必修五第三單元語法經典薈萃(共8頁)

1、精選優(yōu)質文檔-傾情為你奉上Module 3 Adventure in Literature and the CinemaGrammar :非謂語動詞 概述 特征 動詞不定式 時態(tài)和語態(tài) 符號“to”的省略與替代 主動形式表被動意義 時態(tài)和語態(tài) 動名詞 句法功能 復合結構 動名詞與不定式作賓語的區(qū)別 時態(tài)和語態(tài) 句法功能分 詞 否定式 過去分詞與現在分詞的區(qū)別 現在分詞的獨立成分 分詞的獨立成分 一概述：非謂語動詞不能單獨作謂語，但同時仍保留動詞某些特征，沒有人稱和數的變化，但有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化，還可以有自己的賓語、狀語等。它相當于“n, adj, adv”；能作謂語之外的其他句子成分。 作 用

2、種 類主 語賓 語表 語定 語狀 語補 語不定式 動名詞分詞二動詞不定式：一種是帶to ,一種是省略to的不定式，又稱動詞原形。（一）特征1.及物動詞的不定式可以跟賓語。eg: I like to read detective stories.2.可以被狀語修飾：eg: He asked me to say my name aloud.3.沒有人稱和數的變化：eg: She likes to play the piano.4.邏輯主語用for 或of 結構引出。eg: It is important for us to learn English well.5.否定式前加“not”或“neve

3、r”eg: He decided not to be late again.He promised never to make such a stupid mistake.（二）時態(tài)和語態(tài)：四種時態(tài)：一般時、 完成時、 進行時、完成進行時。以do為例：時 語 態(tài) 態(tài)主 動 式被 動 式意 義一 般 時to do to be done 與謂語同時或在謂語動詞之后發(fā)生 完 成 時to have doneto have been done先于謂語動詞發(fā)生 進 行 時to be doing 謂語動詞發(fā)生時，不定式表示的動作正在進行 完成進行時to have been doing先于謂語動詞的動作發(fā)生而

4、又延續(xù)到謂語動詞的動作發(fā)生時仍在進行eg: I want to visit my uncle tomorrow. Robert is said to have studied abroad. He seems to be worrying about something.=(It seems that he is worrying about something.) He is said to have been working there for more than twenty years.注：1.若謂語為表示“愿意、打算、意圖”的動詞。如hope , think, want, plan,

5、 expect, mean , intend等時，其后可以跟不定式的完成時，表示“本來想要或打算做某事，而實際上未能實現”。eg: We meant to have stopped him from doing such a thing. I had hoped to meet him this morning. 2.“meanintend 的過去時 + 不定式的一般時”也能表示未實現的愿望（三）動詞不定式的句法功能：（adv. adj. n.）1.作主語：相當于n. 或pron. 的作用。eg: To see is to believe.注：作主語常用“it”作形式主語，把動詞不定式放在后面

6、eg: It would be best to tell her the truth.2.作賓語：（1）作某些及物動詞的賓語。eg: He wanted to go with you.(2) 作介詞的賓語：一般前加上特殊疑問詞，但在介詞but, except, besides, than 等表示“除了。”之意的詞后除外。若有實義動詞“do”時，常用無“to “的不定式作賓語。eg: What do you like to do besides swim? He did nothing else than laugh. He was not able to do anything but exc

7、ept wait. 若but, except等介詞前沒有實義動詞do, 而是其它動詞，則butexcept 等詞后要接“to”的動詞不定式eg: He has no choice but to give in. It has no effect except to make him angry.3.作表語eg: His job is to teach English.4.作定語:須放在被修飾的名詞或代詞的后面。eg: He said he had an important meeting to attend.(1)不定式和它修飾的詞之間有動賓關系。eg: Have you got anythi

8、ng to do this evening?注：如果不定式是不及物動詞，其后應有相應的介詞。eg: He has a comfortable house to live in. Here is some paper for you to write on.(2)不定式與被修飾的詞有邏輯上的主謂關系eg: She is always the first (person) to come and the last to leave. 5.作賓語補足語：有的動詞后跟帶“to”的不定式作賓語，有的跟省略“to”的不定式作賓補。eg: I told him to join the club.These

9、pictures made me think of my childhood.注：在感官動詞、使役動詞后跟省“to”的動詞不定式作賓語補足語6作狀語作目的狀語eg: She gave him some money to let him leave at once.注：不定式作目的狀語也常用在in order (not )to do 或 so as (not) to do 結構中，但so as (not) to do 結構不用在句首。eg: In order to fetch wood ,villagers had to walk many kilometers.作結果狀語eg: It seem

10、s that the employee didnt sleep at all to be so sleepy in the early morning.注：1.作結果狀語，常用于下列搭配：so.as to do sth ; such. as to do sth ; enough to do sth ; tooto do stheg: We have got so plenty of food as to treat our guests.2.作結果狀語時，有時在不定式前加上only，表出乎意料的結果。eg: She hurried to the station only to be told

11、the train had gone.3. 作原因狀語：表示喜怒哀樂的某些形容詞作表語，后跟不定式表原因。eg: I am glad to see you again.4.作條件狀語eg: To turn the left, you could find a post office.7.特殊疑問詞+ 不定式結構用法（1）在句中起名詞作用，可充當主、賓、表等。eg: I dont know what to say.(2) why (not) do .?“為什么（不）。？”不使用不定式符號“to “eg: Why not try again? Why turn off the gas?注： why

12、 do sth.?常表示做某事沒意義、沒必要、有責備的口吻； why not do sth?=why dont you do sth” 常表示建議。8.不定式的獨立成分：這種不定式獨立句子之外，表示說話人的態(tài)度、語氣等，又稱為評論性動詞不定式或獨立不定式。eg: To take all things into consideration , her life is a happy one.注：（1）通常不定式在句中作狀語，其邏輯主語就是句子的主語，但評論性動詞不定式無此限制，故稱獨立不定式。（2）常用獨立成分的不定式有：to tell you the truth ; to be honest

13、: to speak frankly ; to be frank ； to put it briefly ; to (start) begin with ; to take all things into consideration ; to make things worse;9. 動詞不定式的復合結構：“for of + n. pron. + 不定式” 構成不定式的復合結構，這里的n. 或pron. 用來說明不定式的動作是誰做的，也就是不定式邏輯上的主語。這種復合結構在句中可做多種成分。eg: Its common for leaves to fall from the trees in

14、autumn. Its for you to decide.注：It is was + adj + for sb to do sth. It is was +adj + of sb. To do sth.若形容詞側重于評價人物的特性、特征，則用“of” ; 側重于事用”for”eg: Its kind of you (You are kind ) to help me with my English. Its impossible for him to arrive within half an hour.（四）動詞不定式符號“to”的省略與替代1.不帶to 的不定式作賓補2.用來詮釋do 的

15、含義的不定式作表語可用不帶to 的不定式eg: All that I can do is (to ) wait。3.下列固定詞組或短語之后要跟不帶“to”的不定式。 had better had best . 最好 would rather .(than)Would sooner (than) 寧愿。（也不）Would rather than cant help but Cant but 不得不。只得。cant choose but do nothing but do sth. 只好做某事 have nothing to do but do sth只能做某事 why do not do sth

16、? may might as well 不妨， 還是。的好 do no more than 僅僅eg: We could not but weep at our bad luck. Its raining hard. I cant help but stay at home He would rather die than give in We may as well go and have a look I do no more than finish the work.4.不定式符號的替代作用：為了避免重復前面已出現的動詞，可以用不定式符號來代替不定式結構，在一些習慣性用法中，可以保留“t

17、o”，也可以不要“to”eg: I shall go if you wish me to If you wish want like (to ), I would like to treat you to tea this evening . You shouldnt come in unless asked (to )注：若不定式符號“to” 后是be或 have （做“有”解）， 需保留。eg:- Are you a engineer? - No, but I used to be.(五) 不定式的主動形式表示被動意義。1不定式作定語與被修飾的名詞構成動賓關系，且與句中的另一個名詞或代詞有

18、主謂關系時 eg: I ll give you a book to read.2在“be + 性質形容詞 + 不定式”結構中eg: This question is not easy to answer.3不定式與特殊疑問詞連用eg: I dont know what to do next?4某些動詞的不定式與be 連用時：to blame , to seek, to let （出租等）eg: This house is to let.5there be 句型中不定式修飾主語時，用主動形式或被動式均可eg: There is a lot of work to do to be done.注：句

19、中的不定式有邏輯主語時，則只用主動語態(tài)eg: There is nothing for me to do today.三動名詞（一）時態(tài)和語態(tài)語態(tài)時態(tài) 主 動被 動一般時teachingbeing taught完成時having taughthaving been taught1.動名詞的一般時表示的動作，發(fā)生在謂語動詞表示的動作的同時或在謂語動詞之后。eg: We dont allow smoking here.2.動名詞的完成時表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前eg: They forget having read the novel.3.被動語態(tài)的動名詞表示被動的意義。eg: He likes

20、 being helped.注：動名詞的語態(tài)取決于動名詞與邏輯主語之間的關系。動名詞動作的發(fā)出者是邏輯主語時，則用動名詞的主動語態(tài)；若動名詞的邏輯主語是動名詞動作的承受者時，則用動名詞的被動語態(tài)。eg: Thank you for coming He escaped being killed in the battle.4.動名詞的否定式：not + v-ingeg: Trying without success is better than not trying at all I have no excuse for not going .（二） 動名詞的句法功能1.作主語：單個的動名詞、動

21、名詞短語作主語時，謂語動詞用第三人稱單數。eg: Reading is important in learning English.注：動名詞做主語，常用形式主語“it”，把正真的主語放到句末。eg: Its nice talking with you.動名詞作主語，表示一般或抽象的多次性行為；不定式作主語常表示具體的一次性的動作。eg: Playing with fire is dangerous. (泛指玩火) To play with fire will be dangerous. (指一具體的動作) 常用動名詞做主語的句型。（1） a waste (of time money) It

22、is was hardly any /no (little) good use + v-ing worthwhile worth ones while no sense in （沒意義） no point in （沒意義） +v-ing(2) There is was no use good (in) （沒用處）nothing worse than (沒有比。更糟的)動名詞還可用于簡略語中，與“no”連用，表示禁止。 No parking ! No smoking !3.作賓語：可作動詞的賓語，也可作介詞的賓語。（1）英語中有很多的動詞后只跟動名詞作賓語：如advise, consider,

23、admit, appreciate, mind , avoid, excuse, delay, imagine, deny, enjoy, keep(on), practice, resist, escape , risk , put off, explain, quit(停止)， tolerate, pardon, allow, forbid, miss (錯過)， suggest, advise, recommend, finish, envy, cant help(2) 有一類動詞后直接跟動名詞形式作賓語；如果后面跟名詞、代詞加賓補， 則賓補用不定式這類常見的可記憶為“阿福的帽子”:FU

24、S CAP : allow, forbid, understand, suppose, consider, advise, permittedeg: We dont allow using mobile phone here. We dont allow him to use mobile phone here. He is not allowed to use mobile phone here.(3) “動詞+ 介詞”構成的短語，其后往往跟動名詞作賓語。尤其是含有介詞“to “的動名詞短語；常見的有：be used to 習慣于， devote oneself to 致力于； lead t

25、o導致； see to注意，處理 pay attention to； get down to ； stick to; get accustomed to ; look forward to (4) “what how about + v-ing” 常用來征詢意見，意為“。怎么樣？eg: What about going on a picnic?4.作定語：常置于名詞前作定語，表示被修飾的名詞的用途或性能eg: a swimming pool-a pool for swimming a waiting room - a room for waiting(三) 動名詞的復合結構：動名詞的前面可以有

26、自己的邏輯主語構成動名詞的復合結構。其結構由物主代詞或人稱代詞（賓語）、名詞所有格或普通格加動名詞構成, 在句子開頭必須用名詞所有格或物主代詞。eg: Toms doing sth 可作主、賓、表His doing sth Tom doing sth 可作主、表 Him doing sth（四）動名詞與動詞不定式作賓語的區(qū)別1.有些動詞既可用動名詞有可用不定式作賓語，二者差別不大eg: He started crying (to cry )注：begin、start 在下列三種情況下通常用不定式，不用動名詞。 主語是無生命之物時：eg: Snow began to melt. 當 begin

27、、start用于進行時eg: He is beginning to study English. 當begin、start后面的動詞是表示心理狀態(tài)的詞時eg: I began to believe his story.( wonder, understand, know)2. like, love, hate等詞后跟不定式和動名詞的含義略有不同。當不定式作賓語時，表示特定的、有待于作的動作；用動名詞作賓語，則表示一般的行為或正在進行的行為。eg: I like reading , but I dont like to read today.注:在 would like / love/prefe

28、r 等后面，通常要用動詞不定式。3.有些動詞后跟不定式與動名詞的意義差別較大，高考出現頻率較大： forget to do sth remember to do sth doing sth doing sthregret to do sth stop to do sth doing sth doing sth mean to do sth try to do sth (努力 試圖做sth) doing sth doing sth (嘗試做某事) go on to do sth cant help to do sth doing sth （with sth） doing sth 注：rememb

29、er, forget, regret 后跟 doing 與跟having done 的意思一樣。四 .分詞分詞有兩種：現在分詞和過去分詞?，F在分詞表示正在進行的、主動的動作；過去分詞表示已經完成的、被動的動作。分詞在句子中起形容詞或副詞的作用，可作定、狀、表、補。（一）分詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài) 動 詞形 式及物動詞（do為例）不及物動詞（go為例）主動被動主動現在分詞一般時doing being done going 完成時having done having been donehaving gone過去分詞 donegone1.現在分詞有一般時和完成時兩種：一般時表示和謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生或

30、正在進行的行為；完成時(having + done)表示在謂語所表示的動作之前發(fā)生的動作。eg: Being a student , he was interested in this book.Having lived there for 3 years, he knows the way very well .2. 現在分詞有主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)兩種。當句子的主語是分詞動作的承受者時，分詞用被動語態(tài)；如果要強調分詞的動作先于謂語的動作而發(fā)生，就用分詞完成時的被動形式。 過去分詞表示在謂語動詞的動作之前發(fā)生的動作，本身有被動的含義，只有一般式，沒有完成式。eg: The question be

31、ing discussed is important. Having been criticized by the teacher, he gave up smoking. Fires caused by the earthquake did the most damage.（二）分詞的句法功能1作定語：單個分詞作定語時，常放在被修飾詞的前面；分詞短語作定語時，一般放在被修飾詞之后。eg: Do you know the man sitting there? I bought some painted chairs.注：（1）分詞修飾something, everything, anythin

32、g, nothing , nobody 等不定代詞或指示代詞those時，要放在這些詞后面。eg: There is nothing interesting in his story. He is one oF those invited.(2) 現在分詞的一般式的被動式表示一個正在進行的被動的動作；過去分詞表示已完成的被動動作；不定式的被動式表示將要進行的被動動作。eg: The meeting being held now is of great importance. The meeting held yesterday was of great importance. The meet

33、ing to be held tomorrow is of importance. (3)現在分詞與被修飾的名詞有邏輯上的主謂關系；動名詞用來說明被修飾的名詞的用途或類別。eg: a sleeping boy = a boy who is sleepinga sleeping bag = a bag for sleeping(4) 現在分詞的完成形式一般不作定語；若要表達完成意義最好用定語從句。但非限定性的完成式作定語或所修飾的詞是泛指關系時，則沒有這個限制。eg: The girl having won the race is my desk mate .( X ) 是錯誤的 The gir

34、l who had won the race is my desk mate .( V ) 是正確的 Anyone having passed the test has got a prize. ( V ) 是正確的2. 作狀語：可以表示時間、原因、條件、結果、伴隨等。（1）時間狀語eg: Arriving in Paris, I lost my way.(2)原因狀語：一般位于句首。eg: Having smoked too much, he has suffered from lung cancer.(3)結果狀語：通常用現在分詞的一般式表示結果，常常位于句尾。eg: Football i

35、s played in more than 80 countries, making it a popular sport.注：不定式和v-ing 形式都可作結果狀語；不定式往往表示出乎意料之外的結果，而v-ing形式往往與主句有因果關系，主句表原因；v-ing 表結果。（4）方式、伴隨狀語：句首、中、尾eg: The hunter walked slowly in the forest , followed by a dog.(5)條件狀語：一般位于句首eg: Given more time and money, we would have done the work better.(6)讓

36、步狀語eg: Knowing all this, I still wanted to see it for myself.(7)程度狀語：常譯為“很，非常，極度”，如果換為“very”句意并無改變，只是語氣弱了點。Eg: its burning hot today.(8)評論性狀語：有些慣用的v-ing形式在句子里可以沒有邏輯主語而獨立存在，他們往往作為句子的獨立成分來修飾全句；表明說話者的態(tài)度、觀點等，我們稱這種成分為評論性狀語或評注性狀語。常用的有：Generally speaking , strictly speaking, roughly speaking(大致來說)， broadly

37、 speaking, narrowly speaking, judging from by， considering(考慮到)， supposing (如果)， providing(如果 )eg: Judging from her accent, he must come from China .注：分詞作狀語時，可以根據需要在其前面加上when, while, before, 等表示特殊的含義；但as后不能加v-ing形式。eg: Dont talk while having dinner.3.作表語：分詞作表語時表示主語的某種性質或狀態(tài)。eg: What you said is reall

38、y inspiring.注：有些表示位置移動的不及物動詞的-ed形式也可作表語，表示狀態(tài)。eg: Spring is gone and summer is come.4.做賓補：現在分詞可以再see, hear, notice, watch, feel ,smell , look at, listen to , observe, find等表示感官動詞后面以及have, get, leave, keep ,let等使役動詞后面作賓語補足語，和賓語一起構成復合賓語，而過去分詞做賓補，說明的賓語的狀態(tài)或性質與賓語一起構成復合賓語。此時它前面的賓語就是其邏輯主語。eg: We saw the tea

39、cher making the experiment .I found myself lost and couldnt sense the right direction.注：（1）在see, hear, watch, feel, observe, have, listen to, notice等動詞后，即可以用現在分詞構成復合賓語，也可以用省略to的不定式構成復合賓語。用現在分詞表示動作正在發(fā)生（即處于發(fā)生的過程中，還沒有結束）， 用不定式表示動作發(fā)生了（即動作全過程結束了）。eg: I saw the girl getting on the tractor. get on the trac

40、tor and drive off.(2)“have+ 賓+ 現在分詞”表示主體使客體一直做某事，“have + 賓+ 過去分詞”表示動作是別人做的。eg: You shouldnt have the boy standing out all the morning. I must go town to have my computer repaired.記憶訣竅 后面既可接省to的不定式有可接現在分詞作賓補得動詞一感：feel 二聽：hear, listen to, 三讓：make, let, have四看： see, watch, notice, observe(三) 分詞的否定式：由“not + 分詞” 構成eg: Having not received his letter for along t