2020屆高考一輪復(fù)習(xí)英語語法專項九：動詞的語氣-虛擬語氣

1、2020屆高考一輪復(fù)習(xí)語法專項九：動詞的語氣-虛擬語一、語氣的定義和種類1、語氣：語氣是動詞的一種形式，它表示說話人對某一行為或事情的看法和態(tài)度。2、語氣的種類：(1)陳述語氣：表示動作或狀態(tài)是現(xiàn)實的、確定的或符合事實的，用于陳述句、疑問句和某些感嘆句。如： We are not ready.我們沒準(zhǔn)備好。 What a fine day it is!多好的天氣??！(2)祈使語氣：表示說話人的建議、請求、邀請、命令等。如 ：Open the door, please。請 打開門。(3)虛擬語氣：表示動作或狀態(tài)不是客觀存在的事實，而是說話人的主觀愿望、假設(shè)或推測等。如：If I were you

2、, I should study English. 如果我是你，我就學(xué)英語了。 May you succeed! 祝您成功！二、虛擬語氣在條件從句中的用法條件句有兩類，一類是真實條件句，一類是虛擬條件句。如果假設(shè)的情況是有可能發(fā)生的，就是真實條件何。 在這種真實條件句中的謂語用陳述語氣。如：If it doesn train tomorrow,we will go to the park.如果明天不下雨，我們就去公園。如果假設(shè)的情況是過去或現(xiàn)在都不存在的，或?qū)聿淮罂赡馨l(fā)生的，則是虛擬條件句。如： If he had seen you yesterday, he would have aske

3、d you about it. 如果他昨天見至U你,他會問你這件事的。(事實上他昨天沒見到你，因此也未能問你這件事。)在含有虛擬條件句的復(fù)合句中，主句和從句的謂語都要用虛擬語氣?，F(xiàn)將虛擬條件從句和主句的動詞形式列表如下從句主句與現(xiàn)在事實相反動詞的過去式(be的過去式一用 were)would/ should/ could/ might +動詞原形與過去事實相反had +過去分詞would/ should/ could/ might +have +過去分詞與將來事實相反動詞過去式，should +動詞原形，were to +動詞原形would/ should/ could/ might +動詞原

4、形注：主句中的should只用于k we,但在美國英語中，should常被would代替；從句中的should可用于各種人稱。1、表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反的假設(shè)和結(jié)果。如：If my brother were here, everything would be allright.要是我哥哥在這兒，一切都沒問題了。2、表示與過去事實相反的假設(shè)和結(jié)果。如 ：If you had taken my advice, you wouldnt (couldn t) have failed in the exam.如果你按照我的建議去做，你一定不會(不可能)考試不及格。3、表示與將來事實可能相反的假設(shè)和結(jié)果。如

5、:If it were Sunday tomorrow, I should (would , could , might) go to see my grandmother. 如果明天是星期天， 我就(可能)去看望我奶 奶。If it were to snow this evening, they would not go out.如果今晚下雪，他們將不出去了。4、有時條件從句中的動作和主句中的動作發(fā)生的時間不一致(表示錯綜時間的虛擬語氣)，這時動詞的形式要根據(jù)它所表示的時間加以調(diào)整。例如：If you had listened to the doctor,you would be all r

6、ight now.如果你當(dāng)初聽了醫(yī)生的話，身體現(xiàn)在就好了。(從句動作指過去，主句動作指現(xiàn)在)5、虛擬條件句可以轉(zhuǎn)換成下列形式：(l)省略連詞if。在書面語中，如果虛擬條件從句中有were, had或should ,可以把if省略，把這幾個詞放到主語之前， 構(gòu)成主謂.倒裝。例如：Should he come (If he should come), tell him to ring me up.他要是來了， 讓他給我打個電話。 Were I you (If I were you), I would not do it.我要是你，就不做這事。(2)用介詞短語代替條件狀語從句。有時假設(shè)的情況并不用條

7、件從句表示出來，而是通 過介詞短語來表示。如 ：Without air (If there were not air), there would be no living things. 如果 沒有空氣的話，就不會有生物了。 But for your help (If it hadn t been for your help) I couldn thave done it.要是沒有你的幫助，我就不可能完成這件事。假設(shè)的情況有時可以通過上下文或其他方式表現(xiàn)出來。如：I was busy that day. OtherwiseI would have gone there with them. (

8、If I hadn t been busy that day, I would have gone there withthem.)我那天很忙，否則，我就和他們一起去那兒了。(如果我那天不忙的話，我就 )；I would have finished the work, but I have been ill. (If I hadn t been ill, I would have finished thwork.)我本來該完成這項工作的，但我生病了。(如果我沒生病的話，我就會完成 )6、省去條件從句或主句：表示虛擬語氣的主句或從句有時可以省略，但其含義仍可以推知。（1）省去條件從句。如：You

9、 could have washed your clothes yourself.你本可以自已洗衣服 的。省去了 If you had wanted to）（事實是：你自己沒洗衣服，因為你不想洗。）（2）省去主句（常用以表示愿望）。如：If my grandmother were with me!如果我的祖母與我在一起多好啊!（事實是：祖母已不在世。）；If only she had not left!如果她沒走就好了 ?。ㄊ聦嵤牵?她已經(jīng)走了。）三、虛擬語氣的其他用法l、虛擬語氣在主語從句中的用法：在 It is important （strange , natural, necessary

10、）that 這類句型里，that所引導(dǎo)的主語從句中的謂語動詞常用“shoul才動詞原形”結(jié)構(gòu)，表示某事是重要、奇怪、自然、必要等意義。如：代 is important that every member （should） inform himself of these rules.重要的是每個成員知道這些規(guī)則。2、虛擬語氣在賓語從句中用法：（1）在動詞wish后的賓語從句中，表示與現(xiàn)在或過去的事實相反，或?qū)淼闹饔^愿望， 從句通常省略連詞that。1）表示對現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬：從句動詞用過去式或過去進(jìn)行.式e3動詞一般用were）。如：I wish I knew the answer to th

11、e question.我希望知道這個問題的答案。（可惜不知道）；2）表示對過去情況的虛擬：從句動詞常用had十過去分詞。如：I wish （wished） I hadn t spent so much mone感后悔不該花那么多錢。（實際上已經(jīng)花掉）；3）表示對將來的主 觀愿望:謂語動詞形式為would十動詞原形”。此時要注意，主句的主語與從句的主語不能相 同，因為主句的主語所期望的從句動作能否實現(xiàn)，取決于從句主語的態(tài)度或意愿（非動物名詞除夕卜）。如：I wish it would stop raining.但愿雨能停止；I wish you would come soon. 但愿你立刻來。（

12、2）在suggest, demand, order, propose, insist, command, request, desire等動詞后的賓 語從句中，謂語動詞用should +動詞原形”，表示建議、要求、命令等。如:I demand that he（should） answer me immediately.我要求他立刻答復(fù)我。3、虛擬語氣在狀語從句中的用法在帶有even if/ even though引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句的主從復(fù)合句中，主句和從句都用虛 擬語氣，動詞形式與含有非真實條件句的虛擬語氣相同。如 :Even if he had been ill, he would have

13、 gone t his office.即使生了病，他倆去辦公室。（2）由as if或as though引導(dǎo)的狀語從句表示比較或方式時。從句謂語形式為動詞的過去式（be用 were）或 “had過去分詞”。如：He treated me as if I were a stranger.他那樣對待我，好像我是陌生人似的。She talked about the film as if she had really seen it. 她談?wù)撃遣坑捌?，就好像她確 實看過一樣。注:如果表示的事情可能會發(fā)生，那么方式狀語從句中的謂語動詞可用陳述語氣。(3)在in order that或so that弓I導(dǎo)的

14、目的狀語從句中，謂語動詞多用“coul或might (有時也用 should) + 動詞原形“。如：Mr green spoke slowly so that his students could (might) hear clearly.格林先生說得很慢，好讓學(xué)生聽清楚。4、虛擬語氣在定語從句中的用法：在 It is time (that)句型中定語從句的謂語動詞常用虛擬語氣表示將來，動詞形式一般用過去式，意思是該干某事白時候了 。如：It s (high)time we did our homework. 我們該做作業(yè)了。5、虛擬語氣在簡單句中的用法(1)情態(tài)動詞的過去式用于現(xiàn)在時態(tài)時，表

15、示說話人的謙虛、客氣、有禮貌，或委婉的 語氣，常見于日常會話中。如 :It would be better for you not to stay up too late.你最好別太晚睡覺。(2)在一些習(xí)慣表達(dá)中。如 :I would rather not tell you. 我寧愿不告訴你。練1、(3)用“may +動詞原形”表示祝愿、但愿”，此時may須置于句首(多用于正式文體中)。如：May you be happy!祝你快樂！ May good luck be yours.祝你順利。練習(xí)、虛擬語氣I.Ifl where he lived, I a note to him.A. knew

16、, wouldB.had known, would havesentC. know, would sendD.knew, would have sent2. Ifthey earlierthan expected, they here now.A. had started, wouldbeB.started, might beC. had started, wouldhave beenD.will start, might have been3. I didn t know his telephone number.it, I then.A. Had I known, would ring h

17、im upB.Should I know, would have rung himupC. If I knew; would ring him upD.Had I known; would have rung him up4. Mary is ill today. If she, she absent from school.A. were not ill; wouldnt beB.had been ill; wouldnt have beenC. had been ill; should have beenD.hadnt been ill; could be5. Were I to do i

18、t, I it some other way.A. will doB. would doC. would have done D. were to do6. I him the answer possible, but I was so busy then.A. could tell; if it had beenB. must have told; were itC. should have told; had it beenD. should have told; should it be7. Without your help, we so much.A. won t achieveB.

19、 didn t achieveC. dont achieveD. wouldnt have achieved8. You didnt take his advice.his advice, you such a mistake.A. Had you taken; wouldnt have madeB. Ifyou had taken; would makeC. Were you lo take; shouldn t have madeD. Have you taken; won t have made9. We wish we what you did when we were at high

20、 school.A. didB. could have doneC. have doneD. should do10. She wishes she to the theatre last night.A. wentB. would goC. had goneD. were going11. Tomis very short now. His mother wishes that he be tall when he grows up.12. My sister advised me that I accept the invitation.A. couldB. mustC. shouldD.

21、 might13. He asks that he an opportunity to explain why he refused to go thefe.sA. is givenB. must giveC. should giveD. be given14. Do you think of Wang Fang .s suggestion that he Mr. Li to the party?A. will inviteB. have invitedC. is invitedD. invite15. I insisted that he at once.A. be goneB. goC.

22、would goD. might go16. Li Ming insisted that he anything at all.them very angry.A. hadn t stolen B. shouldn t steal C. doesn t steal D. steal17. It is quite natural that my coming late againA. had madeB. would makeC. makesD. make18. He acted as if he everything in the world.A. knewB. knowsC. has kno

23、wnD. wont knowyou clearly.19. Read it aloud so that IA. may hearB. will hearC. hearD. have heardthey first train.20. They got up early in order that theyA. caughtB. will catchC. mightcatchD. shallcatch21. I am sor ry that hein such poor health.A. areB. shall beC. wereD. shouldbe22. That is a good bo

24、ok. Youit yesterday.A. could buyB. should buyC. should have boughtD.bought23. It is high time wehome.A. will goB. would goC. have goneD. went24. I d rather that youhome.A. wentB. have goneC. will goD. had gone25. If only Ito the lecture!A. listenB. will listenC. am listeningD.hadlistened26. - If he

25、, he that food.immediately.A. was warned; would not takeC. would be warned; had not taken3.1 I didn t see your sister at the meeting. If sheA. has comeB. did come- Luckily he was sent to the hospitalB. had been warned; would not have takenD. would have been warned; had not taken, she would have met

26、my brother.C. cameD. had come28. Without electricity, human life quite different today.A. isB. will beC. would have beenD. would be29. He you more help, even though he was very busy.A. might have given B. might giveC. may have given D. may give30. If city noises from increasing, people shout to be h

27、eard even at the dinnertable 20 years from now.A. are not kept; will have toB. are not kept; have toC. do not keep; will have toD. do not keep; have to31. Mikes father, as well as- his mother, insisted that he home.A. stayedB. could stayC. has stayedD.stay32. Mr. Smith insisted that he the work all.

28、A. had doneB. have doneC. didD. so33. Jane would never have gone to the party that Mary would come to see her.A. has she known B. had she knownC. if she knowD. if she hasknown34. If you had enough money, what?A. will you buy B. would you buy C. would you have bought D. will you have bought35. If you that film late last night,