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1、111學(xué)號(hào):3此寐61£HEBEI UNITED UNIVERSITY畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯Graduate Design Foreign Language Translation設(shè)計(jì)題目：苯-氯苯連續(xù)精儲(chǔ)塔設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)生姓名：專業(yè)班級(jí)：學(xué) 院：機(jī)械工程學(xué)院指導(dǎo)教師：副教授2012年5月26日河北聯(lián)合大學(xué)氣-液傳質(zhì)設(shè)備主要分為板式塔和填料塔兩大類。精儲(chǔ)操作既可采用板式塔，也可采用填料塔。板式塔在工業(yè)上最早使用的是泡罩塔、篩板塔，其后，特 別是在 本世紀(jì)五十年代以后，隨著石油、化學(xué)工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的迅速發(fā)展，相繼出現(xiàn)了大批新型塔板，如S型板、浮閥塔板、多降液管篩板、舌形塔板、穿流式波紋塔板、浮動(dòng)噴射塔板及

2、角鋼塔板等。目前從國內(nèi)外實(shí)際使用情況看，主要的塔板類型為篩板塔、浮閥塔及泡罩塔，而前者使用尤為廣泛。在化工、煉油、醫(yī)藥、食品及環(huán)境保護(hù)等工業(yè)部門，塔設(shè)備是一種重要的單元操作設(shè)備。它的應(yīng)用面廣、量大。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，塔設(shè)備無論其投資費(fèi)還是所有消耗的鋼材重量，在整個(gè)過程裝備中所占的比例都相當(dāng)高。精儲(chǔ)是分離液體混合物最常用一種作，在化工、煉油等工業(yè)中應(yīng)用很廣。它 通過汽、液兩相的直接接觸，利用組分揮發(fā)度的不同，使易揮發(fā)組分由液相向 汽相傳 遞，難揮發(fā)的由汽相向液相傳遞，是汽、液兩相之間的傳質(zhì)過程。本設(shè)計(jì)是笨-氯苯連續(xù)分離精儲(chǔ)塔，而 氯苯是一種重要的基本有機(jī)合成原料，用作染料、醫(yī)藥、農(nóng)藥、有機(jī)合成中間體。用于

3、制造苯酚、硝基氯苯、二硝基 氯苯、 苯胺、硝基酚及殺蟲劑滴滴涕等，也用作乙基纖維素和許多樹脂的溶劑。氯 苯的下游產(chǎn)品中，硝基氯化苯是氯苯的主要消費(fèi)用戶，對(duì)硝基氯化苯是重要的染料 、農(nóng)藥、 醫(yī)藥的中間體。以對(duì)硝基氯化苯為原料可以生產(chǎn)對(duì)硝基苯酚、對(duì)硝基苯胺、 對(duì)氨基苯酚、對(duì)苯二胺、對(duì)氨基苯甲醴和對(duì)氨基苯乙醴等一系列有機(jī)化工產(chǎn)品。但 由于用苯氯化法制氯苯后，苯和氯苯互溶，因此需設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)精儲(chǔ)塔用來分離易揮發(fā)的苯和不易揮發(fā)的氯苯。首先，苯和氯苯的原料在原料預(yù)熱器中加熱到泡點(diǎn)溫度，然后，原料從進(jìn)料 口 進(jìn)入到精儲(chǔ)塔中。因?yàn)楸患訜岬脚蔹c(diǎn)，混合物中既有氣相混合物，又有液相 混合物, 這時(shí)候原料混合物就分開了，

4、氣相混合物在精微塔中上升，而液相混合物在 精儲(chǔ)塔中下降。氣相混合物上升到塔頂上方的冷凝器中，這些氣相混合物被降溫到泡點(diǎn)，其中的液態(tài)部分進(jìn)入到塔頂產(chǎn)品冷卻器中，停留一定的時(shí)間然后進(jìn)入苯的儲(chǔ)罐，而其中的氣態(tài)部分重新回到精儲(chǔ)塔中，這個(gè)過程就叫做回流。液相混合物就從塔底一部分進(jìn)入到塔底產(chǎn)品冷卻器中，一部分進(jìn)入再沸器，在再沸器中被加熱到泡點(diǎn)溫度重新回到精儲(chǔ)塔。塔里的混合物不斷重復(fù)前面所說的過程，而進(jìn)料口不斷有新鮮原料的加入。最終，完成苯與氯苯的分離。填料塔屬于微分接觸型的氣液傳質(zhì)設(shè)備。塔內(nèi)以填料作為氣液接觸和傳質(zhì)的 基 本構(gòu)件。液體在填料表面呈膜狀自上而下流動(dòng)，氣體呈連續(xù)相自下而上與液 體作逆 流流動(dòng)，

5、并進(jìn)行氣液兩相間的傳質(zhì)和傳熱。兩相的組分濃度或溫度沿塔高呈 連續(xù)變 化。板式塔是一種逐級(jí)接觸的氣液傳質(zhì)設(shè)備。塔內(nèi)以塔板作為基本構(gòu)件，氣體自 塔底向上以鼓泡活噴射的形式穿過塔板上的液層，使氣-液相密切接觸而進(jìn)行傳質(zhì)與傳 熱，兩相的組分濃度呈階梯式變化。綜合考慮板式塔由于比填料塔性能穩(wěn)定、效率高、安裝檢修方便及造價(jià)低等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，本設(shè)計(jì)選用板式塔。塔板是板式塔的主要構(gòu)件，分為錯(cuò)流式塔板和逆流式塔板兩類，工業(yè)應(yīng)用以錯(cuò)流式塔板為主，常用的錯(cuò)流式塔板主要有泡罩塔、篩板塔、浮閥塔等。篩板塔在相對(duì)氣液相負(fù)荷、效率、可靠性以及價(jià)格方面都較其他兩種塔優(yōu)，因此本設(shè)計(jì)選用篩板塔，其特點(diǎn)如下：結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、制造維修方便；生產(chǎn)能

6、力大，比浮閥塔還高；塔板壓力降較低，適宜于真空蒸儲(chǔ)；塔板效率較高，但比浮閥塔稍低；合理設(shè)計(jì)的篩板塔可是具有較高的操作彈性，僅稍低與泡罩塔；小孔徑篩板易堵塞，故不宜處理臟的、粘性大的和帶有固體粒子的料液。本設(shè)計(jì)的題目是苯-氯苯分離精儲(chǔ)塔設(shè)計(jì)，即需設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)精儲(chǔ)塔用來分離易揮發(fā) 的苯和不易揮發(fā)的氯苯，采用連續(xù)操作方式，具體工藝參數(shù)如下：處理量：12000噸/年料液組成（含氯苯）：34%產(chǎn)品組成（氯苯純度）：99%塔頂產(chǎn)品組成（含氯苯）：0 1.5%操作壓力：塔頂壓強(qiáng)4KPa（表壓）進(jìn)料熱狀況和回流比自選塔底加熱蒸氣壓力：0.5MPa （表壓）單板壓降： 0.7KPa地震裂度：7度土質(zhì)情況：第二類場(chǎng)地

7、土當(dāng)?shù)貧鈮?100kPa設(shè)備年工作時(shí)間：300天（每天24小時(shí)連續(xù)運(yùn)行）水電供給：水源充足，供電正常對(duì)于16MnR,鋼板負(fù)偏差ci=0,因而名義厚度 n 6mm。但對(duì)于低合金鋼制容器，規(guī)定不包括腐蝕裕量的最小厚度應(yīng)不小于 3mm,若加上5mm的腐蝕裕量，名 義厚度至少取8mm。由于封頭的橢球部分經(jīng)線曲率變化平滑連續(xù)，故應(yīng)力分布比較均勻，且橢圓 形封頭深度較半球形封頭小得多，易于沖壓成型，是目前中、低壓容器中應(yīng)用較多的封頭。因此本設(shè)計(jì)選用橢圓形封頭。DN250 的塔的手孔是操作人員對(duì)塔進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)及維修用的。本塔設(shè)計(jì)中手孔選擇 帶頸對(duì)焊法蘭手孔。由于工藝操作需要有各種接管，在本塔的設(shè)計(jì)中接管的尺寸分

8、別是DN32, DN50, DN65, DN80, DN125,所有接管均不用補(bǔ)強(qiáng)。8Gas liquid mass transfer equipment consists of plate column and packed column two categories.Distillation operation can not only adopt the plate tower, also can be used in packing tower.Plate tower in the industry is the earliest use of the bubble tower, to

9、wer, thereafter, especially in this century after fifty time, along with the petroleum, chemical industry production develops quickly, appeared in succession a large number of new tower trays, such as S plate, float valve tower plate, multiple downcomer trays, tongue shaped tower plate, perforated r

10、ipple tray, float jet tray and angle steel tower plate.From the current domestic and foreign practical use situation, the main tower plate type sieve plate tower, float valve tower and bubble tower, while the former is widely used.In the chemical industry, oil refining, pharmaceutical, food and envi

11、ronmental protection industries, the tower is an important unit operation equipment.Its wide application, a large amount of.According to statistics, tower equipment regardless of their investment costs or all the weight of the steel consumption, in the whole process equipment in proportion is high.D

12、istillation is the separation of the most commonly used liquid mixture of a chemical, oil refining, in industrial application is very broad.It is through steam, liquid direct contact, using component volatilization of different, so that the volatile components from liquid to vapor transmission, whic

13、h is difficult to volatilize liquid transfer by steam, steam, liquid phase mass transfer between processes.This design is stupid - chlorobenzene continuous separation of distillation tower, and is a important basic raw material of organic synthesis, used as a dye, medicine, pesticide, organic synthe

14、sis intermediates.Used in the manufacture of phenol, nitrochlorobenzene, two nitrochlorobenzene, aniline, nitrophenol and insecticide DDT, also used as ethyl cellulose and many resin solvent.Application of downstream products, nitrochlorobenzene is the main consumer of chlorobenzene, nitrochlorobenz

15、ene is of vital dyes, pesticides, pharmaceutical intermediates.In order to nitro - chloridize benzene as raw materials to production of p-nitrophenol, p-nitroaniline, amino phenol, benzene two amine, p-aminophenol methyl ether and amino benzene ether and a series of organic chemical products.But as

16、a result of Using Benzene Chlorination of chlorobenzene, benzene and chlorobenzene miscible, so we need to design a distillation column used for the separation of volatile benzene and not easy to volatilize and chlorobenzene.First of all, benzene and chlorobenzene raw material in the raw material pr

17、eheater of heating to boiling point, then, from raw materials into the feed inlet into the distillation tower.Because of being heated to boiling point, a mixture of both gas phase mixture, and the mixture in liquid phase, when the raw material mixture was separated from the gas mixture, in the disti

18、llation tower rises, and the liquid mixture in distillation tower in fall.Gas phase mixture to rise to the top of the tower at the top of the condenser, the vapor mixture is cooled down to the bubble point, wherein the liquid portion into the top product cooler, stop for a certain time and then into

19、 benzene storage tank, and wherein the gaseous component back into the distillation tower, this process is called return.Liquid phase mixture from the bottom of the tower into a portion to the bottom of the tower product cooler, one part enters the reboiler, the reboiler is heated to boiling point b

20、ack to the distillation column.Tower of the mixture to repeat the process, and the feed port has the fresh raw materials adding.Finally, complete the benzene and chlorobenzene separation.Packed tower belongs to the differential contact type gas-liquid mass transfer equipment.Tower to packing as a ga

21、s-liquid contact and mass transfer of basic components.The liquid in the filler surface as a film flows from top to bottom, gas and liquid phase bottom-up was continuous countercurrent flow, and the heat andmass transfer of gas-liquid two phase.Two component concentration or temperature along the he

22、ight of a continuous change.Plate tower is a sequential contact of gas-liquid mass transfer equipment.Tower to tower plate as a basic component, gas from tower bottom upward to bubble live spray form, through the tower plate of the liquid layer, so that the gas - liquid phase in close contact and ma

23、ss transfer and heat transfer, two-phase component concentration was a step change.Considering the plate tower as the ratio of packed tower stable performance, high efficiency, convenient installation and maintenance and low cost, the design of plate column.Plate is a plate tower main component, div

24、ided into a cross-flow plate and counter-flow plate two, industrial applications to cross-flow plate, used a cross-flow plate mainly bubble tower, tower, float valve tower.Sieve plate tower in relative phase load, efficiency, reliability and price was lower than the other two Tayou, therefore the de

25、sign selection of sieve plate tower, its features are as follows:It has the advantages of simple structure, convenient manufacture repair;Large production capacity, higher than the float valve tower;Plate lower pressure drop, suitable for vacuum distillation;Tower plate efficiency is high, but sligh

26、tly lower than the float valve tower;Rational design of sieve plate taco is highly flexible, only slightly and bubble tower;Small aperture plate is easy to be blocked, it is not appropriate treatment of dirty, viscous and with solid particles in liquid.This design topic is the separation of benzene

27、and chlorobenzene rectifying tower design, namely the design of a distillation column used for the separation ofvolatile benzene and chlorobenzene not volatile, with continuous operation, the specific process parameters are as follows:Processing capacity: 12000 tons / yearLiquid composition (contain

28、ing chlorobenzene): 34%Product composition (chlorobenzene purity): 99%Overhead product composition (containing chlorobenzene:<1.5%)Operating pressure: the pressure 4KPa (gauge)Thermal conditions of feed and reflux ratio of optionalTower bottom heating steam pressure: 0.5MPa (gauge)Single plate pressure drop: < 0.7KPaEarthquake intensity: 7 degreesSoil conditions: second types of site soilLocal pressure =100kPaEquipment working