2010年高考英語語法專題復(fù)習(xí)-13名詞性從句Word版

1、 名詞性從句I、重點難點解析 名詞性從句是歷年高考的重點和難點也是熱點。名詞性從句相當(dāng)于名詞，可分別作主高考資源網(wǎng)句的主語、賓語、表語和同位語。因此，名詞性從句可分為主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句和同位從句（見下表）。主語從句做主語，用that，whether，what（the thing that）等連接詞（原疑問詞）引導(dǎo)賓語從句做賓語，用that（可省略），if，whether（or not），what（the thing which）等連接詞（原疑問詞）引導(dǎo)表語從句用that（一般不省略），whether，what（the thing which）等連接詞（原疑問詞）引導(dǎo)同位語從句用tha

2、t（常用在news，thought，idea等詞后），whether等連接詞（原疑問詞）引導(dǎo)一、主語從句主語從句是在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)主語的從句，通常放在主句謂語動詞之前或由形式主語it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。如：Who will go is not important.It doesnt matter so much whether you will come or not.That he suddenly fell ill last week made us surprised.1. It 作形式主語和it引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句的比較It 作形式主語代替主語從句，主要是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)，主語從句的連接詞沒

3、有變化。而it引導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句則是對句子某一部分進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)，無論強(qiáng)調(diào)的是什么成分，都可用連詞that。被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如： It is a pity that you didnt go to see the film.（主語從句） It doesnt interest me whether you succeed or not. （主語從句） It is in the morning that the murder took place.（強(qiáng)調(diào)句） It is John that broke the window. （強(qiáng)調(diào)句）2. 用it 作形式主語的結(jié)構(gòu)： 句型 例子1I

4、t is 名詞 從句It is a fact that 事實是 / It is an honor that 非常榮幸It is common knowledge that 是常識2It is 形容詞 從句It is natural that 很自然/ It is strange that 奇怪的是3It is 不及物動詞 從句It seems that 似乎/ It happened that 碰巧It appears that 似乎4It 過去分詞 從句It is reported that 據(jù)報道/ It has been proved that已證實 It is said that 據(jù)說

5、 3. 主語從句不可位于句首的五種情況： 情況說明例句1if 引導(dǎo)的主語從句不可居于復(fù)合句句首。 If he will come or not is unknown （誤）. Whether he will come or not is unknown （正）2It is said /reported結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前It is said that Jiang will visit our school. （正）Jiang will visit our school next week is said. （誤）3It happens/occurs結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前It occurr

6、ed to him that he failed in the examination. （正）That he failed in the examination occurred to him. （誤）4It doesnt matter how/whether 結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前It doesnt matter whether he is wrong or not. （正）Whether he is wrong or not doesnt matter. （誤）5含主語從句的復(fù)合句是疑問句時，主語從句不可提前Is it likely that it will rain in the e

7、vening? （正）Is that will rain in the evening likely? （誤） 二賓語從句賓語從句就是在復(fù)合句中作賓語的名詞性從句，通常放在主句謂語動詞 (及物動詞) 或介詞之后。 情況說明例句1作動詞的賓語由that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句(that 通?？梢允÷?I heard (that) he joined the army.由what, whether (if),when, where 等引導(dǎo)的賓語從句She did not know what had happened.I wonder whether you can change this note for

8、me.動詞間接賓語賓語從句She told me that she would accept my invitation.2作介詞的賓語Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.3作形容詞的賓語I am afraid (that) Ive made a mistake.4it 可以作為形式賓語We heard it that she would get married next month.5否定的轉(zhuǎn)移（若主句謂語動詞為think, consider, suppose, believe, expect

9、, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的賓語從句若含有否定意義，一般要把否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句謂語上，從句謂語用肯定式）I dont think this dress fits you well. 我認(rèn)為這件衣服不適合你穿。注意：that 引導(dǎo)的從句常跟在下列形容詞后作賓語：anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, s

10、atisfied, content 等。也可以將此類詞后的that 從句的看作原因狀語從句。 三表語從句表語從句在復(fù)合句中作表語的名詞性從句，放在系動詞之后，一般結(jié)構(gòu)是“主語連系動詞表語從句”。可以接表語從句的連系動詞有be, look, remain, seem等。引導(dǎo)表語從句的that?？墒÷浴Ａ硗?，常用的還有the reason is that 和It is because 等結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：1) The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.2) This is why we cant g

11、et the support of the people.3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.4) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus. 四同位語從句同位語從句就是在復(fù)合句中作名詞的同位語的名詞性從句。情況說明例句1同位語從句的功能（一般由that引導(dǎo)）對于名詞進(jìn)一步解釋，The kings decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the

12、people.說明名詞的具體內(nèi)容， The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general. 2同位語從句在句子中的位置有時可以不緊跟在它所說明的名詞后面，被別的詞隔開He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.五whether, if引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的區(qū)別： 情況說明例句1在句首引導(dǎo)主語從句時，只能用whetherWhether we will go camping tomorrow depends on the weath

13、er.2if不能引導(dǎo)表語從句What the doctor really doubt is whether my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.3if 不能引導(dǎo)介詞后的賓語從句Everything depends on whether we can make a plan that they will agree to.4如果賓語從句是否定句只能用ifI asked Pave if he hadnt decided what he would say at the meeting.5discuss 后的賓語從句只能用whet

14、her引導(dǎo)We discussed whether the medicine will cause side effect.注意：doubt 作“懷疑”解，后接賓語從句時，如主句是肯定的，賓語從句用whether 或if 引導(dǎo)；如主句是否定，賓語從句只能用that 引導(dǎo)。 (1) I doubt whether/ if he is fit for the job. (2) I dont doubt that he can do it very well.II、實戰(zhàn)演練 用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B詞填空： 1. I cant decide _ dictionary I should buy.2. Thats _

15、 he refused my invitation.3. I am very interested in _ he has improved his pronunciation in such a short time.4. _ we need is more time.5. The fact _ she had not said anything at the meeting surprised everybody.6. _ and _ they will meet has not been decided yet.7. Please tell me _ you are waiting fo

16、r.8. Is that _ you are looking for?9. Would you please tell me _ the nearest post office is?10. I dont know _ he will agree to the plan or not.11._ is done cannot be undone.12.Take care _ you dont make mistakes in the coming exam.13.To his surprise, the umbrella was not _ he had put. 14._ we cant ge

17、t seems better than _ we have. 15._ well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. 16._ they are most interested in is _ they can produce more and better cars.17.It doesnt matter_I rest or not.18. _I have will be yours sooner or later.19.I think it is _ youre eating too much.20.Can you make sure _

18、 Alice has put the gold necklace?21.Do you remember _ he came?Yes, I do. He came by train.22.Mother asked me _ was wrong with me. 23_they have won the game made us excited.24. _he says in his report is a very interesting question.25.That ishe failed to arrive on time.定語從句I、重點難點解析 定語從句是英語語法中的重點。除了在語法

19、填空中會考到，在基礎(chǔ)寫作和任務(wù)型寫作中正確恰當(dāng)?shù)剡\用定語從句是作文得高分的關(guān)鍵。另外，在閱讀理解中正確理解定語從句也至關(guān)重要。常見考點：1.指物時只用that 或which 的情況2.介詞+關(guān)系代詞3.Whose 用法及轉(zhuǎn)換形式4.as 與which的區(qū)別5.指人時that 與who的區(qū)別6.如何判斷用關(guān)系副詞還是關(guān)系代詞7.定語從句中的主謂一致問題一、定語從句的概念在復(fù)合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞從句叫定語從句，在句中起定語的作用.被定語從句修飾的詞叫做先行詞。引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞。如：The man who lives next to us is a policeman. 先

20、行詞 關(guān)系代詞 定語從句二、關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的用法： 關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞又稱關(guān)系詞，用來引導(dǎo)定語從句、代替先行詞并在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個成分。其用法見下表：定語從句的關(guān)系詞詞例先行詞充當(dāng)成分例句關(guān)系代詞who人主語This is the doctor who saved my life .whom人賓語She is the new student (whom) I want to tell to you .that人&物主語、賓語（指人相當(dāng)于who或whom，指物相當(dāng)于which）which物主語、賓語1.Please pass me the book which is lying on

21、the table. 2.The novel (which) Tom bought is very interesting.as物主語、賓語The earth ,as is known to all ,is round.whose=of whomof which人&物定語The professor whose daughter teaches you English is Dr. Williams關(guān)系副詞when=atinonduring which時間狀語Well never forget the day when the Peoples Republic of China was

22、founded.where=atinto which地點狀語This is the house where he lived.why=for which原因狀語I know the reason why she works so well.三、限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句從句與先行詞的關(guān)系從句是先行詞不可缺少的定語，如果省去，主句的意思就會不完整或不明確。從句只是對先行詞的附加說明，如果省去,主句的意思仍然清楚或完整標(biāo) 點從句和主句之間不用逗號分開從句和主句之間通常用逗號分開關(guān)系代詞指人who (that) whom指人who（作主語）whom（做賓語）

23、指物which (that)指物which人和物的whose人和物的whose關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語時可以省去關(guān)系代詞一般不可省修飾從句只修飾一個名詞或代詞可以修飾一個詞也可修飾整個主句翻譯定語從句譯在被修飾詞的前面定語從句通常被譯成另一個獨立的句子四、關(guān)系詞的選用1只能用that做關(guān)系代詞的情況：只能用that做關(guān)系代詞的情況例句1當(dāng)先行詞是all, everything, anything, nothing, much, little, none, one等不定代詞時(something除外)Pay attention to everything that I do.2當(dāng)先行詞被All,

24、every, no, some, any, little, much等修飾時He has little time that he can spare.3當(dāng)先行詞被序高考資源網(wǎng)數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾時This is the best novel (that) have read.4如果出現(xiàn)兩個或兩個以上的先行詞，并同時兼指人和物時They were talking about the person and things that they remembered in school.5當(dāng)先行詞被the only, the last, the way, the same等等修飾時This is th

25、e last time that I I want to see you.6.在疑問詞who, which, what開頭的特殊疑問句中,為了避免重復(fù)只用thatWhich of the students that knows something about history.7當(dāng)定語從句為there be 句型時，關(guān)系代詞只能用that,也可以省略This is the fastest train (that) there is to Beijing.8當(dāng)指人或物的關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中做表語時，關(guān)系代詞只能用that,也可以省略China is not the country (that) i

26、t was. 2指物只能用which 不用that的情況:只能用which 不用that的情況:例句1在非限制性定語從句中St Petersburg, which was once called Leningrad, is a very beautiful city.2在介詞后面This is the room in which we lived last year.3指人時只能用who不用 that的情況: 只能用who不用 that的情況例句1先行詞為one, ones，those，anyone，he時 Those who break the law must be punished.4

27、as與whichas與which均可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，有時可以互換，但下列情況多用as: 多用as的情況:例句1與such或the same連用時，一般用asSuch books as you read are interestingSuch money as he earned was spent on books.2as 引導(dǎo)的從句可以放在句首, as 表“正如.正象”之意As we all know, the earth is round.五、定語從句中的主謂一致定語從句中的動詞在人稱和數(shù)方面應(yīng)該與它的先行詞保持一致:1.I am not one who is afraid of d

28、ifficulty2.Dont choose me, who am not fit for this jobII、實戰(zhàn)演練用恰當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞填空： 1. Because of my poor memory, all _ you told me has been forgotten.2. Do you remember those days _ we spent along the seashore very happily? 3. Those _ want to go please sign their names here. 4. Who is the woman _ is swee

29、ping the floor over there?5. The man _ you are going to make friends is my fathers neighbour.6. Finally, the thief handed over everything _ he had stolen to the police. 7. This is the very letter _came last night. w。w 8. This is the factory _ we worked a year ago.9. Jack is pleased with what you hav

30、e given him and all _ you have told him.10. Do you work near the building _ colour is yellow?11. Alice received an invitation from her boss, _ came as a surprise.12. I live in the house _ windows face south. 13. They stayed with me three weeks, _ they drank all the wine I had.14. The room _ Mr White

31、 lives is not very large. 15. Ive finished writing the novel, _ is to be published next month. 16. He returned home safe and sound after a fierce battle, _ was unexpected.17. The old man had three sons, all of _ died during World War . 18. I have bought two pens, both of _ write well. 19. Do you kno

32、w the reason _ she has changed her mind?20. He failed in the exam, _ proves that he wasnt working hard enough. 21. _ was expected, he succeeded in the exam.22. We should read such books _ will make us better and wiser. 23. He is absent， _ is often the case.24. It is the first time _ I have come to y

33、our city. 25. Who _ has the same idea as it will do it in this way. 26. I shall never forget those years _ I lived in the country with the farmers, _ has a great effect on my life.27. This is the only book _ I can find.28. This is the only one of the students _ handwriting isthe best.29. You must sh

34、ow my wife the same respect _ you show me.30. This is the professor _ taught me chemistry in 1980 .專題十五 狀語從句I、重點難點解析 狀語從句是由從句擔(dān)任的狀語，在句子中可修飾謂語（或其它動詞）、形容詞、副詞或是整個句子，它可以用來表示時間、地點、aaaks5uaaa原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、方式、比較、讓步等。狀語從句是一較大的語法項目，也是近幾年高考題中常見的一個重要試點。高考中已考查了時間、讓步、地點、條件、目的等狀語從句，這些從句仍是今后高考熱點，應(yīng)作充分準(zhǔn)備。同時對方式狀語從句也應(yīng)引起重

35、視。不同的狀語從句所使用的連接詞也各不相同。見下表：狀語從句名稱連接詞時間狀語從句when, as, while, whenever, after, before, till (until), since, once, as soon as (或the moment ), by the time, no sooner than, hardly (scarcely) when, every time等地點狀語從句where 和wherever條件狀語從句if, unless, so (as) long as, on condition that, so (as) far as, if only

36、( = if )原因狀語從句because, since, as, now that（既然）結(jié)果狀語從句so that （從句謂語一般沒有情態(tài)動詞）, so that, such that目的狀語從句so, so that（從句謂語常有情態(tài)動詞）, in order that, in case（以防，以免）讓步狀語從句although, though, as, even if (though), however, whatever, whether or, no matter who (when, what, ) 等比較狀語從句than, so (as) as, the more the mo

37、re方式狀語從句as, as if (though), the way, rather than等一、時間狀語從句w。1、當(dāng)while, when, as引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句時的區(qū)別：(1) while引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中動詞必須是持續(xù)性。謂語動詞多為進(jìn)行時，或狀態(tài)動詞的一般時。while 的這些用法可用when代替。E.g. Please keep quiet while (when) others are studying；(2) when除可指一段時間外，還可用來指一點時間，等于 “at the time”，也就是說when引出的時間狀語從句中的謂語動詞可以是終止性的，也可以延續(xù)性的。因此主句和

38、從句的謂語可以是一般時，進(jìn)行時，或完成時。E.g. When I went into the lab, the teacher was doing an experiment.（when不能換成while）He often makes mistakes when he is speaking English.（when可換成while）(3) as?？膳cwhen，while通用，但強(qiáng)調(diào)“一邊、一邊”。E.g. As (when, while) I was walking down the street, I noticed a police car in front of number 37.

39、 (4) when有時代替if，引導(dǎo)條件句，意為“如果”、“假如”E.g. Ill come when (if) Im free.2、till, until引導(dǎo)時間狀語短語或狀語從句，用于否定句時，結(jié)構(gòu)為not until (till)，主句謂語動詞延續(xù)與非延續(xù)皆可，意為“直到才”。用于肯定句時，只與延續(xù)性動詞連用，表示“到為止”。E.g. They played volleyball until (till) it got dark./ They didnt talk（延續(xù)性動詞）until (till) the interpreter（譯員）came./ He didnt go to be

40、d（非延續(xù)性動詞）until (till) the his father came back.；until可以放在句首，till則不行，E.g. Until the last minute of the match we kept on playing./ Not until he finished his work did he go home.（倒裝）；till, until只用于時間，以下句子是錯誤的：We walked till the edge of the forest.（要用as far as或to）。二、地點狀語從句引導(dǎo)地點狀語從句的連詞是where 和wherever等。E.

41、g. Sit wherever you like.Make a mark where you have a question.三、條件狀語從句條件狀語從句分真實性（有可能實現(xiàn)的事情）與非真實性（條件與事實相反或者在說話者看來不大可能實現(xiàn)的事情）條件句。引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句的詞（組）主要有if, unless, so (as) long as, on condition that, so (as) far as, if only ( = if )。注意：條件從句中的if 不能用whether替換。 E.g. If he is not in the office, he must be out for

42、 lunch.You may borrow the book so long as you keep it clean.So far as I know（據(jù)我所知）, he will be away for three months.You can go swimming on condition that ( = if ) you dont go too far away from the river bank.If he had come a few minutes earlier, he could have seen her.四、原因狀語從句because, since, as引導(dǎo)原因

43、狀語時注意使用上的區(qū)別：1.如果原因構(gòu)成句子的最主要部分,一般用because ,因此because引導(dǎo)的從句往往放在句末。用why提問的句子，一定用because回答。E.g. He had to stay at home yesterday because he was ill.；2.如原因已為人們所知，或不如句子的其他部分重要，就用as，或 since。since比as更正式些。as和since引導(dǎo)的從句一般放在句子的開頭。E.g. As you are tired, you had better rest./ Since everyone is here, now lets begin

44、. 五、結(jié)果狀語從句結(jié)果狀語從句是表示事態(tài)結(jié)果的從句，通常主句是原因，從句是結(jié)果。由so that （從句謂語一般沒有情態(tài)動詞）, so that, such that等引導(dǎo)。 E.g. She was ill, so that she didnt attend the meeting.He was so excited that he could not say a word. She is such a good teacher that everyone admires her.六、目的狀語從句引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句最常用的詞（組）是so, so that（從句謂語常有情態(tài)動詞）, in or

45、der that, in case（以防，以免）等。E.g. Speak clearly, so that they may understand you.She has bought the book in order that she could follow the TV lessons.He left early in case he should miss the train. w。七、讓步狀語從句讓步狀語從句可由although, though, as, even if (though), however, whatever, whether or, no matter who (

46、when, what, ) 等引導(dǎo)。注意：as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句一般是倒裝的。E.g. Though he is a child, he knows a lot.Child as he is, he knows a lot. w。w。 Whatever ( = No matter what ) you say, Ill never change my mind.八、比較狀語從句比較狀語從句常用than, so (as) as, the more the more等引導(dǎo)。E.g. I have made a lot more mistakes than you have.He smokes ci

47、garettes as expensive as he can afford.The busier he is, the happier he feels.九、方式狀語從句方式狀語從句常由as, as if (though), the way, rather than等引導(dǎo)。E.g. You must do the exercise as I show you.He acted as if nothing had happened.十、使用狀語從句時要注意的幾個問題1、在時間和條件（有時也在方式、讓步等）從句中，主句是一般將來時，從句通常用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來。 E.g. Well go out

48、ing if it doesnt rain tomorrow.Ill write to you as soon as I get to Shanghai.2、有些時間、地點、條件、方式或讓步從句，如果從句的主語與主句主語一致（或雖不一致，是it），從句的謂語又包含動詞be ，就可省略從句中的“主語 + be”部分。E.g. When (he was) still a boy of ten, he had to work day and night.If (you are) asked you may come in.If (it is) necessary Ill explain to you again.3、注意區(qū)分不同從句：引導(dǎo)的是什么從句，不僅要根據(jù)連詞，還要根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)和句意來判別。以where為例，能引導(dǎo)多種從句。E.g. You are to find it where you left it.（地點狀語從句）Tell me the address where he lives.（定語從句，句中有先行詞）I dont know where he came from.（賓語從句）W