專四語法?？冀Y(jié)構(gòu)

1、一、主句單一原則任何一個句子中只可能有一個主句。做題時考生需要首先判斷原題中已經(jīng)給出的句子結(jié)構(gòu),如果已經(jīng)有一個主句,那么就絕對不能夠再出現(xiàn)另一個主句,除非中間有連接詞進行聯(lián)系。例1:_, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form.(A They occur where they are (B Occuring where (C Where they occur (D Where do they occur分析:空格后面是一個主句,(A為帶有從句的主句,空格后又是主句,有兩個主句一定錯。

2、(C為地點狀語從句,正確(勞動歌曲發(fā)生的地方。例2: _Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center(A Fort Wayne (B Although Fort Wayne (C For wayne is in (D Fort Wayne, in分析:空格后有兩個謂語動詞但中間沒有連接詞,由此可知,最后一句話是一個主句,空格處應(yīng)該有從句引導(dǎo)詞,四個選項中只有(B中although能引導(dǎo)從句,故選(B。二、謂語動詞專一原則任何一個句子只可能存在一個謂語動詞

3、。句子中不可能沒有謂語動詞,也不能多于一個謂語動詞(除非中間存在連接詞。例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” _an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with social issues.(A covers (B covers it (C which covers (D which it covers分析:空格后的deals with 是謂語動詞,A, B是謂語形式, 和deals with 之間沒有連接詞,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因為在定語從句中which已經(jīng)作了主語;(C構(gòu)成正確的定語從句例2

4、:In copper engravings and etchings, _caused by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on the paper.(A the impression is (B if the impression is (C impressions (D the impression分析:題目中的is是謂語,A,B中是謂語重復(fù)。C為復(fù)數(shù)名詞,與后面的謂語動詞is的數(shù)不一致,故也排除。因此選擇(D,caused. 修飾impression三、平行結(jié)構(gòu)技巧:如果填空題中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么這道題目

5、一定是考察平行結(jié)構(gòu)。填空題中平行結(jié)構(gòu)出現(xiàn)的形式是: A and B, A , B, and C例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and_is known as accounting.(A an enterprise's transactions summary (B the summarizing of an enterprise's transactions(C transactions of an enterprise are summarized (D summarizing the transactions of a

6、n enterprise分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行結(jié)構(gòu),空格處缺與前面recording、classifying并列的動名詞。四個選項中只有(D符合條件,故選(D。例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed ingenious orthopedic braces, _, and supervised the first use of Aureomycin on human patients. (A treating skull fractures that he pioneered in (B pioneered in treating sku

7、ll fractures(C which pioneered in treating skull fractures (D he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull fractures分析:空格后面是and, 空格處缺少和developed、supervised平行的謂語動詞,因此選擇(B。四、賓語從句結(jié)構(gòu)賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞在前面的主從復(fù)合句中已經(jīng)提到。這里指出的是填空題中關(guān)于賓語從句考的最多的兩個結(jié)構(gòu):state(陳述,表明+that indicate(指明,表明+that例1:The quantum theory states _, such as

8、 light, is given off and absorbed in tiny definite units called quanta or photons.(A energy that (B that it is energy (C it is energy (D that energy分析:空格前的謂語動詞states一般接關(guān)系連詞that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句,故首先排除C?？崭窈笠延兄^語動詞,空格不應(yīng)再出現(xiàn)謂語動詞,因此(D正確。例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth indicate_yield when unusual weight

9、is placed on them.(A although its crust and mantle (B its crust and mantle to (C that its crust and mantle (D for its crust and mantle to分析:空格處顯然缺謂語動詞indicate的賓語。(A和(D不能作賓語,可首先排除。(B使句子結(jié)構(gòu)混亂、語義不清,因此選擇(D,構(gòu)成賓語從句。五、介詞+ which結(jié)構(gòu)許多同學(xué)在選擇which還是介詞+which上總是不太明白,這里有一個技巧可以告訴大家?！皐hich”后面一定加一個缺主語或者賓語的句子,因為“which”在

10、這個句子中作了賓語或者主語成分?！敖樵~+ which”后面則跟一個完整的句子,因為”介詞+which”整個結(jié)構(gòu)在定語從句中作狀語。例1:In the United States, a primary election is a method _voters select the nominees for public office.(A that (Bby which (Cis that (Dby those分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺從句引導(dǎo)詞或連接詞,首先排除C和D。A能夠引導(dǎo)從句,但是根據(jù)題意,修飾method是不通的。B是介詞+which, 引導(dǎo)定語從句,(大選是一種方法,根據(jù)這個方

11、法,選民怎么.,因此(B正確。例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game - players hit wooden balls through wire arches called wickers.(A when (B which (C is when (D in which分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格處缺定語從句引導(dǎo)詞,由此首先排除(A和(C。但是到底是選擇B還是D,則看從句,從句是完整的句子,那么一定選擇(D, 關(guān)系代詞which 前應(yīng)該有介詞。六、in that結(jié)構(gòu)在表示“原因”概念的引導(dǎo)詞中,because of +名詞,consequently是副詞而

12、“in that”是原因狀語的引導(dǎo)詞。例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals _ it is a liquid.(A whereas (B in that (C because of (D consequently分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格處顯然缺從句引導(dǎo)詞。C、D不能引導(dǎo)從句,可以首先排除。根據(jù)題意,兩個句子之間是因果關(guān)系而不是對比關(guān)系,故選(B。in that為復(fù)合連詞,用來引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句。例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual _travel over lan

13、d and water on a layer of air.(Athey (Bin they (Cthat they (Din that they分析:空格處缺從句引導(dǎo)詞和從句主語。A和B缺從句引導(dǎo)詞,首先被排除。C一般作賓語從句或定語從句,而句中需要的是狀語從句,故也排除。D中in that 為連詞,引導(dǎo)表原因的狀語從句,符合題意(氣墊船之所以不同,是因為,故選(D這里我們再重申一下,如果選項中出現(xiàn)“介詞+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考慮這個選項,如果后面使用的是完整的句子結(jié)構(gòu),那么這個選項就一定是答案。這種題目平時出現(xiàn)的不多,但是要考的話一定就是重點。例3:Emily Di

14、ckinson's garden was a place_great inspiration for her poems.(A that she drew (B by drawing her (C from which she drew (D drawn from which分析:首先看選項C, “介詞+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一個完整句子,那么選項(C就是答案。七、what 結(jié)構(gòu)what結(jié)構(gòu)在95.8以后的新題中考的非常多,記住一點: what=the thing that例1:The chief f

15、oods eaten in any country depend largely on_best in its climate and soil.(A it grows (B what grows (C does it grow (D what does it grow分析:空格前有depend on這個短語,四個選項都是句子,故可判斷出空格處為賓語從句。A和C沒有從句引導(dǎo)詞,故排除,(D的語序有問題,從句不能用特殊疑問句的倒裝形式,故(B正確。例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle was chief of the Miami trib

16、e whose territory became_is now Indiana and Ohio.(A there (B where (C that (D what分析:空格處缺的詞既要引導(dǎo)從句又要作從句主語。四個選項中只有(D符合條件。八、同位語結(jié)構(gòu)同位語考試形式一:名詞作主語,主語同位語_, _ _, _ (注意是兩個逗號例1:The tongue , _, is an important aid in chewing and swallowing .(A is the chief organ of taste (B tasting the organ chiefly (C the chi

17、ef organ of taste (D the organ chiefly tastes分析:空格處顯然缺定語或同位語。句中已有謂語動詞is, 故先排除A和D。(B不合題意,故也可排除。(C是名詞短語,適合作主語的同位語,使句子完整,句意正確,故選(C。同位語考試形式二:名詞作主語,后面的名詞是主語同位語,解釋說明后面的名詞_, _ (注意是一個逗號例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, _of Native Americans in her novel, Century of Dishonor.(A Helen Hunt Jackson took

18、up the cause (B the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson(C was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause (D the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up.分析:空格前為名詞短語,空格后為介詞短語,空格處明顯缺主語和謂語動詞。根據(jù)空格前名詞短語的意思判斷,主語應(yīng)該是人名而不是指物的名詞,故選(A。例3:Often very annoying weeds ,_and act as hosts to many insect pests.(A that crowd out les

19、s hardy plants than goldenrods (B crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods (C the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy plants (D goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少與and并列的謂語動詞。A只有從句沒有主句; B,C分別是分詞和名詞短語, 無法與動詞act并列; D 包含主語的同位語goldenrods和謂語動詞crowd,故選(D同位語考試形式三:主謂賓后面出現(xiàn)一個名詞,

20、那么名詞可以作賓語或者表語的同位語例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 yards, approximately_from Marathon to Athens.(A the distance is (B that the distance is (C is that the distance (D the distance分析:逗號前為完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有連接詞或者從句引導(dǎo)詞。A,B,C 均為主謂結(jié)構(gòu),但都沒有從句引導(dǎo)詞,故排除.D 是名詞短語作表語同 位語,故選(D. 九,比較結(jié)構(gòu) 比較結(jié)構(gòu)中要注意兩點:1,倒裝性;2,對稱性

21、 例 1:Western Nebraska generally receives less snow than_eastern Nebraska. (A does (B in (C it does in (D in it does 分析:than 引導(dǎo)比較狀語從句,空格后面是個專有名詞,肯定是比較從句的主 語,空格處明顯缺從句的謂語動詞,只有(A符合條件,故選(A.注意 than eastern Nebraska does 是正確的語序,但是原文中使用了倒裝;在比較結(jié)構(gòu)的 后面部分中,如果比較從句的主語長,謂語動詞短,動詞可放到主語前面進行到 裝. 例 2: Hot objects emit_

22、do cold objects. (A rays more than infrared (B rays are more infrared than (C more than infrared rays (D more infrared rays than 分析:emit 為及物動詞,空格處缺賓語和引導(dǎo)比較從句的 than, 只有(D符合 條件.注意空格后為倒裝形式,do 代替 emit 以避免重復(fù).此題為?？嫉木渥咏Y(jié) 構(gòu). 比較結(jié)構(gòu)中還需要注意相互比較的必須屬于同一種事物例 例 3:The activities of the international marketing researche

23、r are frequently much broader than_. (A the domestic marketer has (B the domestic marketer does (C those of the domestic marketer (D that which has the domestic marketer 分析:本題還是考查比較句,由于謂語動詞是系動詞 are, 故先排除與其不對應(yīng) 的以 has 和 does 結(jié)尾的(A和(B.選項 D 則語義不清,也可排除.C 中 those 代替前面提到的 activities 以避免重復(fù),those 一定要具備,因為只有這

24、樣才 能滿足比較的都是 activities,謂語動詞 are 因與主句謂語動詞相同而被省略, 因此(C為正確答案. 例 4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing is greater than _. (A that of its mining and farming combined (B mining and farming combination (C that mining and farming combined (D of its combination mining and farming 分析:本題為比較句,一般來說,比較的雙

25、方應(yīng)屬于同一類事物.句中主語顯然 是比較的一方,而空格處應(yīng)是與之相對應(yīng)的另一方.(B,(C,(D均無 法與 the annual worth 相對應(yīng),故可以排除. (A中代詞 that 代替 the annual worth, 是英語中常見的避免重復(fù)的用法,故選(A. 十,定語從句省略結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中做賓語時可以省略 例 1:Most crocodiles will eat anything_capture and overpower. (A can (B they can (C which can (D and 分析:空格前是個完整句子,空格后是兩個并列的及物動詞,后面卻沒有賓語,

26、由此可推斷出空格處缺能作從句賓語的從句引導(dǎo)詞和從句主語.(A,(D沒 有從句引導(dǎo)詞,可首先排除.(C有從句引導(dǎo)詞,也可作從句的賓語,卻沒有 從句主語.正確答案(B看似沒有從句引導(dǎo)詞,實際上是省略了引導(dǎo)詞 that, 故選(B.that they can capture, that 引導(dǎo)定語從句在句子中做 capture 的賓語. 例 2:A majority of people in the United States can get all the calcium their bodies from the_food they eat. (A require require (B requi

27、res (C requiring (Dto 分析:此題顯然缺從句謂語動詞,故首先排除(C和(D.(B為第三人稱 單數(shù)形式, 與主語 bodies 相矛盾, 故也可排除,因此選擇 (A . their bodies require from the food they eat 是定語從句修飾 calcium, 省略了 that; 實 際上 they eat 也是定語從句省略了 that 修飾 the food"介詞+名詞"在定語從 句中做表語時,關(guān)系代詞和 be 動詞可以同時省略,剩下的形容詞短語做名詞的 后置定語. 十一, 十一,狀語從句省略結(jié)構(gòu) Metals expand

28、 when they are heated. Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是狀語從句.但是這個狀語從句中可以省略掉 they are, 句子變成: Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的狀語從句都可以這么省略. 這種省略從句主語的方式理論上需要滿足以下兩個條件: 兩個條件: 兩個條件 第一,從句主語和主句主語必須保持一致; 第二,從句的謂語 必須是 be 動詞,主語和 be 動詞同進同出,比如上面的 they 和 are 要么同時省 略,要么同時保留. 例 1:Although_rigid, bones exhi

29、bit a degree of elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand considerable impact. (A apparently (B are apparently (C apparently their (D are they apparently 分析:連詞 although 通常引導(dǎo)主謂完整的狀語從句,當(dāng)從句主語與主句主語相 同,從句謂語又為系表結(jié)構(gòu)時,則可省略主語和連系動詞,故正確答案為(A. Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rig

30、id, 注意 bones 和 are 必須同時省略. 因此,我們從上面的例題中來分析一下填空題中狀語從句省略以后的形式: though, although, even thought, while, If, when 等為引導(dǎo)狀語從句的詞; 這些詞后面一定+形容詞(分詞,主句(注意逗號的后面是主句,前面是從句 All 例 2: marble is composed of crystals of the minerals calcite or dolomite, _, are perfectly white. (A when, pure which (B when, which pure (C

31、which, pure when (D which, when pure 分析:空格前是個完整的句子,空格后是系表結(jié)構(gòu),空格處顯然缺非限定性定語 從句的引導(dǎo)詞兼作從句主語.(A,(B不引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句,可首先排 除.(C中的 pure 和 when 位置錯了,故選(D.注意 when pure 是插入語, 同時也是省略用法 when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 狀語從 句省略結(jié)構(gòu), _relatively costly, the diesel engine is highly efficient and needs 例 3: _ ser

32、vicing infrequently (A Even (B It is (C Even though (D There is 分析:B 和 D 填入后,都是構(gòu)成兩個主句,不對;Even though 則引導(dǎo)狀語從句, even though it is, 這里 it is 已經(jīng)省略. 十二, ing+名詞的復(fù)數(shù)作主語結(jié)構(gòu)這是一個比較難的結(jié)構(gòu) 名詞的復(fù)數(shù)作主語結(jié)構(gòu)這是一個比較難的結(jié)構(gòu), 十二,動詞 ing+名詞的復(fù)數(shù)作主語結(jié)構(gòu)這是一個比較難的結(jié)構(gòu),因為許多同學(xué) 經(jīng)常混淆動名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞. 現(xiàn)在分詞相當(dāng)于形容詞, 經(jīng)?；煜齽用~和現(xiàn)在分詞. 現(xiàn)在分詞相當(dāng)于形容詞,和后面的名詞是修 飾與被修飾的關(guān)

33、系;動名詞是相當(dāng)于具有動詞特征的名詞, 飾與被修飾的關(guān)系;動名詞是相當(dāng)于具有動詞特征的名詞,和后面的名詞是動 賓關(guān)系. 賓關(guān)系. 那么如何在句子中判斷動名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞呢?我們來看兩個例子:Doing exercises is a good habit. 做練習(xí)是一個好習(xí)慣.The starring troops have to surrender. 第一個句子強調(diào)的是做,而不是練習(xí),不能說練習(xí)是一個好 習(xí)慣,只能說做練習(xí)是一個好習(xí)慣,因此 do 是中心詞,它和后面的名詞是動賓 關(guān)系,那么這個 do 就是動名詞; 第二個句子說挨餓的軍隊必須投降,是軍隊 投降,而不是挨餓要投降,因此中心詞是 tro