關(guān)于局域網(wǎng)中的通信協(xié)議中英文對(duì)照

1、 關(guān)于局域網(wǎng)中的通信協(xié)議中英文對(duì)照About the local area network communication protocol in Chinese and English language compared 一、引言First, the introduction 要實(shí)現(xiàn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)間的正常通信就必需選擇合適的通信協(xié)議，有很多人誤認(rèn)為通信協(xié)議就是TCP/IP協(xié)議，只要網(wǎng)絡(luò)能正常連通，其它協(xié)議沒有用，事實(shí)上，不同的網(wǎng)絡(luò)協(xié)議都有其存在的必要。To achieve normal communication between networks is necessary to choose the ap

2、propriate communication protocol, there are many people mistakenly believe that the communication protocol is TCP/IP protocol, as long as Internet properly connected, the other agreement is useless, in fact, different network protocol has its existence is necessary. 二、通信協(xié)議的分類組建網(wǎng)絡(luò)時(shí)，必須選擇一種網(wǎng)絡(luò)通信協(xié)議，使得用戶之

3、間能夠相互進(jìn)行“交流”。協(xié)議（Protocol）是網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)備用來通信的一套規(guī)則，這套規(guī)則可以理解為一種彼此都能聽得懂的公用語言。關(guān)于網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的協(xié)議可以概括為兩類：“內(nèi)部協(xié)議”和“外部協(xié)議”。Second, the classification of the communication protocol to form a network, you must select a network communication protocol, allows the user between communication to each other. Communication Protocol (Prot

4、ocol) is a network device used for a set of rules, the rules can be understood as a kind of common language can understand each other. About the network protocol can be summarized as two types: internal agreement and external agreement. 1、內(nèi)部協(xié)議1978年，國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織（ISO）為網(wǎng)絡(luò)通信制定了一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模式，稱為OSI/RM（Open System Int

5、erconnect/Reference Model，開放系統(tǒng)互聯(lián)參考模型）體系結(jié)構(gòu)。該結(jié)構(gòu)共分七層，從低到高分別是物理層、數(shù)據(jù)鏈路層、網(wǎng)絡(luò)層、傳輸層、會(huì)話層、表示層和應(yīng)用層。其中，任何一個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)備的上下層之間都有其特定的協(xié)議形式，同時(shí)兩個(gè)設(shè)備（如工作站與服務(wù)器）的同層之間也有其使用的協(xié)議約定。在這里，將這種上下層之間和同層之間的協(xié)議全部定義為“內(nèi)部協(xié)議”。內(nèi)部協(xié)議在組網(wǎng)中一般很少涉及到，它主要提供給網(wǎng)絡(luò)開發(fā)人員使用，如果只是為了組建一個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，可不去理會(huì)內(nèi)部協(xié)議。1, internal agreement in 1978, the international organization for s

6、tandardization (ISO) set a standard for network communication Model, called the OSI/RM (Open System Interconnect/Reference Model of Open System interconnection) Reference Model architecture. The structure is divided into seven layers, from low to high respectively is the physical layer, data link la

7、yer, network layer, transport layer, session layer, presentation layer and application layer. On any network device of the lower form, has its specific agreement between the two devices at the same time, such as workstations and servers between tree also has its use agreement. Here, on the lower lev

8、el and provided between all the agreement, defined as internal agreement between. Internal agreements rarely involved in the network, it is mostly used for web developers, if only in order to form a network, not to ignore the internal agreement. 2、外部協(xié)議外部協(xié)議即組網(wǎng)時(shí)所必須選擇的協(xié)議。由于它直接負(fù)責(zé)計(jì)算機(jī)之間的相互通信，所以通常稱為網(wǎng)絡(luò)通信協(xié)議。

9、自從網(wǎng)絡(luò)問世以來，有許多公司投入到了通信協(xié)議的開發(fā)中，如IBM、Banyan、Novell、Microsoft等。每家公司開發(fā)的協(xié)議，最初都是為了滿足自己的網(wǎng)絡(luò)通信，但隨著網(wǎng)絡(luò)應(yīng)用的普及，不同網(wǎng)絡(luò)之間進(jìn)行互聯(lián)的要求越來越迫切，因此通信協(xié)議就成為解決網(wǎng)絡(luò)之間互聯(lián)的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)。就像使用不同母語的人與人之間需要一種通用語言才能交談一樣，網(wǎng)絡(luò)之間的通信也需要一種通用語言，這種通用語言就是通信協(xié)議。目前，局域網(wǎng)中常用的外部協(xié)議主要有NetBEUI、IPX/SPX及其兼容協(xié)議和TCP/IP三類。2, external protocol external network formation must be s

10、elected by agreement. Because it is directly responsible for the computer to communicate with each other, so often referred to as a network communication protocol. Since the advent of Internet, there are many companies in the development of the communication protocol, such as IBM, Banyan, Novell, Mi

11、crosoft, etc. Each company development agreement, first is to satisfy their own network communication, but with the popularity of network applications, requirements of interconnection between different network has become more and more urgent, so the communication protocol has become the key to solve

12、 network interconnection between technologies. Like to use a different mother tongue between people need a common language to talk, network communication between the also need a kind of common language, the language is a communication protocol. At present, the local area network (LAN) that is common

13、ly used in external protocols mainly include NetBEUI, IPX/SPX and its compatible protocol and TCP/IP. 三、選擇網(wǎng)絡(luò)通信協(xié)議的原則Third, choose the principle of network communication protocol 第一、網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)和功能與所選協(xié)議要相一致。如果網(wǎng)絡(luò)中存在多個(gè)網(wǎng)段或要通過路由器相連時(shí)，就不能使用不具備路由和跨網(wǎng)段操作功能的NetBEUI協(xié)議，而必須選擇IPX/SPX或TCP/IP等協(xié)議。另外，如果網(wǎng)絡(luò)規(guī)模較小，同時(shí)只是為了簡(jiǎn)單的文件和設(shè)備的共享

14、，這時(shí)關(guān)心的主要是網(wǎng)絡(luò)速度，所以在選擇協(xié)議時(shí)應(yīng)選擇占用內(nèi)存小和帶寬利用率高的協(xié)議，如NetBEUI。當(dāng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)規(guī)模較大，且網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜時(shí)，應(yīng)選擇可管理性和可擴(kuò)充性較好的協(xié)議，如TCP/IP。First, the network structure and function and the selected protocol should be consistent. If multiple network segments or exist in the network are connected through a router that will not be able to use do n

15、ot have routing and cross network segment operating function NetBEUI agreement, and must choose the IPX/SPX or TCP/IP protocol. In addition, if the network on a smaller scale, at the same time, just for simple file and equipment sharing, concern mainly the network speed at this moment, so when choos

16、ing protocol should choose small memory and bandwidth utilization high protocols, such as NetBEUI. When the network size is bigger, and in the complex network structure, should choose better manageability and scalability protocol, such as TCP/IP. 第二、選擇一種通信協(xié)議用于一個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)?，F(xiàn)實(shí)中很多人會(huì)選擇系統(tǒng)所提供的所有協(xié)議，其實(shí)這樣做是很不可取的。因?yàn)槊?/p>

17、個(gè)協(xié)議都要占用計(jì)算機(jī)的內(nèi)存，選擇的協(xié)議越多，占用計(jì)算機(jī)的內(nèi)存資源就越多。一方面影響了計(jì)算機(jī)的運(yùn)行速度，另一方面不利于網(wǎng)絡(luò)的管理。事實(shí)上一個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)中一般一種通信協(xié)議就可以滿足需要。Second, choose a communication protocol used in a network. In reality a lot of people will choose all agreement, provided the system actually is not desirable to do so. Since each agreement takes up the computers

18、 memory, option agreement, the more the more you take up computer memory resources. Affect the speed of the computer running on the one hand, on the other hand, is not conducive to the network management. In fact is generally a communication protocol in a network can meet the need. 第三、協(xié)議的版本要注意。每個(gè)協(xié)議都

19、有它的發(fā)展和完善過程，因而出現(xiàn)了不同的版本，每個(gè)版本的協(xié)議都有它最為合適的網(wǎng)絡(luò)環(huán)境。從整體來看，高版本協(xié)議的功能和性能要比低版本好。所以在選擇時(shí)，在滿足網(wǎng)絡(luò)功能要求的前提下，應(yīng)盡量選擇高版本的通信協(xié)議。第四、協(xié)議的一致性。如果要讓兩臺(tái)實(shí)現(xiàn)互聯(lián)的計(jì)算機(jī)間進(jìn)行對(duì)話，它們兩者使用的通信協(xié)議必須相同。否則中間還需要一個(gè)“翻譯”進(jìn)行不同協(xié)議的轉(zhuǎn)換，這樣不僅影響通信速度，同時(shí)也不利于網(wǎng)絡(luò)的安全和穩(wěn)定運(yùn)行。Third, version of the protocol should pay attention to. Each protocol has its own development and perf

20、ection process, thus appeared different versions, each version of the agreement there is the most suitable network environment. On the whole, the high version of the agreement of the function and performance is better than low version. So when the choice, in the network under the premise of function

21、al requirements, should try to choose high version of the communication protocol. Fourth, protocol conformance. If you want to make a dialogue between the two computer connectivity, both the communication protocol used must be the same. Otherwise the middle also need a translate the conversion of di

22、fferent protocols, this not only influence on the speed of communication, but also not conducive to the safe and stable operation of the network at the same time. 四、局域網(wǎng)中常用的三種通信協(xié)議Four, local area network (LAN) that is commonly used in three kinds of communication protocol 1、NetBEUI協(xié)議NetBEUI(NetBIOS E

23、xtended User Interface，用戶擴(kuò)展接口)由IBM于1985年開發(fā)完成，它是一種體積小、效率高、速度快的通信協(xié)議。NetBEUI也是微軟最鐘愛的一種通信協(xié)議，所以它被稱為微軟所有產(chǎn)品中通信協(xié)議的“母語”。微軟在其早期產(chǎn)品，如DOS、LAN Manager、Windows 3.x和Windows for Workgroup中主要選擇NetBEUI作為自己的通信協(xié)議。在微軟如今的主流產(chǎn)品，如Windows XP和Windows NT中，NetBEUI已成為其固有的缺省協(xié)議。有人將WinNT定位為低端網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)器操作系統(tǒng)，這與微軟的產(chǎn)品過于依賴NetBEUI有直接的關(guān)系。NetBEU

24、I是專門為幾臺(tái)到百余臺(tái)PC所組成的單網(wǎng)段部門級(jí)小型局域網(wǎng)而設(shè)計(jì)的，它不具有跨網(wǎng)段工作的功能，即NetBEUI不具備路由功能。如果你在一個(gè)服務(wù)器上安裝了多塊網(wǎng)卡，或要采用路由器等設(shè)備進(jìn)行兩個(gè)局域網(wǎng)的互聯(lián)時(shí)，將不能使用NetBEUI通信協(xié)議。否則，與不同網(wǎng)卡（每一塊網(wǎng)卡連接一個(gè)網(wǎng)段）相連的設(shè)備之間，以及不同的局域網(wǎng)之間將無法進(jìn)行通信。1, NetBEUI NetBEUI agreement (NetBIOS Extended User Interface, User extension Interface) developed by IBM in 1985, it is a small volum

25、e, high efficiency, high speed communication protocol. NetBEUI and Microsofts favorite a communication protocol, so it is called all Microsoft products in mother tongue communication protocol. Microsoft early in the product, such as DOS, LAN Manager, Windows (3) main choice in x, and Windows for a W

26、orkgroup NetBEUI as a communication protocol. In Microsoft now mainstream products, such as Windows XP and Windows NT, NetBEUI has become its inherent default protocol. Someone will WinNT positioning for low-end web server operating system, it has to do with Microsoft products rely too much on NetBE

27、UI has a direct relationship. NetBEUI is dedicated to a few hundred PCS to departmental that single segment consisting of a small local area network (LAN), it does not have the ability to work across network segment in the NetBEUI dont routing. If you are on a server installed Ethernet card, or to u

28、se the equipment such as routers two LAN interconnection, will not be able to use NetBEUI communication protocol. Otherwise, with a different card (each nic connected to a network segment) between connected devices, and will not be able to communicate between different local area network (LAN). 2、IP

29、X/SPX協(xié)議 IPX/SPX(Internetwork PacketeXchange/Sequences Packet eXchange，網(wǎng)際包交換/順序包交換)是Novell公司的通信協(xié)議集。與NetBEUI的明顯區(qū)別是，IPX/SPX顯得比較龐大，在復(fù)雜環(huán)境下具有很強(qiáng)的適應(yīng)性。因?yàn)?，IPX/SPX在設(shè)計(jì)一開始就考慮了多網(wǎng)段的問題，具有強(qiáng)大的路由功能，適合于大型網(wǎng)絡(luò)使用。當(dāng)用戶端接入NetWare服務(wù)器時(shí)，IPX/SPX及其兼容協(xié)議是最好的選擇。但在非Novell網(wǎng)絡(luò)環(huán)境中，一般不使用IPX/SPX。尤其在Windows NT網(wǎng)絡(luò)和由Windows 95/98組成的對(duì)等網(wǎng)中，無法直接使用I

30、PX/SPX通信協(xié)議。IPX/SPX及其兼容協(xié)議不需要任何配置，它可通過“網(wǎng)絡(luò)地址”來識(shí)別自己身份。Novell網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的網(wǎng)絡(luò)地址由兩部分組成：標(biāo)明物理網(wǎng)段的“網(wǎng)絡(luò)ID”和標(biāo)明特殊設(shè)備的“節(jié)點(diǎn)ID”。其中網(wǎng)絡(luò)ID集中在NetWare服務(wù)器或路由器中，節(jié)點(diǎn)ID即為每個(gè)網(wǎng)卡的ID號(hào)（網(wǎng)卡卡號(hào)）。網(wǎng)絡(luò)ID和節(jié)點(diǎn)ID都是一個(gè)獨(dú)一無二的“內(nèi)部IPX地址”。正是由于網(wǎng)絡(luò)地址唯一性，才使IPX/SPX具有較強(qiáng)的路由功能。2, IPX/SPX agreement IPX/SPX (Internetwork PacketeXchange/Sequences Packet eXchange, the Packet

31、switching order/Packet switching) is a Novell set of communication protocols. NetBEUI and obvious difference is that the IPX/SPX appear relatively large, has a strong adaptability in complex environment. Because, the IPX/SPX in design to consider the question of multiple network segments from the st

32、art, with a strong routing functions, suitable for large networks. When user access NetWare servers, IPX/SPX and its compatible protocol is the best choice. But in the Novell network environment, generally do not use the IPX/SPX. Especially in the Windows NT network and peer network consists of Wind

33、ows 95/98, not directly use the IPX/SPX communication protocol. The IPX/SPX agreement does not require any configuration and its compatibility, it can be through the network address to identify his identity. Novell network address in the network consists of two parts: display the physical network se

34、gment network ID and node ID indicate the special equipment. The network ID on NetWare server or router, the node ID is the ID number of each card (card number). Network ID and the node ID is a unique inside the IPX address. Because network address uniqueness, makes the IPX/SPX has strong routing fu

35、nctions. 3、TCP/IP協(xié)議TCP/IP（Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol，傳輸控制協(xié)議/網(wǎng)際協(xié)議）是目前最常用到的一種通信協(xié)議，它是計(jì)算機(jī)世界里的一個(gè)通用協(xié)議。在局域網(wǎng)中，TCP/IP最早出現(xiàn)在Unix系統(tǒng)中，現(xiàn)在幾乎所有的廠商和操作系統(tǒng)都開始支持它。同時(shí)，TCP/IP也是Internet的基礎(chǔ)協(xié)議。 TCP/IP具有很高的靈活性，支持任意規(guī)模的網(wǎng)絡(luò)，幾乎可連接所有的服務(wù)器和工作站。但其靈活性也為它的使用帶來了許多不便，在使用NetBEUI和IPX/SPX及其兼容協(xié)議時(shí)都不需要進(jìn)行配置，而TCP/IP協(xié)議在使用時(shí)首先要進(jìn)

36、行復(fù)雜的設(shè)置。每個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)至少需要一個(gè)“IP地址”、一個(gè)“子網(wǎng)掩碼”、一個(gè)“默認(rèn)網(wǎng)關(guān)”和一個(gè)“主機(jī)名”。如此復(fù)雜的設(shè)置，對(duì)于一些初識(shí)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的用戶來說的確帶來了不便。不過，在Windows NT中提供了一個(gè)稱為動(dòng)態(tài)主機(jī)配置協(xié)議（DHCP）的工具，它可自動(dòng)為客戶機(jī)分配連入網(wǎng)絡(luò)時(shí)所需的信息，減輕了聯(lián)網(wǎng)工作上的負(fù)擔(dān)，并避免了出錯(cuò)。當(dāng)然，DHCP所擁有的功能必須要有DHCP服務(wù)器才能實(shí)現(xiàn)。五、小結(jié)在組建局域網(wǎng)時(shí)，具體選擇哪一種網(wǎng)絡(luò)通信協(xié)議主要取決于網(wǎng)絡(luò)規(guī)模、網(wǎng)絡(luò)間的兼容性和網(wǎng)絡(luò)管理幾個(gè)方面。如果正在組建一個(gè)小型的單網(wǎng)段的網(wǎng)絡(luò)，并且對(duì)外沒有連接的需要，最好選擇NetBEUI通信協(xié)議；如果從NetWare遷移到W

37、indows NT，或兩種平臺(tái)共存時(shí)，IPX/SPX及其兼容協(xié)議可提供一個(gè)很好的傳輸環(huán)境；如果正在規(guī)劃一個(gè)高效率、可互聯(lián)性和可擴(kuò)展性的網(wǎng)絡(luò)，TCP/IP則將是理想的選擇。3, TCP/IP Protocol, TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is currently one of the most commonly used to communication protocols, it is a common Pro

38、tocol in the computer world. In LAN, TCP/IP first appeared on Unix systems, now almost all the manufacturers and the operating system to support it. At the same time, also is the foundation of the Internet protocol TCP/IP. TCP/IP has a high flexibility to support any size network, almost all of the server and the workstation can be connected. But its flexibility is also brought a lot of inconvenience for the use of it, in the use of NetBEUI and IPX/SPX and its c