993. (現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，后面有since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句)He lived here in 1993. （一般過去時(shí)，1993年住在這兒，現(xiàn)在沒住在這兒了）例題：1. _ you _(clean) the room? Yes, we_(do) that already. 2. When _ you _(do) it? We _(do) it an hou

9、r ago.3. _ he _(see) this film yet? Yes. 4. When _ he _(see) it? He_ it last week.5. I _ (read) the novel twice. Its interesting. 6. Mr. Chen _(give)up smoking last year.7. She _(go) to Pairs, hasnt she? Yes. How _ she _(go) there? She _(go) there by air. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)（II）語法知識(shí)1. 構(gòu)成：含有be動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的謂語部分由 “have/

10、has+ been+ to+地點(diǎn)”構(gòu)成，表示：曾經(jīng)去過某地 (been是be的過去分詞，不規(guī)則變化)2. 基本句型：(1)肯定句：主語+have/has+ been+ to+地點(diǎn). eg: I have been to Australia. They have been to Beijing. He has been to South Africa.(2)否定句： 主語+havent/hasnt+ been+ to+地點(diǎn). eg: I havent been to Australia. They havent been to Beijing. He hasnt been to South Af

11、rica.(3)一般疑問句：Have/Has+主語+been + to+ 地點(diǎn)？肯定回答：Yes, 主語+ have/has. 否定回答：主語+havent/ hasnt. eg: Have you been to Australia? Yes, I have. No. I havent. Have they been to Beijing? Yes, they have. No, they havent. Has he been to South Africa? Yes, he has. No, he hasnt.（4）特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞+have/has+ 主語+ been? eg:

12、Where have you been? Where have they been? Where has he been?3.用法：用來表示之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生和完成度的動(dòng)作及狀態(tài)，其結(jié)果卻和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系.動(dòng)作和結(jié)果發(fā)生在過去，但它的影響現(xiàn)在還在.可以和never, ever, once, twice, three/fourtimes 等副詞連用.eg: They have been to Chongqing twice. I have never been to Sichuan. Has she ever been to Hainan?3. 區(qū)別：(1). have/ has been to+地點(diǎn) 表

13、示：曾經(jīng)去過某地，已經(jīng)回來了(2). have/ has gone to+地點(diǎn) 表示： 去了某地，還沒有回來eg: She has been to Shanghai. （她去過上海，已經(jīng)回來了） She has gone to Shanghai. （她去了上海，還沒有回來）(3). have been in表示“在某地呆了多少時(shí)間”，常及時(shí)間段狀語連用eg: I have been in Shanghai for three years我到上海已有三年了。He has been in London for half a month他來倫敦已有半個(gè)月了。(4). have been on 表示“

14、已經(jīng)開始了多久 表示持續(xù)性”eg: The film has been on for ten minutes. 電影已經(jīng)開始了10分鐘了。例題：1.Where is your brother?He _ the shop. Hell be back soon.2. _ you ever _ to America?Yes, I _ New York twice.3. David _ Australia. Im sure he has already arrived.4. Is Benny here?No, he _ the school library. He left five minutes

15、ago.4. Mike and his parents _ the south for half a year.6. Mum is not at home now. she _ the shop.7. You cant find him. He_ Xian.8. Mr. Zhang _ this school for ten years. He knows everyone here.9. Miss. Brown _ China three times.10. I _ the West lake, Look, I have taken many photos of it .11. Tom _

16、Jims home, but he hasnt come back.12. We _ the bookshop and bought many books. 13. My parents _ Shandong for ten years. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)（III） 語法知識(shí)動(dòng)詞按其動(dòng)作發(fā)生的方式，發(fā)生過程的長(zhǎng)短可分為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞及非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。1. 延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞：表示能夠延續(xù)的動(dòng)作，也可以表示經(jīng)驗(yàn)及經(jīng)歷.eg: learn, work, stand, lie, walk, sleep, keep, wait, watch, sing, read, stay, live延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞可以及for 和 sin

17、ce 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語連用：eg: He has lived here for 6 years. （他在這兒住了六年了，一直住在這兒，live是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，并且很有可能繼續(xù)居住下去） I have known her since then.（自從那時(shí)起我就認(rèn)識(shí)她了，一直都認(rèn)識(shí)，know是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞）2.非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞：也成終止性動(dòng)詞或瞬間動(dòng)詞，表示不能延續(xù)的動(dòng)作，這種動(dòng)作發(fā)生后立即結(jié)束.eg: open, close, begin, finish, come, go, move, borrow, lend, buy, die非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞不能及for 和 since 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語連用，常用的時(shí)間狀

18、語有 two years ago, at 5 oclock, yesterday, the day before yesterday, this morning 等表示過去的時(shí)間.eg: His grandmother died 10 years ago. She finished the work at 6 oclock.2. 非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞及延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞之間的轉(zhuǎn)換(常用)（1）. 轉(zhuǎn)化為相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)eg: borrow keep buy have put on wear get to know know get to sleep sleep catch a cold ha

19、ve a cold （2）.轉(zhuǎn)化為“ be+形容詞/副詞/介詞/名詞” eg: begin/start be on go out be out die be deadopen be open get to/ arrive in（at）/reach be in+地點(diǎn) leave be away(from) finish be over fall ill be illget up be up fall asleep be asleep join be in+活動(dòng)/組織go to school be in school become be make friends be friendsclose b

20、e closed go to bed be in bed come/ go be + 相應(yīng)的介詞短語例：下面是句子的同義句轉(zhuǎn)換 將原句一般過去時(shí)改成現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)eg: 1. The old man died four years ago. （一般過去時(shí)） The old man has been dead for four years. （現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，將die變?yōu)?be dead） The old man has been dead since four years ago. (現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，since跟過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn))2. I borrowed the book five days ago. 3.

21、 He bought the bike three years ago.I have kept the book for five days. He has had the bike for three years. I have kept the book since five days ago. He has had the bike since three years ago.4. She went to school two days ago. 5. My sister became a nurse one year ago. She has been in school for two days. My sister has been a nurse for one year.She has been in school since two days ago. My sister ha